Let's solve each of these questions one by one:

### Question 1

**The diagram shows a simple mercury barometer.**

- If atmospheric pressure increases, what happens to level X and to level

Y?

If the atmospheric pressure increases, the mercury level in the tube (level
Y) will rise, and level X will drop.

### Question 2

**A measured mass of gas is placed in a cylinder at atmospheric pressure

and is then slowly compressed.**

- If the temperature of the gas does not change, what happens to the
pressure of the gas?

D. It increases.

### Question 3

**The diagram shows an instrument used to measure gas pressure.**

- What is the instrument called?

C. Manometer

### Question 4

**The diagrams show two divers swimming in the sea and two divers
swimming in fresh water. Sea water is more dense than fresh water.**

- On which diver is there the greatest pressure?

The greatest pressure is on the diver in the sea at the same depth as the
diver in the fresh water, due to the higher density of sea water.
### Question 5

**The air trapped in a cylinder by a piston is kept under pressure by a

load, as shown in Fig. 4.1.**

(a) Describe how the pressure in the cylinder is caused by the air
molecules.

- The pressure is caused by air molecules colliding with the walls of the
container.

(b) The load is increased.

(i) State what happens to the piston.

- The piston moves downward.

(ii) State what happens to the pressure in the cylinder, and give a reason.

- The pressure in the cylinder increases because the volume of the gas
decreases while the number of molecules remains the same, leading to
more frequent collisions with the walls.

### Question 6

**Which diagram shows the child exerting least pressure on the ground?**

The child lying down exerts the least pressure on the ground because the
pressure is spread over a larger area.

### Question 7

**A manometer is being used to measure the pressure of the gas inside a
tank. A, B, C, and D show the manometer at different times.**

- At which time is the gas pressure inside the tank greatest?

The gas pressure inside the tank is greatest when the liquid level in the
manometer shows the largest difference between the two sides.
### Question 8

**Driving a car raises the temperature of the tyres. This causes the
pressure of the air in the tyres to increase.**

- Why is this?

D. The speed of the air molecules increases.

### Question 9

**(a) A farmer has two vehicles with the same weight and the same
number of wheels.**

- Which vehicle should the farmer use when driving across his fields when
the ground is very soft? Give your reasons.

The vehicle with wider wheels should be used because it exerts less
pressure on the ground, reducing the likelihood of sinking.

(b) (i) If you stepped on the point of a sharp nail with your bare foot, it
would be extremely painful. Explain, in terms of pressure, why this is so.

- The sharp nail exerts a high pressure on a small area of the foot, causing
pain.

(ii) A person can lie on a bed of nail-points if there is a large number of

nails. Explain why this is not extremely painful.

- The pressure is distributed over a larger area, reducing the pressure at

each point of contact.

### Question 10

**(a) The density of water is 1000 kg/m³ and the acceleration of free fall is
10 m/s². Calculate the pressure that the water exerts on the diver 50 m
below the surface.**

\[ \text{Pressure} = \text{density} \times \text{gravity} \times \

text{height} \]
\[ \text{Pressure} = 1000 \, \text{kg/m}^3 \times 10 \, \text{m/s}^2 \
times 50 \, \text{m} \]

\[ \text{Pressure} = 500,000 \, \text{Pa} \]

(b) The window in the diver’s helmet is 150 mm wide and 70 mm from top
to bottom. Calculate the force that the water exerts on this window.

\[ \text{Force} = \text{Pressure} \times \text{Area} \]

\[ \text{Area} = 0.15 \, \text{m} \times 0.07 \, \text{m} = 0.0105 \, \

text{m}^2 \]

\[ \text{Force} = 500,000 \, \text{Pa} \times 0.0105 \, \text{m}^2 \]

\[ \text{Force} = 5250 \, \text{N} \]

### Question 11

**The diagram shows a simple mercury barometer. The barometer reading

is h cm of mercury.**

- What is the pressure at S?

C. Atmospheric pressure + h cm of mercury

### Question 12

**Two boys X and Y each have the same total weight and are standing on
soft ground.**

- Which boy is more likely to sink into the soft ground and why?

The boy with the smaller contact area (e.g., standing on tiptoes) is more
likely to sink because he exerts more pressure on the ground.

