Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: MATH 1-1S-2020-2021
College: Engineering
Campus: Bambang
BSME/BSEE/
DEGREE PROGRAM COURSE NO. MATH 1
BSECE/BSCPE
Mechanical/Electrical
SPECIALIZATION COURSE TITLE Differential Calculus
Electronics/Computer
YEAR LEVEL 1st Year TIME FRAME 12 hrs. WK NO. 4-6 IM NO.
I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE
FUNCTIONS, CONTINUITY AND LIMITS
II. LESSON TITLE
I. Different Types of Functions
II. Domain and Range
III. Graph of Functions
IV. Function Notation
III. LESSON OVERVIEW
This lesson provides the students an understanding the different types of functions. It also includes the
basic manipulation of electrical networks in its different parameters.
IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Evaluate functions and difference quotients of variety of functions.
2. Calculate the average rate of change of functions and to interpret its meaning
3. Sketch the graph of the different types of functions.
4. Model the different types of functions.
V. COURSE CONTENT
2 FUNCTIONS, CONTINUITY
L AND LIMITS
2.1 LIMIT OF FUNCTIONS
A fundamental concept in calculus and analysis concerning the behavior of that function near a particular
input. Is something that can or cannot be reached but can possibly be calculated. It is the analysis of how
function values or outputs change when inputs change. If the values of 𝑓(𝑥) get closer and closer to a
number 𝐿 as the values 𝑥 approach 𝑎, we say that 𝐿 is the limit of 𝑓(𝑥) as 𝑥 approaches 𝑎. This is written
as:
𝑓(𝑥) → 𝐿 as 𝑥 → 𝑎,
or more commonly as:
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INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
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lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿
𝑥→𝑎
Existence of Limits
If 𝑓(𝑥) becomes infinitely large in magnitude (positive or negative) as 𝑥 approaches the number of 𝑎 from
either side, we write lim 𝑓(𝑥) = +∞ or lim 𝑓(𝑥) = −∞. In either case, the limit does not exist.
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
If 𝑓(𝑥)becomes infinitely large in magnitude (positive) as 𝑥 approaches the number 𝑎 from one side and
infinitely large in magnitude (negative) as 𝑥 approaches 𝑎 on the other side, then lim 𝑓(𝑥) does not exist.
𝑥→𝑎
If lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 (𝑎− is a notation that means 𝑥 approaches 𝑎 from the left), and 𝐿 ≠ 𝑀, then the lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
does not exist.
Note: The above expressions, lim− 𝑓(𝑥) and lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) are used to describe one-sided limits. On the
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
other hand, the expression lim 𝑓(𝑥) is used to describe two-sided limits
𝑥→𝑎
EXAMPLE
Getting the Limits using the Table of Values
𝑥2 − 1
lim =
𝑥→−1 𝑥+1
Solution:
Using the table of values, it is observed that as 𝑥 approaches -1 from both left and right, 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥 2 −1
approaches -2, even though the function value at -1 is undefined. Hence, the lim = −2
𝑥→−1 𝑥+1
𝑥 -2 -1.5 -1.1 -1.001 -1 -0.9 -0.5 -0.1 0
𝑦 -3 -2.5 -2.1 -2.001 ∞ -1.9 -1.5 -1.1 -1
𝑥 2 −1
The limit of 𝑓(𝑥) = as 𝑥 approaches -1 is shown in the graph below
𝑥+1
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INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
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EXAMPLE
𝑥2 + 1
lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥→−1 𝑥+1
𝑥 2 +1 𝑥 2 +1
Based on the graph, the lim does not exist. The lim does not exist because as 𝑥
𝑥→−1 𝑥+1 𝑥→−1 𝑥+1
approaches -1 from the right, 𝑓(𝑥) does not approach a fixed value. It actually approaches
positive infinity (+∞). On the other hand, when 𝑥 approaches -1 from the left, 𝑓(𝑥) approaches
negative infinity (−∞). Using the idea on Existence of Limits, we can show that
𝑥2 + 1 𝑥2 + 1
lim − = −∞ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim + = +∞
𝑥→−1 𝑥+1 𝑥→−1 𝑥 + 1
𝑥 2 +1
Therefore, the lim does not exist.
𝑥→−1 𝑥+1
Complete the table and use the result to estimate the limit of the following:
1. lim (2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 7)
𝑥→1
x 0.900 0.990 0.999 1.000 1.001 1.010 1.100
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥−3
2. lim
𝑥→3 𝑥 2 −9
x 2.9 2.99 2.999 3 3.001 3.01 3.1
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥 3 −2𝑥−4
3. lim
𝑥→2 𝑥−2
x 1.9 1.99 1.999 2 2.001 2.01 2.1
𝑓(𝑥)
√𝑥−1
4. lim
𝑥→1 𝑥−1
x 0.9 0.99 0.999 1 1.001 1.01 1.1
𝑓(𝑥)
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INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: MATH 1-1S-2020-2021
√𝑥+1−1
5. lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
x -0.1 -0.01 -0.001 0 0.001 0.01 0.1
𝑓(𝑥)
2.2 LIMIT LAWS
Let 𝑎, 𝑘, 𝑛, 𝐴, and 𝐵 be real numbers, and let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be functions, such that
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝐵.
