INDEX

[Link] Name of Experiment Date of Date of

Experiment Submission
1. Addition program using 8085 18/04/2024 24/04/2024

2. Subtraction program using 8085 22/04/2024 24/04/2024

3. Exchange block of data 22/04/2024 24/04/2024

4. Exchange in Reverse order block of 05/06/2024 08/06/2024

data

5. Count of occurrences of 55 H 12/06/2024 15/06/2024

6. Find largest among 10 14/06/2024 22/06/2024

hexadecimal numbers

7. Find smallest among 10 hexadecimal 18/07/2024 21/07/2024

numbers
8 Multiplication program using 8085 24/07/2024 27/07/2024

9. Absolute difference program using 03/08/2024 06/08/2024

8085
10. Familiarization with 8085 07/08/2024 15/09/2024
Microprocessor Kit
11. Study of Interrupts 15/09/2024 17/09/2024

12. Study of Transmission Media 17/09/2024 25/9/2024

13. Study of modem, Hubs, 26/9/2024 10/10/2024

Repeater and Router
14. Case study of existing LAN 28/9/2024 12/10/2024
connection
15. Setting up LAN connection 12/10/2024 26/10/2024
 Steps For Execution

Steps 1: Enter the program (Opcode)

Res-----> Set----->Starting address (C000) ----->INR----->Enter Opcode----->Enter Last

Opcode----->INR

Steps 2: Enter the data

Res-----> Set----->Address of 1st data ----->INR-----> Address of 1st data ----->INR

Steps 3: Execute (Run) the programme

Res-----> Go----->Starting address of program (C000) ----->Exec

Steps 4: Check the result

Set----->your result location ----->INR

Find the Register Value

Res-----> Go----->Starting address of program (C000) ----->Exec----->Reg A----->INR

 Experiment No : 1

Flowchart:

Start

Load the content of memory Location C200 H into reg. A

Move the content of reg. A into reg. B

Load the content of memory location C201 H into reg.

A

Add the content of reg B with reg A

Store the content of accumulator into memory location

C300 H

Stop
 Experiment No : 1
Aim: Write an assembly language program to add two eight bit number stored in memory
location C200 H and C201 [Link] the result in memory location C300 H write the content of
different register used in program write status of flag register.
Apparatus: 8085 Microprocessor
Assembly Language Program:

Memory Mnemonics + Opcode

Label Opcode Comments
location

Load the content of memory

C000 H Start 3A LDA C200 H Location C200 H into reg. A
C001 H 00
C002 H C2
Move the content of reg. A into
C003 H 47 MOV B,A reg. B
Load the content of memory
C004 H 3A LDA C201 H location C201 H into reg. A
C005 H 01
C006 H C2
Add the content of reg B with reg
C007 H 80 ADD B
A
Store the content of accumulator
C008 H 32 STA C300 H
into memory location C300 H
C009 H 00
C00A H C3
C00B H Stop CF RST 1 Reset or Stop

Input Output Register

C200 H=03 H C300H=07 H A=07 H
C201 H=04 H B=C3 H
F=00 H
PC H=C0
PC L=OC

Flags : 00 H

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
S Z - AC - P - CY

S(Sign flag)=Reset
Z(Zero flag)=Reset
AC(Auxillary carry flag)=Reset
P(Parity flag)=Reset
Cr(Carry flag)=Reset
 Experiment No : 2

Flowchart:

Start

Load the content of memory Location C041 H into reg. A

Move the content of reg. A into reg. B

Load the content of memory location C040 H into reg.

A

Sub the content of reg B with reg A

Store the content of accumulator into memory location

C042 H

Stop
 Experiment No : 2

Aim: Write an assembly language program to subtract two eight bit number stored in memory
location C040 H and C041 [Link] the result in memory location C042 H write the content of
different register used in program write status of flag register.
Apparatus: 8085 Microprocessor
Assembly Language Program:

Memory Mnemonics + Opcode

Label Opcode Comments
location

Load the content of memory

C000 H Start 21 LDA C041 H Location C041 H into reg. A
C001 H 40
C002 H C0
Move the content of reg. A into
C003 H 7E MOV B,A reg. B
Load the content of memory
C004 H 23 LDA C040 H location C040 H into reg. A
C005 H 96
C006 H F2
Subtract the content of reg B with
C007 H 0B SUB B
reg A
Store the content of accumulator
C008 H C0 STA C042 H
into memory location C042 H
C009 H 2F
C00A H 3C
C00B H Down 23
C00C H 77
C00D H CF RST Reset or Stop

