Sc,ence ClaSI· /O

~rrER 5

Life Processes

ll th<' pr<K<'sses which todeth r

A .,
"' er perrorrn th
j,,I, a nd are essential for t . .
sus auung lif
,-'.:c:=st'S. T l1e basic life proce
sses co
.
e Inaintena 11 ce
e are called 1fe TOPICS
. . . rninon to all J· .
.-r.:am;ms are n u t nhon, respirat·
.
. d
ion, repro ucf
lVlng ► Nutrition
wd coordination, movement and loco . ion, control
►
. motion, hansporlation Respiration
.:id excrebon . Som e of these proce d·
sses are lScussed in this ► Transportation
.:.,apter.
► Excretion

What are Life Processes?

t I I •
, observe two types of matter around us . Jiving
r, non-living. All living organisms and non-living
·,:er have one thing in common that they are
·;:e up of the same basic elements like carbon,
)'ogen, oxygen, nitrogen, etc. We have certain
'.'"'.ena to assign an object as living or as non-living.
• iJng organisms are made up of tiny structural
-a\
J J.
....
Nutrition .,. Transportation

rr- n functional units called cells. Cells are

I"·,9e • of protoplasm, commonly called '
1owing: wing matter. Some organisms are Life
g two double --,,ellular w~i/e others are mult!cellular. ,._..., Processes
· ~g organisms, whether unicellular Rtspiration
m is linked to \' multicellular, perform some basic Metabolism I
,·,mons or processes for the maintenance
Jrhe, r 1·ives, even when
\
~
ih ionic and they are sleeping or
:~doing anythinglAII the processes which toget~er
soluble in ;,1'~Orm this main\enance job and are essential
su staining life are called life processe5\ The (xc,fUOn
with a sooty :'ill total of various biochemical reactions owfrnng Reproduction
,; lhe living organisms is called metabolism. In
der to perform metabolic activities, living organ1smfs the food they eat II gout of wJ,te and 111te1nJI trJ1bp01t
COnti nu I · et energy ,om hange expe in l th t' prom~e\ o,LLII by
In u . ous y require energy. Living beings g . in food gaseous exc h'1he environment Bill e~
are n1cellular organisms specific organs for tak1n~r anis~s is in contact wit
not Present because the entire surface of th e g
 194
"'-tG-1 OOPERCEN Sc,ence CJ,, __
11 1
~., 1()
cHfu~,on tlm\ r, d r 0 1'[11<', nw/11r_pl/ul.i1 01q,rnr;rns ,111 rile bndy rel is ,ir, not "tPO~"'J to PYt"'r ;J or 1 ",r.,. ~r: ,., ,
Sirnrle cl ft,\ <'n \\ill not n,rrt the "'q1111emr111, ol ,ill 1hr re/ls In •,urh or1J.:inism~, ,f,"' 1" ,E:d orJ;J'•,ir,rg-,, ~'JS'"-,,_
0

ci.:• 'ar .co1~ 'e r o, r,sr,

1 tit
So•~ecfthp ' ' ~ '
,-r,,, '""''/ , .
,,. , mpo1 ar I l' D1ocr,srs ,\h1ch air nreded for living arro Nutrition I 01J I arn inn'rid,1
, ,, ~, r~•i:llrati{Jll
o~,. '1iig dPc Lt ""O
rnerg1). transport of materials, excretion (elim1nat1on of bod/V/a'.,t<>:;1 reproduction ,,r'/,, -
' 0L"Q one~) movement and locomotion and control and coordination (rP:;pon:;e to ,I rr; •,:1

IUTRITION
A \ "9 oigan,s111s need nutrients (food) to build up most of their own body molecules and toge' ererg/ •-:,- -:, ·; :-,
ems cari be deftned as substances required for nourishment of organism, providing a sourc~ 0 ' ererg/ ar'.l;; -.,,r -~-:
0N,t1tr
boa, constituents Organisms obtain nutrition and nutrients from the food they eat.
Nutrition ,s defined as a process by which living beings procure nutrients (food) or synthesise tnem ard c"a-\;::: -,,~ ··:. To demo
s mple absorbable form by a series of biochemical processes.,,._
G·eer plants are independent of outside sources of organic substances. They get inorganic nutrients from [Link] a-c :r-'":: :.; :7 ===~==
a
rlleir Ol\n o ganic nutrients. The animals, however, intake organic food such as carbohydrates, proteins, ~ats, tica-- ·s =·:.
LJ