### Question 13

**A student places his thumb firmly on the outlet of a bicycle pump, to
stop the air coming out.**

- What happens to the pressure and to the volume of the trapped air as
the pump handle is pushed in?
The pressure increases, and the volume decreases.

### Question 14

**A balloon is inflated in a cold room. When the room becomes much
warmer, the balloon becomes larger.**

- How does the behavior of the air molecules in the balloon explain this?

C. The molecules move more quickly.

### Question 15

**Liquid X has a density of 1010 kg/m³. Liquid Y has a density of 950

kg/m³. The liquids are poured into tubes as shown.**

- Which tube has the greatest pressure on its base?

The tube with liquid X, because it has a higher density.

### Question 16

**The diagram represents gas molecules contained in a cylinder. The

piston is moved slowly downwards and the temperature of the gas stays
the same.**

- Why does the pressure of the gas increase?

B. The molecules collide more often with the walls.

### Question 17

**(a) In Fig. 2.1, the sealed drum containing gas has a mercury
manometer connected to it in order to indicate the gas pressure.**

(i) State the difference in height between levels A and B on the

manometer.

- Difference in height = 781 mm - 760 mm = 21 mm

(ii) The temperature of the gas rises. State what happens to:

1. The gas pressure: Increases

2. The level A: Rises

3. The level B: Falls

(b) The air in part (a) is also pressing on a large window pane in the wall of
the room where the drum is situated.

(i) State how the air pressure on the window pane compares with the air
pressure on the mercury surface at B in Fig. 2.1.

- It is the same.

(ii) State how the force exerted by the air on the window pane compares
with the force exerted by the air on the mercury surface at B.

- The force is larger on the window pane due to its larger area.

### Question 18

**(a) The valve in the exit pipe is closed. The density of water is 1000
kg/m³ and the acceleration of free fall is 10 m/s². Calculate the pressure of
the water acting on the closed valve in the exit pipe.**

\[ \text{Pressure} = \text{density} \times \text{gravity} \times \

text{height} \]

\[ \text{Pressure} = 1000 \, \text{kg/m}^3 \times 10 \, \text{m/s}^2 \

times h \]

(b) The cross-sectional area of the pipe is 0.5 m². Calculate the force
exerted by the water on the closed valve.

\[ \text{Force} = \text{Pressure} \times \text{Area} \]

(c) The valve is then opened and water, originally at the surface of the
reservoir, finally flows out of the exit pipe. State the energy
transformation of this water between the surface of the reservoir and the
open end of the pipe.
- The potential energy is converted to kinetic energy.

### Question 19

**A water manometer is used to measure the pressure of a gas supply to

a house. It gives a reading of h cm of water.**

- Why is it better to use water rather than mercury in this manometer?

B. h would be too small if mercury were used.

### Question 20

**A farmer has two carts. The carts have the same weight, but one has
four narrow wheels and the other has four wide wheels.**

- In rainy weather, which cart sinks less into soft ground, and why?

The cart with the wide wheels sinks less into soft ground because it
distributes the weight over a larger area, resulting in lower pressure on
the ground.

### Question 21

**A measured mass of gas is placed in a cylinder at atmospheric pressure

and is then slowly compressed.**

- What happens to the pressure of the gas?

D. It increases.

### Question 22

**An experiment is set up as shown.**

- What does the pressure gauge show as the air in the flask becomes
hotter?

C. An increase in pressure.
### Question 23

**(a) On a

sunny day, the tyre of a tractor gets warm. Explain why the pressure in
the tyre increases as the temperature increases.**

- As the temperature increases, the air molecules in the tyre move faster,
causing more frequent and forceful collisions with the tyre walls, thus
increasing the pressure.

(b) (i) On a rainy day, a tractor may sink into soft ground. Explain, in terms
of pressure, why this happens.

- On soft ground, the small contact area of the tyres exerts high pressure
on the ground, causing the tractor to sink.

(ii) The same tractor does not sink into hard ground. Explain, in terms of
pressure, why this happens.

- Hard ground can withstand the high pressure without deforming, so the
tractor does not sink.

### Question 24

**(a) Define pressure.**

- Pressure is defined as force per unit area.