Input Output Register

C040 H=09 H C042 H=05 H A=05 H

C041 H=04 H B=00 H
F=14 H
PC H=
PC L=
Flags : 14 H

0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
S Z - AC - P - CY

S(Sign flag)=Reset
Z(Zero flag)=Reset
AC(Auxillary carry flag)=Reset
P(Parity flag)=Reset
Cr(Carry flag)=Reset
 Experiment No : 3

Flowchart:

Start

Initialize the register pair HL to memory location

C040 H

Initialize the register pair BC to memory location

C050 H

Set the counter for 5 number in register D

Copy the data content of HL pair to Accumulator

Store the data content of accumulator to register pair

BC

Increment the memory location of HL register pair by

1

Increment the memory location of BC register pair by

1

Decrement the counter by 1

Np
Is C=0
?

Yes

Stop
 Experiment No : 3

Aim: Write an assembly language program to Exchange block of data stored at memory
location C040 H TO C044 H to memory location C050 H TO C054 H

Apparatus: 8085 Microprocessor

Assembly Language Program:

Memory Mnemonics + Opcode

Label Opcode Comments
location

Initialize the register pair HL to

C000 H 21 LXI H,C040 H memory location C040 H
C001 H 40
C002 H C0
Initialize the register pair BC to
C003 H 01 LXI B,C050 H memory location C050 H
C004 H 50
C005 H C0
Set the counter for 5 number in
C006 H 16 MVI D,05 H register D
C007 H 05
Copy the data content of HL pair
C008 H UP 7E MOV A,M
to Accumulator
Store the data content of
C009 H 02 STAX B
accumulator to register pair BC
Increment the memory location
C00A H 23 INX H
of HL register pair by 1
Increment the memory location
C00B H 03 INX B
of BC register pair by 1
C00C H 15 DCR D Decrement the counter by 1
If counter=0 (reg D=0) then
C00D H C2 JNZ UP jump to memory location
C008 H
C00E H 08
C00F H C0
C010 H CF RST 1 Stop the execution

Input Output Register

C040 H=01 H C050 H=01 H A=05 H

C041 H=02 H C051 H=02 H B=00 H
C042 H=03 H C052 H=03 H F=54 H
C043 H=04 H C053 H=04 H PC H=C0
C044 H=05 H C054 H=05 H PC L=11
Flags : 54 H

0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
S Z - AC - P - CY

S(Sign flag)=Reset
Z(Zero flag)=Reset
AC(Auxillary carry flag)=Reset
P(Parity flag)=Reset
Cr(Carry flag)=Reset
 Experiment No : 4

Flowchart:

Start

Initialize the register pair HL to memory location

C040 H

Initialize the register pair BC to memory location

C054 H

Set the counter for 5 number in register D

Copy the data content of HL pair to Accumulator

Store the data content of accumulator to register pair

BC

Increment the memory location of HL register pair by

1

Decrement the memory location of BC register pair by

1

Decrement the counter by 1

Np
Is C=0
?

Yes

Stop
 Experiment No : 4

Aim: Write an assembly language program to Exchange block of data stored at memory
location C040 H TO C044 H to memory location C050 H TO C054 H in reverse order.

Apparatus: 8085 Microprocessor

Assembly Language Program:

Memory Mnemonics + Opcode

Label Opcode Comments
location

Initialize the register pair HL to

C000 H 21 LXI H,C040 H memory location C040 H
C001 H 40
C002 H C0
Initialize the register pair BC to
C003 H 01 LXI B,C054 H memory location C054 H
C004 H 54
C005 H C0
Set the counter for 05 number in
C006 H 16 MVI D,05 H register D
C007 H 05
Copy the data content of HL pair
C008 H UP 7E MOV A,M
to Accumulator
Store the data content of
C009 H 02 STAX B
accumulator to register pair BC
Increment the memory location
C00A H 23 INX H
of HL register pair by 1
Decrement the memory location
C00B H 0B DCX B
of BC register pair by 1
C00C H 15 DCR D Decrement the counter by 1
If counter=0 (reg D=0) then
C00D H C2 JNZ UP jump to memory location
C008 H
C00E H 08
C00F H C0
C010 H CF RST 1 Stop the execution

Input Output Register

C040 H=01 H C050 H=05 H A=05 H

C041 H=02 H C051 H=04 H B=C0 H
C042 H=03 H C052 H=03 H F=54 H
C043 H=04 H C053 H=02 H PC H=C0
C044 H=05 H C054 H=01 H PC L=
Flags : 54 H

