Scribd
Upload
119 views

IP Addressing and Subbnetting

The lecture roadmap covers the following topics: classful IP addressing, subnetting, supernetting, classless addressing, variable length blocks, network layer functions, IP addressing fundamentals like classes, netids, hostids, private networks. Key concepts are switching and datagram approach at network layer, connectionless communication, subnet masks, finding network addresses, and routing packet delivery.

Uploaded by

Ahsan Khan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
119 views

IP Addressing and Subbnetting

The lecture roadmap covers the following topics: classful IP addressing, subnetting, supernetting, classless addressing, variable length blocks, network layer functions, IP addressing fundamentals like classes, netids, hostids, private networks. Key concepts are switching and datagram approach at network layer, connectionless communication, subnet masks, finding network addresses, and routing packet delivery.

Uploaded by

Ahsan Khan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 45

Lecture Roadmap

In the Following Lectures we Learn about the


• Class full IP addressing
• Subnetting
• Supernetting
• Classless Addressing
• Variable Length Blocks
Position of Network Layer
Internetwork
Links in an Inter-network
Network layer in an Inter-network
Network layer at the source
Network layer at a router
Network layer at the Destination
Switching
Datagram Approach
Note:

Switching at the network layer in the


Internet is done using the datagram
approach to packet switching.
Note:

Communication at the network layer in


the Internet is connectionless.
Note:

An IP address is a 32-bit address.

The IP addresses are unique


and universal.
Dotted-decimal notation
Example 1

Change the following IP addresses from binary


notation to dotted-decimal notation.
a. 10000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
b. 11111001 10011011 11111011 00001111

Solution
We replace each group of 8 bits with its
equivalent decimal number (see Appendix B) and
add dots for separation:
a. 129.11.11.239
b. 249.155.251.15
Example 2

Change the following IP addresses from dotted-


decimal notation to binary notation.
a. 111.56.45.78
b. 75.45.34.78

Solution
We replace each decimal number with its binary
equivalent (see Appendix B):

a. 01101111 00111000 00101101 01001110


b. 01001011 00101101 00100010 01001110
Note:

In classful addressing, the address


space is divided into five classes: A, B,
C, D, and E.
Finding the class in binary notation
Finding the address class
Example 3

Find the class of each address:


a. 00000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
b. 11110011 10011011 11111011 00001111

Solution
See the procedure in Figure 19.11.

a. The first bit is 0; this is a class A address.


b. The first 4 bits are 1s; this is a class E address.
Finding the Class in decimal Notation
Example 4

Find the class of each address:


a. 227.12.14.87
b. 252.5.15.111
c. 134.11.78.56

Solution
a. The first byte is 227 (between 224 and 239).
The class is D.
b. The first byte is 252 (between 240 and 255).
The class is E.
c. The first byte is 134 (between 128 and 191).
The class is B.
Netid and Hostid
Blocks in class A
Note:

Millions of class A addresses are


wasted.
Blocks in class B
Note:

Many class B addresses are wasted.

The number of addresses in class C is


smaller than the needs of most
organizations.
Blocks in class C
Network address
Note:

In classful addressing, the network


address is the one that is assigned to
the organization.
Default masks

In Dotted- Using
Class In Binary
Decimal Slash

11111111 00000000 00000000


A 255.0.0.0 /8
00000000

11111111 11111111 00000000


B 255.255.0.0 /16
00000000

11111111 111111111 11111111 255.255.255


C /24
00000000 .0
Example 5

Given the address 23.56.7.91, find the network


address.

Solution
The class is A. Only the first byte defines the netid.
We can find the network address by replacing the
hostid bytes (56.7.91) with 0s. Therefore, the network
address is 23.0.0.0.
Example 6

Given the address 132.6.17.85, find the network


address.

Solution
The class is B. The first 2 bytes defines the netid.
We can find the network address by replacing the
hostid bytes (17.85) with 0s. Therefore, the network
address is 132.6.0.0.
Example 7

Given the network address 17.0.0.0, find the class.

Solution

The class is A because the netid is only 1 byte.


Note:

A network address is different from a


netid. A network address has both
netid and hostid,
with 0s for the hostid.
Sample Internet
Note:

IP addresses are designed with two


levels of hierarchy.
A network with three levels of
hierarchy (subnetted)
Addresses in a network with and
without subnetting
Note:

The network address can be found


by applying the default mask to any
address in the block (including itself).
It retains the netid of the block and
sets the hostid to 0s.
Example 8

A router outside the organization receives a packet with


destination address 190.240.7.91. Show how it finds the
network address to route the packet.

Solution
The router follows three steps:
1. The router looks at the first byte of the address to find
the class. It is class B.
2. The default mask for class B is 255.255.0.0. The router
ANDs this mask with the address to get 190.240.0.0.
3. The router looks in its routing table to find out how to
route the packet to this destination. Later, we will see
what happens if this destination does not exist.
Subnet mask
Example 9

A router inside the organization receives the same packet


with destination address 190.240.33.91. Show how it finds
the subnetwork address to route the packet.

Solution
The router follows three steps:
1. The router must know the mask. We assume it is /19,
as shown in Figure 19.23.
2. The router applies the mask to the address,
190.240.33.91. The subnet address is 190.240.32.0.
3. The router looks in its routing table to find how to route
the packet to this destination. Later, we will see what
happens if this destination does not exist.
•Supernetting

•Classless Addressing

•Variable-Length Blocks
Addresses for Private Networks

Range Total

10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 224

172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 220

192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 216

You might also like