PART IV

Network Layer

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 Position of network layer

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 Network layer duties

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 Chapters

Chapter 19 Host-to-Host Delivery

Chapter 20 Network Layer Protocols
Chapter 21 Unicast and Multicast Routing Protocols

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 Chapter 19

Host-to-Host
Delivery:
Internetworking,
Addressing,
and Routing
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 19.1 Internetworks

Need For Network Layer

Internet As A Packet-Switched Network

Internet As A Connectionless Network

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 Figure 19.1 Internetwork

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 Figure 19.2 Links in an internetwork

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 Figure 19.3 Network layer in an internetwork

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 Figure 19.4 Network layer at the source

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 Figure 19.5 Network layer at a router

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 Figure 19.6 Network layer at the destination

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 Figure 19.7 Switching

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 Figure 19.8 Datagram approach

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 Note:

Switching at the network layer in the

Internet is done using the datagram
approach to packet switching.

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 Note:

Communication at the network layer

in the Internet is connectionless.

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 19.2 Addressing
Internet Address
Classful Addressing
Subnetting
Supernetting
Classless Addressing
Dynamic Address Configuration
Network Address Translation
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 Note:

An IP address is a 32-bit address.

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 Note:

The IP addresses are unique

and universal.

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 Figure 19.9 Dotted-decimal notation

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 Note:

The binary, decimal, and hexadecimal

number systems are reviewed in
Appendix B.

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 Example 1
Change the following IP addresses from binary notation to dotted-
decimal notation.
a. 10000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
b. 11111001 10011011 11111011 00001111

Solution
We replace each group of 8 bits with its equivalent decimal
number (see Appendix B) and add dots for separation:
a. [Link]
b. [Link]

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 Example 2
Change the following IP addresses from dotted-decimal notation to
binary notation.
a. [Link]
b. [Link]

Solution
We replace each decimal number with its binary equivalent
(see Appendix B):

a. 01101111 00111000 00101101 01001110

b. 01001011 00101101 00100010 01001110

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 Note:

In classful addressing, the address

space is divided into five classes: A, B,
C, D, and E.

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 Figure 19.10 Finding the class in binary notation

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 Figure 19.11 Finding the address class

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 Example 3
Find the class of each address:
a. 00000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
b. 11110011 10011011 11111011 00001111

Solution
See the procedure in Figure 19.11.

a. The first bit is 0; this is a class A address.

b. The first 4 bits are 1s; this is a class E address.

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 Figure 19.12 Finding the class in decimal notation

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 Example 4
Find the class of each address:
a. [Link]
b. [Link]
c. [Link]

Solution
a. The first byte is 227 (between 224 and 239); the class is D.
b. The first byte is 252 (between 240 and 255); the class is E.
c. The first byte is 134 (between 128 and 191); the class is B.

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 Figure 19.13 Netid and hostid

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 Figure 19.14 Blocks in class A

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 Note:

Millions of class A addresses are

wasted.

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 Figure 19.15 Blocks in class B

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 Note:

Many class B addresses are wasted.

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 Note:

The number of addresses in class C is

smaller than the needs of most
organizations.

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 Figure 19.16 Blocks in class C

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 Figure 19.17 Network address

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 Note:

In classful addressing, the network

address is the one that is assigned to
the organization.

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 Example 5
Given the address [Link], find the network address.

Solution
The class is A. Only the first byte defines the netid. We can find the network
address by replacing the hostid bytes (56.7.91) with 0s. Therefore, the
network address is [Link].

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 Example 6
Given the address [Link], find the network address.

Solution
The class is B. The first 2 bytes defines the netid. We can find the network
address by replacing the hostid bytes (17.85) with 0s. Therefore, the
network address is [Link].

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 Example 7
Given the network address [Link], find the class.

Solution
The class is A because the netid is only 1 byte.

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 Note:

A network address is different from a

netid. A network address has both
netid and hostid,
with 0s for the hostid.

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 Figure 19.18 Sample internet

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