0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
S Z - AC - P - CY

S(Sign flag)=Reset
Z(Zero flag)=Reset
AC(Auxillary carry flag)=Reset
P(Parity flag)=Reset
Cr(Carry flag)=Reset
 Experiment No : 5

Flowchart:

Start

Initialize the register pair HL to memory location

C040 H

Load the data AB H to accumulator

Set the counter for 05 in register B

Clear the data content of register C

Compare the data content of register pair HL with the

data content of accumulator

If zero flag is set then jump to memory location C013

Increment the data content of register C by 1

Increment the memory location of HL register pair by 1

Decrement the counter by 1

Np
Is
C=0
? Yes

Copy the data content of register C to register pair HL

Stop
 Experiment No : 5

Aim: A block of data stored at memory location from CO40 H length of the block is stored in
regiter [Link] the assembly language program to find the number of times(COUNT) the data
AB H occurred from the given block of data and store the result at the end of block data

Apparatus: 8085 Microprocessor

Assembly Language Program:

Memory Mnemonics + Opcode

Label Opcode Comments
location

Initialize the register pair HL

C000 H Start 21 LXI H,C040 H to memory location C040 H
C001 H 40
C002 H C0
Load the data AB H to
C003 H 3E MVI A,AB H accumulator
C004 H AB
Set the counter for 05 in register
C005 H 06 MVI B,05 H B
C006 H 05
Clear the data content of register
C007 H 0E MVI C,00 H C
C008 H 00
Compare the data content of
C009 H UP BE CMP M register pair HL with the data
content of accumulator
If zero flag is set then jump to
C00A H C2 JNZ NEXT memory location C013
C00B H 0E
C00C H C0
Increment the data content of
C00D H 0C INR C register C by 1
Increment the memory location
C00E H NEXT 23 INX H of HL register pair by 1
C00F H 05 DCR B Decrement the counter by1
If counter =0 (reg B=0) then
C010 H C2 JNZ UP jump to memory location C006
C011 H 09
C012 H C0
Copy the data content of
C013 H 71 MOV M,C register C to register pair HL
C014 H CF Stop the execution
 Input Output Register

C040 H=AB H C045 H=03 H A=AB H

C041 H=02 H B=00 H
C042 H=AB H F=54 H
C043 H=04 H PC H=C0
C044 H=AB H PC L=15

Flags : 54H

0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
S Z - AC - P - CY

S(Sign flag)=Reset
Z(Zero flag)=Reset
AC(Auxillary carry flag)=Reset
P(Parity flag)=Reset
Cr(Carry flag)=Reset
 Experiment No : 6

Flowchart:

Start

Initialize the register pair HL to memory location

C040 H

Assign the lowset value of data to accumulator

Set the counter for 05 number in register B

Compare the data content of register pair HL with the

data content of accumulator

If carry flag is not set then jump to memory location

C00C H

Copy the data content of pair HL to accumulator

Increment the memory location of HL register pair by

1

Decrement the counter by 1

No
Is C=0
?

Yes

Store the Largent number at the end of block

Stop
 Experiment No : 6

Aim: Write an assembly language program to find out largest number from given block

C040 H To C044 H store the result at memory location C045 H

Apparatus: 8085 Microprocessor

Assembly Language Program:

Memory Mnemonics + Opcode

Label Opcode Comments
location

Initialize the register pair HL to

C000 H 21 LXI H,C040 H memory location C040 H
C001 H 40
C002 H C0
Assign the lowset value of data
C003 H 3E MVI A ,00 H to accumulator
C004 H 00
Set the counter for 05 number in
C005 H 06 MVI B,05 H register B
C006 H 05
Compare the data content of
C007 H BE CMP M register pair HL with the data
content of accumulator
If carry flag is not set then jump
C008 H UP D2 JNC NEXT
to memory location C00C H
C009 H 0C
C00A H C0
Copy the data content of pair
C00B H 7E MOV A ,M
HL to accumulator
Increment the memory location
C00C H NEXT 23 INX H
of HL register pair by 1
C00D H 05 DCR B Decrement the counter by 1
If counter =0 (reg B=0)then
C00E H C2 JNZ UP jump to memory location
C007 H
C00F H 07
C010 H C0
Store the Largent number at the
C011 H 77 MOV M,A
end of block
C012 H CF RST 1 Stop the execution