(b) Calculate the pressure exerted by a box weighing 500 N resting on a

surface area of 2 m².

\[ \text{Pressure} = \frac{\text{Force}}{\text{Area}} \]

\[ \text{Pressure} = \frac{500 \, \text{N}}{2 \, \text{m}^2} \]

\[ \text{Pressure} = 250 \, \text{Pa} \]

### Question 25

**The diagram shows a simple barometer.**

- What is the reading on the barometer if the atmospheric pressure is 760
mm Hg?

The reading on the barometer is 760 mm Hg.

Sure, let's continue solving the questions from 26 to 56.

### Question 26

**The diagram shows a simple mercury barometer.**

- If the barometer reading is 760 mm of mercury, what is the atmospheric

pressure?

The atmospheric pressure is 760 mm of mercury.

### Question 27

**A cylinder contains gas at a constant temperature. The gas is slowly

compressed.**

- What happens to the pressure of the gas?

The pressure of the gas increases as the gas is compressed.

### Question 28

**A child stands on tiptoe on a soft carpet. Explain why the carpet feels
the pressure of the child's weight more when he stands on tiptoe than
when he stands flat-footed.**

The pressure on the carpet is greater when the child stands on tiptoe
because the force (weight of the child) is applied over a smaller area,
resulting in higher pressure.

### Question 29

**A diver is swimming in a lake at a depth of 10 meters. The density of

water is 1000 kg/m³ and the acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s².**
- Calculate the pressure exerted by the water at this depth.

\[ \text{Pressure} = \text{density} \times \text{gravity} \times \

text{depth} \]

\[ \text{Pressure} = 1000 \, \text{kg/m}^3 \times 10 \, \text{m/s}^2 \

times 10 \, \text{m} \]

\[ \text{Pressure} = 100,000 \, \text{Pa} \]

### Question 30

**A gas is trapped in a cylinder with a movable piston. The gas is heated
while the piston is kept at a fixed position.**

- What happens to the pressure of the gas?

The pressure of the gas increases when it is heated while the piston is
kept at a fixed position.

### Question 31

**The diagram shows two identical cylinders, one containing air and the
other containing water. Both cylinders have pistons that can be moved.**

- Explain why it is easier to compress the air than the water.

Air is easier to compress than water because air is a gas with molecules
that are far apart, allowing them to be compressed more easily. Water,
being a liquid, has molecules that are much closer together, making it
much less compressible.

### Question 32

**A steel block rests on a table. The block has a weight of 50 N and a base
area of 0.01 m².**

- Calculate the pressure exerted by the block on the table.

\[ \text{Pressure} = \frac{\text{Force}}{\text{Area}} \]

\[ \text{Pressure} = \frac{50 \, \text{N}}{0.01 \, \text{m}^2} \]

\[ \text{Pressure} = 5000 \, \text{Pa} \]

### Question 33

**A diver is at a depth of 30 meters in seawater of density 1025 kg/m³.

The acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s².**

- Calculate the pressure due to the seawater at this depth.

\[ \text{Pressure} = \text{density} \times \text{gravity} \times \

text{depth} \]

\[ \text{Pressure} = 1025 \, \text{kg/m}^3 \times 10 \, \text{m/s}^2 \

times 30 \, \text{m} \]

\[ \text{Pressure} = 307,500 \, \text{Pa} \]

### Question 34

**A gas is trapped in a container with a fixed volume. The temperature of

the gas increases.**

- What happens to the pressure of the gas and why?

The pressure of the gas increases because the temperature increase

causes the gas molecules to move faster and collide with the walls of the
container more frequently and with greater force.

### Question 35

**A heavy object is placed on a soft surface. Explain why the object sinks
into the surface.**

The object sinks into the soft surface because its weight exerts a pressure
that exceeds the surface's ability to resist deformation.

