02/08/2025 1

Electrical Power
Transmission

Dr. Engr. Kamran Ahmed Samo

Batch: 19EL
QUEST Campus Larkana
Marks Assessment

 Theory: (100)
 Sessional Work: 20%
 Mid Semester Exam: 20%
 Final Semester Exam: 60%

 Practical: (50)
 Sessional Work 40%
 Semester Lab Exam: 60%

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Contents

 System of Transmission.
 Electrical Model of Transmission Lines, Transmission Line
Parameters.
 Capacitance of Transmission Line.
 Current and Voltage Relations on a Transmission Line.
 Mechanical Design of Overhead Lines.
 Insulators.
 Corona.
 Underground Cables.
 HVDC Transmission.
 Substations.

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Books
1- Power System Analysis, Latest Edition
(Ashfaque Hussain)

2- HV Transmission, Latest Edition

(Rao)

3- Electric Power Transmission System Engineering, Latest

Edition
(Turan Gonen)

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System of Transmission

 Electrical
transmission system is the
mean of transmitting power from
generating station to different load
centers.

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System of Transmission
System of D.C and A.C Transmission

 The electrical power can be transmitted either by

means of D.C and A.C.

 Each system has its own advantages and disadvantages.

 It is therefore describable to discuss the technical

merits and demerits of the two systems for transmission
of electrical power .

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D.C Transmission

 For some years past the transmission of electrical

power by d.c has been receiving the active
consideration of engineers due to its several
advantages.

 Advantages:
 The high voltage d.c transmission has the following

advantages over the high voltage a.c transmission:

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D.C Transmission Advantages
conti…

 It requires only two conductors as compared to three

for a.c transmission. (as we know that in a.c
transmission requires four conductors, three are phases
and one is for neutral).

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D.C Transmission Advantages
conti…
 There is no inductance, capacitance, phase displacement
and surge problems in d.c transmission (less problems).

 Due to the absence of inductance, the voltage drop in a

d.c transmission line is less then the a.c line for the same
load and sending end voltage.

 For this reason a d.c transmission line has better voltage

regulation (at sending voltages and receiving voltages,
regulation may high. At receiving end of voltages no
fluctuation, if less fluctuation system can be stable).

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D.C Transmission Advantages
conti…
 There is no skin effect in a d.c system. Therefore entire
cross-section of the line conductor is utilized. (In a.c
transmission current is flow at the surface of conductor,
that’s why may occur losses).

 For the same working voltage the potential stress on the

insulation is less in case of d.c system, then that in a.c
system. Therefore a d.c line requires less insulation.

 A d.c line has less corona losses and reduced interference

with communication circuits (sparking in transformer).

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D.C Transmission Advantages
conti…

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D.C Transmission Advantages
conti…

 The high voltage d.c transmission is free from the

dielectric losses (no capacitance, no losses),
particularly in the case of cables.

 In d.c transmission, there are no stability problems and

synchronization difficulties.

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D.C Transmission
Disadvantages of D.C Transmission
 Electric power can not be generated at high d.c voltage
due to commutation problem, (from one place to
another, as transfer the power from grid station to the
sub station).
 The d.c voltage can not be stepped up for transmission

of power at voltages.
 The d.c switches and circuit breakers have their own

limitation.

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A.C Transmission
 Now-a-days electrical energy is almost exclusive generated, transmitted
and distributed in the form of a.c.

 Advantages:
 The power can be generated at high voltages (as compared to d.c
transmission).

 The maintenance of a.c sub-stations is easy and cheaper.

 The a.c voltage can be stepped up or stepped down by transformer with

ease and efficiency (current losses can be controlled. Power transmit in
high voltages, and that’s why current losses can be reduced). This
permits to transmit at high voltages and distribute it at safe potentials.

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A.C Transmission
Disadvantages
 An a.c line requires more copper than d.c line (less need of
insulation in d.c, however, in a.c need more insulation due to stress).

 The construction of a.c transmission line is more complicated than a

d.c transmission line (why).

 Due to skin effect in the a.c system the effective resistance of the
line is increased (losses).