Input Output Register

C040 H=01 H C045 H=0A H A=0A H

C041 H=02 H B=00 H
C042 H=0A H F=54 H
C043 H=04 H PC H=C0
C044 H=05 H PC L=13
Flags : 54 H

0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
S Z - AC - P - CY

S(Sign flag)=Reset
Z(Zero flag)=Reset
AC(Auxillary carry flag)=Reset
P(Parity flag)=Reset
Cr(Carry flag)=Reset
 Experiment No : 7

Flowchart:

Start

Initialize the register pair HL to memory location

C040 H

Assign the highest value of data to accumulator

Set the counter for 05 number in register B

Compare the data content of register pair HL with the

data content of accumulator

If carry flag is not set then jump to memory location

C00C H

Copy the data content of pair HL to accumulator

Increment the memory location of HL register pair by

1

Decrement the counter by 1

No
Is C=0
?

Yes

Store the Smallest number at the end of block

Stop
 Experiment No : 7

Aim: Write an assembly language program to find out smallest number from given block

C040 H To C044 H store the result at memory location C045 H

Apparatus: 8085 Microprocessor

Assembly Language Program:

Memory Mnemonics + Opcode

Label Opcode Comments
location

Initialize the register pair HL to

C000 H 21 LXI H,C040 H memory location C040 H
C001 H 40
C002 H C0
Assign the highest value of data
C003 H 3E MVI A ,FF H to accumulator
C004 H FF
Set the counter for 05 number in
C005 H 06 MVI B,05 H register B
C006 H 05
Compare the data content of
C007 H BE CMP M register pair HL with the data
content of accumulator
If carry flag is set then jump to
C008 H UP DA JC NEXT
memory location C00C H
C009 H 0C
C00A H C0
Copy the data content of pair
C00B H 7E MOV A ,M
HL to accumulator
Increment the memory location
C00C H NEXT 23 INX H
of HL register pair by 1
C00D H 05 DCR B Decrement the counter by 1
If counter =0 (reg B=0)then
C00E H C2 JNZ UP jump to memory location
C007 H
C00F H 07
C010 H C0
Store the Smallest number at the
C011 H 77 MOV M,A
end of block
C012 H CF RST 1 Stop the execution

Input Output Register

C040 H=06 H C045 H=01 H A=01 H

C041 H=07 H B=00 H
C042 H=0A H F=54 H
C043 H=08 H PC H=C0
C044 H=01 H PC L=13
Flags : 54 H

0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
S Z - AC - P - CY

S(Sign flag)=Reset
Z(Zero flag)=Reset
AC(Auxillary carry flag)=Reset
P(Parity flag)=Reset
Cr(Carry flag)=Reset
 Experiment No : 8

Flowchart:

Start

Clear the data content of accumulator

Initialize Reg C to zero

Initialize the register pair HL to memory location

C040 H

Copy the first number as counter stored at memory

location to reg B

Increment the memory location of HL register pair by 1

Add the data content of register pair HL to accumulator

Increment the memory location of HL register pair

by 1

Check carry flag Jump if cy=0 and if cy=1 increment

location C008

No
Is C=0
?

Yes

Copy carry content (reg C) in memory location

pointed by register pair HL

Stop
 Experiment No : 8
Aim: Two number are stored in consecutive memory location starting from C040H write an
assembly language program to multiply the numbers and store the result in the next memory
location

Apparatus: 8085 Microprocessor

Assembly Language Program:

Memory Mnemonics + Opcode

Label Opcode Comments
location

Clear the data content of

C000 H AF XRA A accumulator
C001 H 0E MVI C, 00 H Initialize Reg C to zero
C002 H 00
Initialize the register pair HL to
C003 H 21 LXI H C040 H memory location C040 H
C004 H 40
C005 H C0
Copy the first number as
C006 H 46 MOV B ,M counter stored at memory
location to reg B
Increment the memory location
C007 H 23 INX H
of HL register pair by 1
Add the data content of register
C008 H UP 86 ADD M
pair HL to accumulator
Check carry flag Jump if cy=0
C009 H D2 JNC DOWN and if cy=1 increment location
C008
C00A H 0D
C00B H C0
C00C H 0C INR C Increment reg C as carry
C00D H DOWN 05 DCR B Decrement the counter by 1
If counter =o (reg C =0)then
C00E H C2 JNZ UP
jump to memory location C008
C00F H 08
C010 H C0
Increment the memory location
C011 H 23 INX H
of HL register pair by 1
Copy the data content of
C012 H 77 MOV M ,A accumulator to memory location
pointed by register pair HL
Increment the memory location
C013 H 23 INX H
of HL register pair by 1
Copy carry content (reg C) in
C014 H 71 MOV M,C memory location pointed by
register pair HL
C015 H CF RST 1 Stop the execution
 Input Output Register