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
1. If 𝑘 is a constant, lim 𝑘 = 𝑘 and lim 𝑘𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘 lim 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
EXAMPLE
lim 3 = 3
𝑥→1
Solution:
lim 3(4𝑥 + 5) = 3(9) = 27
𝑥→1
2. lim [𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)] = lim 𝑓(𝑥) ± lim 𝑔(𝑥) = lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝐴 ± B
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
EXAMPLE
lim [(𝑥 2 + 7) + (𝑥 + 2)]
𝑥→1
Solution:
lim (𝑥 2 + 7) + lim (𝑥 + 2) = 8 + 3 = 11
𝑥→1 𝑥→1
3. If 𝑝(𝑥) is a polynomial function, then lim 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑝(𝑎).
𝑥→𝑎
EXAMPLE
lim (𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 1)
𝑥→2
Solution:
lim (𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 1) = 22 + 5(2) + 1 = 15
𝑥→2
4. lim [𝑓(𝑥) · 𝑔(𝑥)] = lim 𝑓(𝑥) · lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝐴 · 𝐵
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
EXAMPLE
lim [(𝑥 3 − 4)(𝑥 + 2)]
𝑥→−1
Solution:
lim (𝑥 3 − 4) · lim (𝑥 + 2) = −5 · 1 = −5
𝑥→−1 𝑥→−1
𝑓(𝑥) lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝐴
5. lim = 𝑥→𝑎 = ,𝐵 ≠ 0
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) lim 𝑔(𝑥) 𝐵
𝑥→𝑎
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Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: MATH 1-1S-2020-2021
EXAMPLE
𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 3
lim
𝑥→1 𝑥+1
Solution:
lim 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 3 12 + 1 + 3 5
𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 3 𝑥→1
lim = = =
𝑥→1 𝑥+1 lim (𝑥 + 1) 1+1 2
𝑥→1
Note: Polynomial functions and rational functions are two of the three basic types
of algebraic functions (the other basic type of algebraic function is the radical
function). Limit laws 4 and 5 may be applied to these types of functions.
6. For any real number 𝑛,
𝑛
lim [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 = [lim 𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝐴𝑛 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐴.
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
EXAMPLE
5
lim (3𝑥 2 − 10)5 = ( lim (3𝑥 2 − 10)) = 22 = 32
𝑥→−2 𝑥→−2
Solution:
lim (3𝑥 2 − 10)5 = lim (3𝑥 2 − 10)5 = 25 = 32
𝑥→−2 𝑥→−2
7. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑔(𝑥), if 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥), for all 𝑥 ≠ 𝑎.
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
8. lim 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓 (lim 𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓(𝐵), where lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝐵
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
EXAMPLE
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5
lim
𝑥→5 𝑥−5
Solution:
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5
lim
𝑥→5 𝑥−5
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5
𝑥−5
cannot be evaluated by direct substitution. Thus, we look for another function
𝑥 2 −4𝑥−5
that agrees with for all of its domain other than 𝑥 = 5. Below is the
𝑥−5
function:
(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 1)
= 𝑥+1
𝑥−5
Hence,
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟓
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝒙 + 𝟏) = 𝟔
𝒙→𝟓 𝒙−𝟓 𝒙→𝟓
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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: MATH 1-1S-2020-2021
EXAMPLE
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1
lim
𝑥→1 (𝑥 − 1)3
Solution:
Again, Limit Law 5 cannot be used, since lim (𝑥 − 1)3 = 0. If 𝑥 ≠ 1, the function
𝑥→1
can be rewritten as
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 − 1)2 1
3 = 3 =
(𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 − 1) 𝑥−1
𝑥 2 −2𝑥+1 1
By the Limit Law 7, lim = lim . none of the laws can be used to find
𝑥→1 (𝑥−1)3 𝑥→1 𝑥−1
1
lim , but as 𝑥 approaches 1, the denominator approaches 0 while the
𝑥→1 𝑥−1
numerator stays at 1, making the result larger and larger in magnitude. If 𝑥 > 1,
both the numerator and denominator are positive, so
1
lim = +∞
𝑥→1 𝑥 − 1
If 𝑥 < 1, the denominator is negative, so
1
lim = −∞
𝑥→1 𝑥 −1
Therefore,
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 1
lim 3 = lim
𝑥→1 (𝑥 − 1) 𝑥→1 𝑥 − 1
which does not exist.
The graph below confirms our answer.
9. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = ∞
𝑥→𝑎
Mean that, as x approaches a, f(x) eventually becomes greater than any preassigned positive
number, however large. In such a case, we say that f(x) approaches +∞ as x approaches a. More
precisely,
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = +∞
𝑥→𝑎
if and only if, for any positive number M, there exists a positive number d such that, whenever
0<|x−a|<δ, then f(x) > M.
Similarly, let
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lim 𝑓(𝑥) = −∞
𝑥→𝑎
mean that, as x approaches a, f(x) eventually becomes less than any preassigned number. In that
case, we say that f (x) approaches −∞ as x approaches a.