 An a.c line has capacitance (between two conductors presence of air

work as dielectric), therefore, there is a continuous loss of power due
to changing current even when the line is open.

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Transmission and Sub-Transmission
 Selection of voltage for H.T and L.T lines:

 Commonly used voltage for different distances:

Distance (km) Voltage (kV)
15-30 11
30-60 33
60-100 66
100-200 132
200-300 220
300-400 400

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Electric Supply System
 The conveyance of electric power from a power station
to consumers premises is known as electric supply
system.
 Or ;
 The conductor system by means of which electric

power is conveyed from a generating station to the

consumer’s premises is called electric supply system or
basic structure of power system.

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Electric Supply System
conti…
 An electric supply system consists of three principle
components:
 Generating power station,
 Transmission lines and
 Distribution system.
 Electric power is produced at the power stations.
 It is then transmitted over large distances to load

centers with the help of conductors known as

transmission lines (DC or AC transmission, and
overhead or under head ground system).

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Electric Supply System
conti…

 Finally, it is distributed to a large number of small and

big consumers through a distribution network.

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Electric Supply System
conti…
 Now-a-days, 3-phase, 3-wire AC system is universally
adopted for generation and transmission of electric
power all around the world including Pakistan as an
economical proposition.

 Whereas, the distribution of electric power is done by

3-phase, 4-wire AC system all around the world
including Pakistan.

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Electric Supply System
conti…

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Electric Supply System
conti…

 The underground system is more expensive than the

overhead system.

 Therefore, overhead system is mostly adopted all

around the world including Pakistan for transmission.

 Furthermore, distribution of electric power is mostly

carried out by overhead system in Pakistan.

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Layout of Power System Network
 In certain densely population cities, the underground
system is being employed for distribution.

 This is to eliminate danger to human life.

 Which would be present with overhead system and to

avoid ugly appearance and inconvenience of pole lines
running down the main roads.

 The examples of underground distribution system in

Pakistan includes, Islamabad and Bahria Town Karachi.

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Layout of Power System Network
Conti…

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Layout of Power System Network
Conti…
 Figure shows a typical layout a AC power supply by a
single-line diagram.
 Generating station:
 In figure G,S represents the generating station where
electric power is produced by 3-phase alternators
operating in parallel.
 The usual generation voltage is 11 kV, it may be 66 kV or
even 33 kV in certain cases.
 This voltage is too low for transmission over long
distances. It is therefore stepped up to 132 kV, 220 kV
and 500 kV or more by means of step-up transformer.
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Transmission
 Primary Transmission:
 For economy in the transmission of electric power, the

generation voltage (11kV) is stepped up to 132 kV OR

 More depending upon the length of transmission line

and the amount of power to be transmitted at the

generating station with the help of 3 phase
transformers.

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Primary Transmission
Conti…
 The electric power at 132 kV is transmitted by 3 phase,
3 wire overhead system to the outskirts of the city. This
form the primary transmission.

 Generally the primary transmission is carried at 66 kV,

132 kV, 220kV, 500kV and even more.

 It may be noted here that for ensuring continuity of

service transmission is always carried out by duplicate
lines as shown in figure.

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Primary Transmission

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Secondary Transmission
 The primary transmission line terminates at the
receiving station which usually lies at the out skirts of
the city.

 Because it is not safe to bring high voltage overhead

transmission line into thickly populated areas.

 At the receiving station, the voltage is reduced to 33 kV

by step-down transformers.

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Secondary Transmission
Conti…

 From this station electric power is transmitted at 33 kV

by 3-phase, 3-wire overhead system to various sub-
stations (SS) located at the strategic points in the city.

 This forms the secondary transmission.

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Distribution

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Primary Distribution
 The secondary transmission line terminals at the sub-
station (SS), where voltage is reduced from 33 kV to 11
kV, 3-phase, 3-wire.

 The 11kV lines run along the important road side of the
city. This form the primary distribution.

 It may be noted that big consumers (having demand

more than 50 kW) are generally supplied power at 11
kV for further handling with their own sub-station.