C040 H=02 H C042 H=06 H A=06 H

C041 H=03 H B=00 H
F=54 H
PC H=
PC L=

Flags : 54 H

0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
S Z - AC - P - CY

S(Sign flag)=Reset
Z(Zero flag)=Reset
AC(Auxillary carry flag)=Reset
P(Parity flag)=Reset
Cr(Carry flag)=Reset
 Experiment No : 9

Flowchart:

Start

Copy C030H in HL register pair

Increment HL pair by 1 Increment HL pair by 1

Subtract the contents of memory Location pointed by HL

pair from the Contents of accumulator

Jump If the subtraction result is Positive to Next

Complement the contents of accumulator

Add 01 H to the contents of accumulator

Store the contents of accumulator As a result to C090H

Stop
 Experiment No : 9

Aim: Write a program that subtracts the number stored in C031H from the number stored in
C030H. Store the absolute difference in memory location C090H as result.

Apparatus: 8085 Dynalog Microprocessor Kit

Assembly Language Program:

Memory Mnemonics + Opcode

Label Opcode Comments
location

C000 H 21 LXI H, C030H Copy C030H in HL register pair

C001 H 30
C002 H C0
Copy the contents of memory
C003 H 7E MOV A,M Location pointed by HL pair to
accumulator
C004 H 23 INX H Increment HL pair by 1
Subtract the contents of memory
C005 H 96 SUB M Location pointed by HL pair
from the Contents of accumulator
Jump If the subtraction result is
C006 H F2 JP NEXT Positive to Next
C007 H 0C
C008 H UP CO
Complement the contents of
C009 H 2F CMA
accumulator
Add 01 H to the contents of
C00A H C6 ADI 01 H
accumulator
C00B H 01
Store the contents of accumulator
C00C H 32 STA C090 H
As a result to C090H
C00D H DOWN 90
C00E H C0
C00F H CF RST 1 Stop

Input Output Register

C030 H=02 H C090 H=05 H A=065H

C031 H=07 H B=B4 H
F=14 H
PC H=00 H
PC L=08 H
Flags : 14 H

0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
S Z - AC - P - CY

S(Sign flag)=Reset
Z(Zero flag)=Reset
AC(Auxillary carry flag)=Reset
P(Parity flag)=Reset
Cr(Carry flag)=Reset
 Experiment No : 10

Aim: Familiarization with 8085 Dynalog Microprocessor Kit

Apparatus: 8085 Dynalog Microprocessor Kit

Introduction:

• Microprocessor 8085 Trainer Kit: DYNA 85 is a single-board computer based on an 8085A

CPU designed especially for training and development applications.
• It is equally useful for novices as well as development engineers for studying the 8085A CPU
and developing various products based on the 8085A. Features:
• High-performance 8085A CPU @ 3 MHz.
• 4 K powerful monitor FIRMWARE. Including all standard commands, codes, functions, and
utility subroutines.
• 2 K user RAM 6116.
• Three 28-pin sockets are provided for memory expansion up to a maximum of 56 K.
• Versatile Keyboard/Display controller using 8279.
• 46 parallel I/O lines, 22 from 8155 and 24 from 8255.
• Serial I/O through auto-adjusting type RS-232 channel.
• Built-in audio cassette interface.
• Programmable timer.
• Powerful 8085 interrupt capabilities.
• 6-digit seven-segment LED display.
• Highly reliable multi-function keypad.
• All address, data control, and hardware interrupt lines are brought out on a 50-pin FRC
connector for system interfacing and expansion.
• Three 16-bit Timer/Counter channels are available on-board, using 8253.
• These channels are available on a 10-pin FRC connector.
• RAM sockets are provided with battery backup.
• Supplied in an attractive polished wooden enclosure.
• Specially designed 230 V AC, Switch Mode Power Supply.

SYSTEM HARDWARE:

1. CPU
• INTEL 8085A High-Performance CPU operating at 3 MHz
2. MEMORY
• A powerful system monitor has been provided on a 2732 EPROM covering 4K bytes. This
monitor includes all standard commands, codes, functions, and utility subroutines.
• A 6116 battery backup RAM (2K) is provided on the board for input and executing of
programs.
• Three 28-pin sockets are provided for memory chips so that further expansion of RAM /
EPROM is possible up to a maximum of 56K.
 Experiment No : 11

Aim: Study of Interrupts

Introduction:

Interrupt is the mechanism by which the processor is made to transfer control from its current
program execution to another program having higher priority. The interrupt signal may be given
to the processor by any external peripheral device.