EXAMPLE
1
lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥
Solution:
1
lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥
1
=0
∞
EXAMPLE
1
lim (2 + )
𝑥→∞ 𝑥2
Solution:
1
lim (2 + )
𝑥→∞ 𝑥2
1
2+
∞2
2+0
1
lim (2 + )=2
𝑥→∞ 𝑥2
Evaluate the following:
lim (𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 3)
1. 𝑥→2
3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 12
2. lim
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 8
4𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 8
3. lim
𝑥→3 2𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 − 3
5𝑐 2 + 3𝑐
4. lim
𝑐→5 8𝑐 2 − 4𝑐 + 2
5𝑐 2 + 3𝑐
5. lim
𝑐→5 8𝑐 2 − 4𝑐 + 2
lim (3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 4)
6. 𝑥→2
𝑥2 − 2
7. lim
𝑥→4 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 12
𝑥3 + 𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 2
8. lim
𝑥→∞ 5𝑥 2 − 2
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(5𝑥 + 1)2
9. lim
𝑥→2 (𝑥 − 2)3
√𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 20
10. lim
𝑥→2 2𝑥 2 − 7
𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 6
11. lim
𝑥→2 𝑥−2
√𝑥 − 2
12. lim
𝑥→4 𝑥−4
lim (4𝑥 + 7)
13. 𝑥→1
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3
14. lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2
2 − ℎ2
lim
15. ℎ→1 4 − √ℎ2 + 14
(𝑧 + 𝑧)2
lim
16. 𝑧→1 3(𝑧 2 + 17)
𝑥2 + 3
17. lim
𝑥→2 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1
lim 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1
18. 𝑥→3
𝑥2 − 4
19. lim
𝑥→2 𝑥 − 2
lim 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4
20. 𝑥→1
𝑥−4
21. lim
𝑥→4 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 12
𝑥+4
22. lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 − 4
3𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 + 7
23. lim
𝑥→∞ 5𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 3
(6 + ℎ)2 − 36
24. lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑧−2
25. lim
𝑧→4 𝑧 − 4
√2𝑥 + 22 − 4
26. lim
𝑥→−3 𝑥+3
𝑥+2
lim
27. 𝑥→0 3 − √𝑥 + 9
lim 10 + (𝑥 − 5)
28. 𝑥→5
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3𝑡 + 2
29. lim 2
𝑡→1 𝑡 − 𝑡 − 3
(𝑋 + 2)2
lim
30. 𝑥→3 4(𝑥 + 1)
𝑧 2 + 𝑧 − 20
31. lim
𝑧→5 4𝑧 2 − 14𝑧 − 8
(𝑚 + 3)2
32. lim
𝑚→1 𝑚2 + 𝑚 − 3
lim 𝑑 2 + 5𝑑 − 10
33. 𝑑→0
lim 8 − 3𝑥 + 12𝑥 2
34. 𝑥→2
6 + 4𝑥
35. lim
𝑥→−3 𝑥 2 + 1
𝑥 2 − 25
36. lim
𝑥→−5 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 15
𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 − 21
lim
37. 𝑦→7 3𝑦 2 + 17𝑦 − 28
lim 12𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 9
38. 𝑥→3
7𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 4
39. lim
𝑥→4 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 +
𝑥 2 − 16
40. lim
𝑥→5 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 8
𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1
41. lim
𝑥→∞ 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3
𝑥2 − 9
42. lim
𝑥→6 3𝑥 − 15
3𝑚 − 1
43. lim
𝑚→5 2𝑚2 − 9𝑚 + 2
2𝑥 + 3
44. lim
𝑥→∞ 4𝑥 + 5
2𝑥 2 + 1
45. lim
𝑥→∞ 6 + 𝑥 − 3𝑥 2
𝑥+3
46. lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6
3𝑥 − 3−𝑥
47. lim
𝑥→∞ 3𝑥 + 3−𝑥
3𝑥 + 3−𝑥
48. lim
𝑥→∞ 3𝑥 − 3−𝑥
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𝑥
lim
49. 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 − 1
𝑥2
50. lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 + 1
References
A) Book/Printed Resources
Anton, Howard Multivariable Calculus, 4th Edition, John Wiley and
Sons, Inc., New York, 1992
Berkey, Dennis D. Calculus for Management and Social Sciences,
Second Edition, Saunders College Publishing, 1990
Cozzens, Margaret B, et. Al. Mathematics with Calculus, D.C. Health and Co.,
1987
Ellis, Robert, et. Al. Calculus with Analytic Geometry, Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich Inc., 1990
Farlow, Stanley J. Calculus and its Application, McGraw-Hill Publishing,
1990
Goldstein, Lay, et. Al. Calculus and its Application, Prentice-Hall Inc.,1993
Hoffman, Laurence D. Calculus for Business Economics and the Social and
Life Sciences, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1989
Leithold, Louis The Calculus, 7th edition, Addison-Wesley, 2001
B) e-Resources
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
mathematics
[Link]
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