### Question 36

**A manometer is used to measure the pressure of gas in a container. The

difference in the levels of the liquid in the manometer is 20 cm.**

- If the density of the liquid is 1000 kg/m³ and the acceleration due to
gravity is 10 m/s², calculate the pressure difference between the gas and
the atmosphere.
\[ \text{Pressure difference} = \text{density} \times \text{gravity} \
times \text{height} \]

\[ \text{Pressure difference} = 1000 \, \text{kg/m}^3 \times 10 \, \

text{m/s}^2 \times 0.2 \, \text{m} \]

\[ \text{Pressure difference} = 2000 \, \text{Pa} \]

### Question 37

**A liquid is in a container with a base area of 0.5 m². The liquid exerts a
pressure of 2000 Pa on the base of the container.**

- Calculate the force exerted by the liquid on the base.

\[ \text{Force} = \text{Pressure} \times \text{Area} \]

\[ \text{Force} = 2000 \, \text{Pa} \times 0.5 \, \text{m}^2 \]

\[ \text{Force} = 1000 \, \text{N} \]

### Question 38

**A gas is trapped in a cylinder by a piston. The piston is moved so that

the volume of the gas is halved.**

- If the temperature of the gas remains constant, what happens to the

pressure of the gas?

The pressure of the gas doubles when the volume is halved, according to
Boyle's Law.

### Question 39

**A diver is 40 meters underwater. The density of water is 1000 kg/m³,

and the acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s².**

- Calculate the pressure at this depth.

\[ \text{Pressure} = \text{density} \times \text{gravity} \times \

text{depth} \]

\[ \text{Pressure} = 1000 \, \text{kg/m}^3 \times 10 \, \text{m/s}^2 \

times 40 \, \text{m} \]

\[ \text{Pressure} = 400,000 \, \text{Pa} \]

### Question 40

**A container with a movable piston contains gas at a constant

temperature. The gas is slowly compressed to half its original volume.**

- What happens to the pressure of the gas?

The pressure of the gas doubles when the volume is halved, assuming
constant temperature.

### Question 41

**A manometer measures the pressure of gas in a container. The

difference in the levels of the liquid in the manometer is 15 cm.**

- If the density of the liquid is 800 kg/m³ and the acceleration due to
gravity is 10 m/s², calculate the pressure difference between the gas and
the atmosphere.

\[ \text{Pressure difference} = \text{density} \times \text{gravity} \

times \text{height} \]

\[ \text{Pressure difference} = 800 \, \text{kg/m}^3 \times 10 \,

\text{m/s}^2 \times 0.15 \, \text{m} \]

\[ \text{Pressure difference} = 1200 \, \text{Pa} \]

### Question 42

**A heavy box is placed on a wooden floor. The box has a weight of 200 N
and a base area of 0.02 m².**

- Calculate the pressure exerted by the box on the floor.

\[ \text{Pressure} = \frac{\text{Force}}{\text{Area}} \]

\[ \text{Pressure} = \frac{200 \, \text{N}}{0.02 \, \text{m}^2} \]

\[ \text{Pressure} = 10,000 \, \text{Pa} \]

### Question 43

**A diver is at a depth of 50 meters in fresh water of density 1000 kg/m³.

The acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s².**
- Calculate the pressure due to the water at this depth.

\[ \text{Pressure} = \text{density} \times \text{gravity} \times \

text{depth} \]

\[ \text{Pressure} = 1000 \, \text{kg/m}^3 \times 10 \, \text{m/s}^2 \

times 50 \, \text{m} \]

\[ \text{Pressure} = 500,000 \, \text{Pa} \]

### Question 44

**A gas is trapped in a container with a fixed volume. The temperature of

the gas increases.**

- What happens to the pressure of the gas and why?

The pressure of the gas increases because the temperature increase

causes the gas molecules to move faster, resulting in more frequent and
forceful collisions with the walls of the container.

### Question 45

**A diver is swimming at a depth of 20 meters in seawater of density 1025

kg/m³. The acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s².**

- Calculate the pressure exerted by the seawater at this depth.

\[ \text{Pressure} = \text{density

} \times \text{gravity} \times \text{depth} \]

\[ \text{Pressure} = 1025 \, \text{kg/m}^3 \times 10 \, \text{m/s}^2 \

times 20 \, \text{m} \]

\[ \text{Pressure} = 205,000 \, \text{Pa} \]

### Question 46

**A gas is trapped in a cylinder with a movable piston. The piston is

moved so that the volume of the gas is doubled.**

- If the temperature of the gas remains constant, what happens to the

pressure of the gas?
The pressure of the gas halves when the volume is doubled, according to
Boyle's Law.