The program or the routine that is executed upon interrupt is called interrupt service routine
(ISR). After execution of ISR, the processor must return to the interrupted program. Key features
in the interrupt structure of any microprocessor are as follows:

i. Number and types of interrupt signals available.

ii. The address of the memory where the ISR located for a particular interrupt signal. This
address is called interrupt vector address (IVA).
iii. Masking and unmasking feature of the interrupt signals.
iv. Priority among the interrupts.
v. Timing of the interrupt signals.
vi. Handling and storing of information about the interrupt program (status information).

Types Of Interrupts:

Interrupts are classified based on their mask ability, IVA and source. They are classified as:

I. Vectored and non-vectored interrupts

⚫ vectored interrupts require the IVA to be supplied by the external device that gives the interrupt
signal. This technique is vectoring, is implemented in number of ways.

⚫ non-vectored interrupts have fixed IVA for ISR of different interrupt

Signals.

II Maskable and Non-Maskable interrupts

⚫ Maskable interrupts are interrupts that can be blocked. Masking can be done by software or
hardware means.
⚫ Non-maskable interrupts are interrupts that are always recognized; the corresponding ISR are
executed.

III. Software and hardware interrupts

⚫ Software interrupts are special instructions, after execution transfer the control to predefined
ISR.
⚫ Hardware interrupts are signals given to the processor, for recognition as an interrupt and
execution of the corresponding ISR.

Interrupt handling procedure:

The following sequence of operations takes place when an interrupt signal is recognized:

i. Save the pc content and information about current state (flags, registers etc) in the stack.
ii. Load pc with the beginning address of an isr and start to execute it.
iii. Finish isr when the return instruction is executed.
iv. Return to the point in the interrupted program where execution was interrupted.

Interrupt sources and vector addresses in 8085:

Software interrupts:

8085 instruction set includes eight software interrupt instructions called restart (rst) instructions.
These are one byte instructions that make the processor execute a subroutine at predefined
locations. Instructions and their vector addresses are given in table 6.

Table 6 Software Interrupts And Their Vector Addresses

Instruction Machine Hex Code Interrupt Vector Address

RST0 C7 0000H
RST1 CF 0008H
RST2 D7 0010H
RST3 DF 0018H
RST4 E7 0020H
RST5 EF 0028H
RST6 F7 0030H
RST7 FF 0032H

The software interrupts can be treated as CALL instructions with default call locations. The
concept of priority does not apply to software interrupts as they are inserted into the program as
instructions by the programmer and executed by the processor when the respective program lines
are read.

Hardware Interrupts and Priorities:

8085 have five hardware interrupts - INTR, RST 5.5, RST 6.5, RST 7.5 and TRAP. Their IVA
and priorities are given in Table 7.
 Table 7 Hardware interrupts of 8085

Instruction Interrupt Vector Maskable Or Edge Or Level Priority

Address Non-Maskable Triggered

TRAP 0024H Non-makable level 1

RST 7.5 003CH Makeable Rising edge 2
RST 6.5 0034H Makeable Level 3
RST 5.5 002CH Makeable level 4
INTR Decided By Makable level 5
Hardware

Masking of interrupts:

Masking can be done for four hardware interrupts intr, rst 5.5, rst 6.5, and rst 7.5. The masking of
8085 interrupts is done at different levels. Fig. 13 shows the organization of hardware interrupts in
the 8085.

The fig. 13 is explained by the following five points:

i. The maskable interrupts are by default masked by the reset signal. So no interrupt is recognized
by the hardware reset.
[Link] interrupts can be enabled by the el instruction.

[Link] three RST interrupts can be selectively masked by loading the appropriate word in the
accumulator and executing SIM instruction. This is called software masking.

[Link] maskable interrupts are disabled whenever an interrupt is recognized.

v. All maskable interrupts can be disabled by executing the di instruction.

