MOLLA SHAHADAT HOSSAIN LIPU, PhD

ORCID ID: 0000-0001-9060-4454

Scopus ID: 36518949700
WoS Researcher ID: ABB-9235-2020
IEEE Senior Member, 98353232

• Ph.D. (UKM, Malaysia), M.Sc. (AIT, Thailand), B.Sc. (IUT, Bangladesh).

• World's Top 2% highly cited Researcher (Stanford University and Elsevier, 2022).

• Advisor, IEEE Power and Energy Society (PES), Green University Student Branch Chapter.

• Associate Professor of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Green university of Bangladesh.

• Visiting Research Fellow at Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Malaysia.

• Keynote speaker, Session Chair in several seminars/webinars/conferences.

• Citations 5000+ (Google Scholar) and 4000+ (Scopus).

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 EEE 419

Power System II

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Course Contents
Overhead Transmission Line: A.C. and D.C Transmission, insulator, string
efficiency, Skin effect, Inductance, Capacitance, Corona and Sag.

Variable Load on Power Station: Load curves, base load, peak load, connected
load, maximum demand, demand factor, average load, load factor, diversity factor,
capacity factor, plant use factor.

Power System Stability: Power angle equation, swing equation, steady state
stability, transient stability, equal area criterion, clearing time, clearing angle.

Symmetrical Faults: Symmetrical faults calculation, percentage reactance, base

kVA, short circuit kVA, reactor control of short-circuit current.

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Course Contents
Unsymmetrical Faults: Analysis of unsymmetrical faults on 3 phase system,
sequence impedance, sequence network.

High Voltage DC (HVDC) Transmission System: Structure, principle, application,

advantages, disadvantages, rectifier, inverter and converter.

Protection of Power system: Classification, operation, benefits and drawbacks of

fuse, circuit breaker, relays, protection of alternator and transformer.

Renewable Energy and Smart grids: Renewable energy sources (solar, wind,
hydro, Biofuels, Tidal, Wave), Energy Storage, Microgrid, Smart grid, internet of
things (IOT) technology in power system.

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Typical A.C. Power Supply Scheme
(i) Generating station : G.S. represents the generating station where electric
power is produced by 3-phase alternators. The usual generation voltage is 11
kV.
(ii) Primary transmission. The electric power at 132 kV is transmitted by 3-
phase overhead system.

(iii) Secondary transmission. At the receiving station, the voltage is reduced

to 33kV by step-down transformers. From this station, electric power is
transmitted at 33kV by 3-phase, overhead system to various sub-stations
(SS) located at the strategic points in the city. This forms the secondary
transmission.

(iv) Primary distribution. The secondary transmission line terminates at the

sub-station (SS) where voltage is reduced from 33 kV to 11kV, 3-phase.

(v) Secondary distribution. The electric power from primary distribution line (11
kV) is delivered to distribution sub-stations (DS). These sub-stations are located
near the consumers’ localities and step down the voltage to 400 V, 3-phase for
secondary distribution.
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Elements of Transmission Line
The principal elements of a high-voltage transmission line are :

(i) Conductors, help us to create an electrical path for the electricity to flow through it.

(ii) Step-up and step-down transformers, at the sending and receiving ends respectively. The
use of transformers permits power to be transmitted at high efficiency.

(iii) Line insulators, which mechanically support the line conductors from different environmental
conditions.

(iv) Support, which are generally steel towers and provide support to the conductors.

(v) Protective devices, such as fuse, circuit breakers, relays etc. They ensure the satisfactory and
secured service of the transmission line.

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Comparison between A.C. and D.C.
Transmission
A.C. transmission
Advantages
(i) The power can be generated at high voltages.

(ii) The maintenance of A.C. sub-stations is easy and cheaper.

(iii) The A.C. voltage can be stepped up or stepped down by transformers with ease and efficiency.
This permits to transmit power at high voltages and distribute it at safe potentials.

Disadvantages
(i) The construction of A.C. transmission line is more complicated than a D.C. transmission line.

(ii) Due to skin effect in the A.C. system, the effective resistance of the line is increased.

(iii) An A.C. line has capacitance. Therefore, there is a continuous loss of power due to charging
current.
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Comparison between A.C. and D.C.
Transmission
D.C. transmission
Advantages

(i) There is no inductance, capacitance, phase difference in D.C. transmission.

(ii) There is no skin effect in a D.C. system. Therefore, entire cross-section of the line conductor is
utilized.

(iii) Due to the absence of inductance, voltage drop in D.C. transmission is less than A.C. transmission
for the same load and receiving end voltage.

(iv) In D.C. transmission, there are no stability problems and synchronizing difficulties.

Disadvantages

(i) Electric power cannot be generated at high D.C. voltage.

(ii) The d.c. voltage cannot be stepped up for transmission of power at high voltages. 8
Problem

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MATH

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Problem
A sub-station supplies power at 11 kV, 0·85 p.f. lagging to a consumer through a
three-phase transmission line has total resistance (both go and return) of 0.2 Ω.
The voltage drop in the line is 12%. If the same power is to be supplied to the same
consumer by two wire d.c. system by a new line having a total resistance of 0·03 Ω
and if the allowable voltage drop is 18%, calculate the d.c. supply voltage.

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