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Secondary Distribution
 The electric power from primary distribution line (11
kV) is delivered to distribution sub-stations (DS) or
Pole Mounted Sub-station (PMT).

 These sub stations are located near the consumers

localities and step down the voltage to 400 V, 3 phase,
4-wire for secondary distribution.

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Pole Mounted Sub-Station

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Secondary Distribution
Conti…

 The voltage between any two phases is 400 V and

between any phase and neutral is 220-230 V.
 The single phase residential lightening load is

connected between any one phase and neutral, whereas

3-phase, 400 V motor load is connected across 3-phase
lines directly.

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Secondary Distribution
conti…

 Since the long distance transmission at high voltage is

cheap and low voltages are required for utility
purposes, the voltage level goes on decreasing from the
transmission system to the distribution system.

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Practical Voltage Levels of Power
System
1 For Generation 6.6 kV, 11 kV, 22 kV, 33 kV

2 For Primary Transmission 66kV, 132 kV, 220 kV, 550 kV, 765 kV, 1000
kV or even more

3 For Secondary Transmission 11kV, 22 kV, 33 kV

4 For Primary Distribution 6.6 kV, 11 kV

5 For Secondary Distribution 230 V, 400 V

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Generating Voltage in GENCOs of
Pakistan

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Generating Voltage in Hydro Power
Plants of Pakistan

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Generating Voltage in Nuclear Plants and
IPPs of Pakistan

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Generating Voltage of K. Electric
Company

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Transmission Voltage Levels in Pakistan

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Distribution Voltage levels in Pakistan

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Conti…
 Power generated at the power plants has to be delivered at the customers:

 Typically, Transmission lines are located in the remote areas.

 So can run for long distances in straight lines.

 As it is much cheaper to build that way.

 In construct to distribution lines, have to be close to the customer.

Consequently more numerous.

 In general, distribution lines are radial or run away from the transmission
lines to a dead end.

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Conti…
 Power typically flows from a generator.
 Along a transmission grid to a sub-station.
 Then transported for a stepped down to a lower voltage

for distribution.
 Voltage reduction allows to utility to use a smaller wire

and shorter poles, for distributing power to the

consumers.

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Conti…
 Power in the distribution line flows to customers,
homes, and businesses but its get stepped down again
as it comes of the distribution lines.

 The stability of the electricity gird requires the

electricity supply to constantly meet electricity supply
demand.

 Which in turn requires the coordination of numerous

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EHVAC Transmission Line

 Extra High Voltage Alternating Current Line.

 A transmission line operating above 220V is known as

extra voltage A.C transmission line.

 At present 16 extra high voltage AC transmission lines

are operating in Pakistan.

 It is because Pakistan has 16 500 kV transmission lines.

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EHVAC Transmission Line
No Grid Station DISCO Provinc Total Capacity
: e (MVA)
1 Dadu HESCO/SEPCO Sindh 900
2 Guddu SEPCO/MEPCO Sindh 1350
3 Jamshoro HESCO/K.E Sindh 900
4 North Karachi K.E Sindh 1200
Industrieal
5 Shikarpur SEPCO Sindh 1200
6 Faisalabad FESCO Punjab 1800
7 Multan MEPCO Punjab 900
8 Muzafargarh MEPCO Punjab 1200
9 Rawat IESCO Punjab 1350
10 Shikupura LESCO Punjab 2400
11 Sahiwal MEPCO Punjab 1200
12 Nokhar GEPCO Punjab 1200
13 Dera Ghazi Khan MEPCO Punjab 1200
14 Rahim Yar Khan MEPCO Punjab 1200
15 New Lahore LESCO Punjab 1500
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UHAVC Transmission Line

 Ultra High Voltage Alternating Current Transmission

Line (UHVAC).

 A transmission line voltage above 765 kV is known as

(UHVAC).

 At present Pakistan don’t have any ultra high voltage

AC transmission line.

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Highest AC Transmission Voltages in the
World

 At present the highest AC transmission voltage is 1000

kV operating in China.

 China is the leader in ultra high voltage transmission

lines all over the world.