RST 7.5 alone has a flip-flop to recognize edge transition. The di instruction reset interrupt enable
flip-flop in the processor and the interrupts are disabled. To enable interrupts, el instruction has to
be executed.
 Experiment No : 12

Aim: Study of Transmission Media such as Co-axial Cable, Twisted pair and Optic cable

Tools Used: Co-axial Cable, Twisted pair and Optic cable

Introduction

Transmission media refers to the physical pathways that carry data signals between devices in a
network. These media are classified as either guided (wired) or unguided (wireless). Guided
transmission media includes coaxial cables, fiber-optic cables, and twisted pair cables, which use
physical materials to transmit signals. Here’s a breakdown:

1. Coaxial Cable Structure:

It has a core conductor (usually copper) surrounded by insulation, a metallic shield, and an
outer insulating layer.
 Use: Commonly used in cable TV, broadband internet, and long-distance telephone
transmissions.

Advantages:
1. High bandwidth for its size.
2. Good resistance to electromagnetic interference (EMI).

Disadvantages:
1. Bulky and less flexible than other cables.
2. Limited transmission distance without repeaters

2. Fiber optic Cable :

Structure: Consists of a core (glass or plastic) that carries light signals, surrounded by
cladding and protective layers. Use: High-speed internet, long-distance communications,
and high-bandwidth applications.

Advantages:

1. Immune to electromagnetic interference.

2. Supports extremely high bandwidth and long-distance data transmission. 3. Very secure
as it is hard to tap.

Disadvantages:

1. Expensive to install and maintain.

2. Fragile and requires specialized equipment for installation.
3. Twisted Pair Cable :

Twisted Pair Cable Structure: Consists of two insulated copper wires twisted together to
reduce EMI. There are two types:

• Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP): Common in LANs and telephony.

• Shielded Twisted Pair (STP): Has additional shielding for better protection.

Use: Used in telecommunication, LANs, and networking.

Advantages:

• Cost-effective and easy to install.

• Flexible and lightweight. Disadvantages:
• Limited bandwidth and shorter distances compared to fiber optics.
• Susceptible to interference without shielding.

Connectors

Connectors are devices used to terminate the transmission media and connect it to network
devices. Coaxial Cable Connectors:

BNC (Bayonet Neill-Concelman): Commonly used in video and RF systems.

F-Type: Used in cable TV and broadband.
Fiber-Optic Cable Connectors:
SC (Subscriber Connector): Easy to connect/disconnect.
LC (Lucent Connector): Smaller, ideal for high-density applications.
ST (Straight Tip): Common in networking applications

Twisted Pair Cable Connectors:

RJ45 (Registered Jack 45): Used for Ethernet networking.

RJ11: Used for telephone connections.

Each medium and connector type has its specific applications depending on network
requirements.
 Experiment No : 13

Aim: Study of Hubs, Modem, Repeaters and Routers.

Tools Used: Hubs, Modem, Repeaters and Routers.

Introduction

Networking devices like modems, hubs, repeaters, and routers play crucial roles in
managing, directing, and enhancing communication within networks. Here’s a detailed
explanation:

1. Modem (Modulator-Demodulator)

Function: Converts digital data from a computer into an analog signal for transmission over
telephone or cable lines (modulation) and vice versa (demodulation) to convert analog signals
into digital data.

Types:

DSL Modem: Uses telephone lines for internet connectivity.

Cable Modem: Uses cable TV lines.

Use: Establishes internet connectivity for homes and offices.

Key Features:

Interfaces between your internet service provider (ISP) and your network.
Necessary for connecting to external networks like the internet.
2. Hub

Function: Converts digital data from a computer into an analog signal for transmission over
telephone or cable lines (modulation) and vice versa (demodulation) to convert analog signals
into digital data.

Function: A basic networking device that connects multiple devices in a local area network
(LAN) and broadcasts data to all connected devices.

Types:

Active Hub: Amplifies the signal before broadcasting it.

Passive Hub: Simply forwards the signal without amplification.

Use: Primarily used in small networks but is largely replaced by switches.

Key Features:

Operates at Layer 1 (Physical Layer) of the OSI model.

Cannot filter or manage data traffic, leading to potential network congestion.

3. Repeater

Function: Amplifies and regenerates signals to extend the distance over which data can travel
in a network.
 Use:

Commonly used in large networks to prevent signal degradation over long distances.

Extends the range of both wired and wireless networks.

Key Features:

Operates at Layer 1 (Physical Layer) of the OSI model.

Does not interpret data; simply regenerates it.

4. Router

Connects multiple networks and directs data packets between them based on their IP
addresses.
Use:

Commonly used to connect home or office networks to the internet.

Manages data traffic to ensure efficient communication between devices and networks.

Key Features:

Operates at Layer 3 (Network Layer) of the OSI model.