"lie e are large number of organisms living in different environmental conditions. They have various rre:r0cs d -:::-
rutrients from the environment. The two basic modes of nutrition are autotrophic and heterotrophic. -~- -,-
---:::.- --
Autotrophic Nutrition ( " : -- C

In autotrophic nutrition, organisms manufacture their own food from simple inorganic raw materials present ;n tr·e st. ...,.c_-: -:,
The organisms which show the autotrophic mode of nutrition are called autotrophs. Depending upon the sovce ::/ e-=--= Water
used in the preparation of food, autotrophic nutrition is divided into two types : photosynthetic and chemosyntheti;
Photosynthetic nutrition : This mode of nutrition is characteristic of green plants. These plants use so1a- e-;;·; ·:
manufacture their food in the form of simple sugar from inorganic compounds like CO and H 0 in the presence o' cr·:·3:-,
This process is known as photosynthesis. Such organisms are called photoautotrophs. 2 2
Chemosyntheti c nutrition : In this mode of nutrition, organisms make use of chemical energy released dur:19 o, :a::· :t e ea .. es
of simple organic compounds to prepare their food. Such organisms are called chemoautotrophs. For exario e s. :·
bacteria, iron bacteria, Nitrosomonas bacteria, etc. Light
Photosynthesis ~~e g·een
;,y- o' en
Photosynthesis may be defined as the synthesis of organic compounds (carbohydrates) from carbon d·oxiae and v;a:: •
green plants using radiant energy or solar energy in the presence of chlorophyll. Oxygen is evolved as a by-;:i•od~C!
The overall equation of photosynthesis is : To dem
Chlorophyll
6C02 + 12H20 ---'-'-➔ C6H12 0 6 + 6H 20 + 60
i ::, -a<e
Solar energy 2
s je
The steps involved in photosynthesis are :
'or
(iJ Absorption of solar (light) energy by chlorophyll.
co,,
r;,) Conversion of light energy into chemical_energy and_also splitting of water into oxygen and hydrogen by l'ght ene 9' t1en
(iiiJ Reduction of CO 2 to carbohydrates by ut11/slng chemical energy. ~

These steps need not take place one after the other immediately.
: sig~ificance of Photosynthesis
; Photo$yntht-$iS ,s importrnt for a number of rc•asons
Site of p
: (,) food : By photosynthesis, green plants syrrrhes1se food from simple raw materials
: ike C01 and H10. Thus, 1t susta1r,~ lrfe rJn earth ~111,fe is Leaves ar
Chloropl
f ( 1) Oxygen : Oxyge released during the process of photosynthesis IS need d b bottled
Chiorop'.a
• animals and humans for resp1r~t,on It 1s also required for resp,ration of mtc~obe Y sunshine'
, Oxygen also supports combustion of fuels. 5 and rnesophyl
all flesh
th e rneso
• (i11) Fuels : Fossil fuels like coal, o,i and nciturdl gas are forms of •tared is grass!
:' __ ~ synthesise .Y.P.
· d•• b hotosynt h_es1s· m1ll1ons of years ago , so Iar energy Chioropi
.. ........ ......... - .... -- ·- and 1-3
........ - ......... .... - ...................................................... --------···
.... -., ., lllernbr
 maier/al~ tor photosynthesis
ffSW planls take carbon dioxide and Water fro h IS,
1
e tsJ. resp;,clti en f h m t e 1Urrou d
reproduction (prOd 0 n ,qhl by the process o p otosynthes/t Thus carb . n lng1 dnd convert th~rn
5 "ting . ' on dioxide, Water and ,- h 1m0 cart~ id•-,•~
c,rbOP d/011de
rt10n dioxide rs available to terrestrial plants f h <q t ""h""•••• .,,; ..,;_• ,,
ION t. ) . rom t e atmosph h
°"
''""" (,iog. "om a ace m' te po,e, go a,ded by two kidn e<e t <oogh "oma,, P•eseo, o· the . "
f e e gy i::ir Oo,ng War~
' ... e'ler_,;y ana b osrnlhes,~
.,.,., ol "omatal ape,f2"". lheaqo, fie plan,, rake ,. I ey•,h•oed '"''d ""' The ,.,.,, " •
',e~ estimated that CO concentration in ocean Wat iss? Ved form of C0 through the gf~•ra' s, ~er;;•~~ o
,,. ' ••
~
'' plaa ,, the ,rom •ta a" ab,en, aod ab,o,ption 01e""""
"""" Wate, .50 t<me, 7mo,e a, com,,,,,· " ,,,., ,,.,-'•·•
o• , , • <er