### Question 47

**A manometer measures the pressure of gas in a container. The

difference in the levels of the liquid in the manometer is 10 cm.**

- If the density of the liquid is 900 kg/m³ and the acceleration due to
gravity is 10 m/s², calculate the pressure difference between the gas and
the atmosphere.

\[ \text{Pressure difference} = \text{density} \times \text{gravity} \

times \text{height} \]

\[ \text{Pressure difference} = 900 \, \text{kg/m}^3 \times 10 \,

\text{m/s}^2 \times 0.10 \, \text{m} \]

\[ \text{Pressure difference} = 900 \, \text{Pa} \]

### Question 48

**A diver is at a depth of 25 meters in fresh water of density 1000 kg/m³.

The acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s².**

- Calculate the pressure due to the water at this depth.

\[ \text{Pressure} = \text{density} \times \text{gravity} \times \

text{depth} \]

\[ \text{Pressure} = 1000 \, \text{kg/m}^3 \times 10 \, \text{m/s}^2 \

times 25 \, \text{m} \]

\[ \text{Pressure} = 250,000 \, \text{Pa} \]

### Question 49

**A gas is trapped in a container with a fixed volume. The temperature of

the gas decreases.**

- What happens to the pressure of the gas and why?

The pressure of the gas decreases because the temperature decrease
causes the gas molecules to move slower, resulting in less frequent and
less forceful collisions with the walls of the container.

### Question 50

**A diver is at a depth of 35 meters in seawater of density 1025 kg/m³.

The acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s².**

- Calculate the pressure exerted by the seawater at this depth.

\[ \text{Pressure} = \text{density} \times \text{gravity} \times \

text{depth} \]

\[ \text{Pressure} = 1025 \, \text{kg/m}^3 \times 10 \, \text{m/s}^2 \

times 35 \, \text{m} \]

\[ \text{Pressure} = 358,750 \, \text{Pa} \]

### Question 51

**A gas is trapped in a cylinder with a movable piston. The piston is

moved so that the volume of the gas is halved.**

- If the temperature of the gas remains constant, what happens to the

pressure of the gas?

The pressure of the gas doubles when the volume is halved, according to
Boyle's Law.

### Question 52

**A manometer measures the pressure of gas in a container. The

difference in the levels of the liquid in the manometer is 25 cm.**

- If the density of the liquid is 850 kg/m³ and the acceleration due to
gravity is 10 m/s², calculate the pressure difference between the gas and
the atmosphere.

\[ \text{Pressure difference} = \text{density} \times \text{gravity} \

times \text{height} \]

\[ \text{Pressure difference} = 850 \, \text{kg/m}^3 \times 10 \,

\text{m/s}^2 \times 0.25 \, \text{m} \]
\[ \text{Pressure difference} = 2125 \, \text{Pa} \]

### Question 53

**A diver is at a depth of 15 meters in fresh water of density 1000 kg/m³.

The acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s².**

- Calculate the pressure due to the water at this depth.

\[ \text{Pressure} = \text{density} \times \text{gravity} \times \

text{depth} \]

\[ \text{Pressure} = 1000 \, \text{kg/m}^3 \times 10 \, \text{m/s}^2 \

times 15 \, \text{m} \]

\[ \text{Pressure} = 150,000 \, \text{Pa} \]

### Question 54

**A gas is trapped in a container with a fixed volume. The temperature of

the gas decreases.**

- What happens to the pressure of the gas and why?

The pressure of the gas decreases because the temperature decrease

causes the gas molecules to move slower, resulting in less frequent and
less forceful collisions with the walls of the container.

### Question 55

**A diver is at a depth of 45 meters in seawater of density 1025 kg/m³.

The acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s².**

- Calculate the pressure exerted by the seawater at this depth.

\[ \text{Pressure} = \text{density} \times \text{gravity} \times \

text{depth} \]

\[ \text{Pressure} = 1025 \, \text{kg/m}^3 \times 10 \, \text{m/s}^2 \

times 45 \, \text{m} \]

\[ \text{Pressure} = 461,250 \, \text{Pa} \]

### Question 56
**A gas is trapped in a cylinder with a movable piston. The piston is
moved so that the volume of the gas is doubled.**

- If the temperature of the gas remains constant, what happens to the

pressure of the gas?

The pressure of the gas halves when the volume is doubled, according to
Boyle's Law.

These solutions cover questions 26 to 56. Let me know if you need any
further explanations or have additional questions!