Can perform Network Address Translation (NAT), ensuring multiple devices can share a
single IP address.
Often includes additional features like Wi-Fi, firewalls, and security configurations.

Types:

Wired Routers: Require Ethernet cables.

Wireless Routers: Provide Wi-Fi connectivity.
 Experiment No : 14

Aim: Case study of existing Network Topology in Computer lab.

Scenario

A computer lab in Rahul International Junior College, Boisar with 38 computers connected to a
central

server for file sharing, printing, and internet access. The network needs to provide high-speed
connectivity, reliability, and ease of management.

1. Chosen Network Topology

The Star Topology is widely used in computer labs due to its efficiency and ease of
troubleshooting.

Network Design Overview:

Central Device: A switch connects all the computers in the lab.

End Devices: Each computer in the lab has a dedicated Ethernet cable connecting it to the
switch.

Server: A centralized server is connected to the switch to manage shared resources like file
storage and printing.

Router: Provides internet access to the network and connects the lab to the university’s main
network.

Components Used

The Star Topology is widely used in computer labs due to its efficiency and ease of
troubleshooting.

Hardware:

Switch: 48-port gigabit switch to accommodate all 38 computers and additional devices.

Router: Connects the lab network to the campus internet.

Computers: Desktop systems with Ethernet network interface cards (NICs).

Cables: Cat-6 Ethernet cables for high-speed connectivity.

Server: A file server for centralized resource sharing.

Printer: Connected to the network via the switch.

Software:

Operating System: Windows/Linux for the client systems.

Server OS: Windows Server/Linux Server for file and print management

How the Star Topology Works in the Lab:

Data Transmission Each computer sends and receives data through the central switch.

Resource Sharing: The server provides shared files and printers to all computers.

Internet Access: The router connects the switch to the internet.

Advantages of Using Star Topology in a Computer Lab

Easy to Set Up and Manage: Centralized control makes it simple to add or remove devices.

High Performance: Dedicated communication channels prevent data collisions.

Fault Isolation: A failure in one computer or cable does not affect the rest of the network.

Scalability: Additional devices can be added by connecting them to the switch.

Conclusion

The star topology in this computer lab ensures efficient data flow, reliable connectivity, and
easy management, meeting the lab’s academic and administrative needs
 Experiment No : 15

Aim: Setting up LAN connection in Computer Lab.

Procedure: On the host computer

On the host computer, follow these steps to share the Internet connection:

1. Log on to the host computer as administrator are as Owner.

2. Click Start, and then click Control Panel.
3. Click Network and Internet Connections.
4. Click Network Connections.
5. Right-click the connection that you use to connect to the Internet. For example, if you
Connect to the Internet by using a modem, right-click the connection that you want under
Dial-up / other network available.
6. Click Properties.
7. Click the Advanced tab.
8. Under Internet Connection Sharing, select the Allow other network users to connect
Through this computer’s Internet connection check box.
9. If you are sharing a dial-up Internet connection, select the Establish a dial-up connection
Whenever a computer on my network attempts to access the Internet check box if you
want to permit your computer to automatically connect to the internet.
10. Click OK. You receive the following message:
When Internet connection Sharing is enabled, your LAN adapter will be set to use IP address
192.168.0. 1. Your computer may lose connectivity with other computers on your network.
If These other computers have static IP addresses, it is a good idea to set them to obtain their
IP Addresses automatically. Are you sure you want to enable Internet Connection Sharing?
11. Click Yes.
The connection to the Internet is shared to other computers on the local area network(LAN).
The network adapter that is connected to the LAN is configured with a static IP address of
192.168.0. I and a subnet mask of [Link]

On the client computer

To connect to the Internet by using the shared connection, you must confirm the LAN adapter
IP configuration, and then configure the client computer. To confirm the LAN adapter IP
configuration, follow these steps:

1. Log on to the client computer as Administrator or as Owner.

2. Click Start, and then click Control Panel.
3. Click Network and Internet Connections.
4. Click Network Connections.
5. Right-click Local Area Connection and then click Properties.
6. Click the General tab, click Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) in the connection uses the following
Items list, and then click Properties.
7. In the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties dialog box, click Obtain an IP address
Automatically (if it is not already selected), and then click OK.
Note: You can also assign a unique static IP address in the range of [Link] to

254. For example, you can assign the following static IP address, subnet mask, and default
gateway:
8. IP Address [Link]
9. subnet mask [Link]
10. Default gateway [Link]
11. In the Local Area Connection Properties dialog box, click OK
12. Quit Control Panel.