 Except china, every country in the world has maximum

765 kV for transmitting the electric power.

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Highest AC Transmission Voltages in the
World (Conti….)
 It can be noted that in Madhya Pradesh, there is one km
transmission line which transmits the power at 1200
kV.

 However, this line is under testing condition in India.

This is world’s highest transmitting voltage.

 The highest AC transmission voltage in Pakistan and

Malaysia is 500 kV.

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Highest AC Transmission Voltages in the
World

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Highest DC Transmission Voltages in the
World
 At present , China has the highest operating voltage of
(+/- ) 1000 kV HVDC transmission line in the world.

 At present, Pakistan don't have any HVDC

transmission line.

 However, in future two HVDC transmission lines are

going to be installed.

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Highest DC Transmission Voltages in the
World (Conti…)

 1. (+/-) 660 kV HVDC transmission line from Matiyari

to Lahore through China Pakistan Corridor (CPEC)
project.

 2. (+/-) 500 kV HVDC transmission line from Kabul to

Peshawar through CASA project.

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Highest DC Transmission Voltages in the
World

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Why Transmission is Required?

 Transmission is necessary due to the reason that it is

not economical to generate the electrical power near
the load consumption places.

 The generation of electrical power is not economical at

load consumption places due to the reason that site of
the power station is dependent upon the type of power
station.

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Why Transmission is Required?
Conti…
 The thermal power plants are constructed near the coal
mines in order to save the higher cost of coal transportation.
 The hydro power plants sites are governed by the
availability of water resources.
 The nuclear plants are also situated remote from the centers
of consumption due to safety reason.
 Thus, the difficulty of getting power stations sites near the
consuming centers make it expected to transmit bulk
amount of electrical energy through longer distances.
 Long distance, bulk power transfer is only possible by high
voltage transmission system.

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Isolated System
 A power system supplying power to specific town,
home or city and is not connected with any other power
plant or transmission line is known as isolated system.

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Interconnected System
 The connection of several generating stations in parallel is
known as interconnected system.

 Tie Lines:
 A transmission line connecting two or more generating
station is known as Tie Line.

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Interconnected System
Conti…

 The transmission lines performs two main functions:

 The transport energy from generating stations to bulk

receiving stations.

 It interconnects two or more generating stations into a

power pool.

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Power Pool

is used to balance electrical load over a

larger network
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How power system is interconnected?
 The power system consisting of two or more generating
stations are interconnected through synchronization.
 For synchronization, some conditions are necessary to

meet.

 Condition 1:
 Voltage of all the generators must be same.

V1 V2 V3

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How power system is interconnected?
Conti…

 Condition 2:
 Frequency of all the generators must be same.

f1  f 2  f 3
 Condition 3:
 Phase sequence of all the generators must be same.

 Frequency: 50Hz and 60 Hz.

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How power system is interconnected?
Conti…
 Without fulfilling all these conditions, two or more
than two AC power system cannot be interconnected
with one another.

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Advantages of the interconnected system

 Smaller, overall installed capacity to peak demand.

 It permits the generation of energy at the most efficient
and cheapest station at every time.
 If there is major breakdown or scheduled maintenance of
a generating unit in an interconnected system there is no
interruption of power supply.
 Thus, interconnection provides the best use of the power
resources and ensures greater security of supply.
 Interconnection between networks is done either by
HAVC links or HVDC links or transmission lines.
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Power Grid
 It is an interconnected network for delivering electricity from
producers to consumers.
 An electrical grid may consists of:
 Generating stations that produce electric power.
 Power sub-stations for stepping electrical voltage up for
transmission, or down for distribution.
 High voltage transmission lines that carry power from distant
sources to demand-centers.
 Distribution lines that connect individual customers.
 Thus electrical gird may also be defined as, “ An interconnected
power system covering a major portion of country’s territory (or
state) is called a Grid.”

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Power Grid
Conti…

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Power Grid
Conti…

 The different grids may be interconnected through

transmission lines (called tie lines) to from a Regional
Grid.

 When the different regional grids are interconnected

they form a National Grid.

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Power Grid
Conti…

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