rro
co, " the ""'" o/ , acbon aod °'Y9en in the 'Y<>the,s o/ 1' m<oera/ '"' '"" "''"' •• ,, •e "'
,a" ;, , , • '
9 ucose (C6H1 206) and later starer 'ceec
• e :, :i- ::,:.11.5 ce and syr,tlies,se
'
· c·E· p·c·e -s 'ats. v1ram,ns. ere
To demonstrate the importance of
J, Dma,ch the potted plant by plac,og"
carbon diox,·d . h . ,
;/tB TIM~E f.=t
in da,k fo, aboo, _ da ~ •
~
. . e in P otosynthes, 5 (gq trl-:«fo
·= e ='c~s rr-e,f--ods of der
hie a ~ heterotrophic ng a 25 mL mo kaI Ha, k. Insert hall of ao Intact lea/ ol th d
34
r·:"'
10 ml ""°'"" '°''" .•
ol
th mogh 'P lit rn,k 11,ed omo a srand. The co,k ,hoold b: me;ra" et :'•;< Into th e has< co ,a'. 'g Ko- " ••
h,,-,

up in bright sunlight for about a day. Remove the leaf from atheefa/a,r k,g td y arfpp/yingdpetro.e"~ Je, t:=-:: " SE!
·'= ,...='f· c E;:,rese1, r; the surround-r:gs. s anchang
a- The portion of the leaf that was inside the flask will not show any colour w·th10· d.
pe orm 1ne so ;• o· tes· ~
s .'.Je::e~: -; _::,or :he source of ererw . . the '". ol the fl ask. Hence, oo photruyn th,,i, took place so 1J • a· c' •co,
ine'""'"
e , m10the s s CeQ
KOH ab,o,becJ CO, m"de
otosyrthet,c a~c chemosynthetic. Water
arr.: --e~e :: ;;, ·s JSE so,ar energy to

°'""' ~
i:",j ~, 'j '~-e presence o1 chlorophyll Wate, 1, ao lmpo rtao t >aw matertal fo, photosyothe,1, becao,e it "" o,idi,ed ia p"""" o/ /,ght ,,,,., • , , " ''""
ophs
ol wate,) to <elea,e electmo, aod P<otoo, which pas, th,oogh electmo t,aa,port '""m " geae,are 1 "' "'
(i:"'E ·g, re•1:ased during ox,da·,on ""'"· Wate, I, , l,o ",pon,lble fo, the >elea,e of molern/a, o,ygea which goe, mto •e atmo,p/,e,e
oautotrophs For example, sulphur Plaots ab,ocb w,te, from the soil thmogh "°''·
!he ab,orl,ed wate, is then t,aa,poned [Link] thmogh ,,em ,., ,,_
the leaves where it is utilised by the process of photosynthesis in photosynthetic cells.
Light
1
'urri c;:,rr,c,n d10Y1de and water by IJ, g,een pl ant, rnn,, In ch /orop/a, 1, which trap llgh t lo the Io,m ol >ola, '""O> aod '°""" •e I om e•e '9 •C h
'~ e101ved ac a by-produc lo,m o/ ene,gy, ;.,., ATP (Adeooslne t>lpho,phate). LA 8 Tl Mf!"'l;l
r---------------:----:-~:-:-:-:::::.-::.:·. - ~~ ---f iGd-Sl&ts,a,~
To demonstrate that light is necessary for photosyntheds,s th I the /eaves get de,tarched Co1e bot~ !"e T
d k ·t · a dark place for 2-3 ays so a
Take the potted p/ant an • eep ' '" . strl ,I black pape, "'"" the clip, ""' ptace <h,, p/am '" l
"des of a part of one of tt, lea,es w<th lh e P h black "''" '"'""' ,t "'" th , >al , the """
for 4-6 hours. Pluck the selected covered leaf and remove/ tie f Jnd now boil II rn ,1/coho1 u"~9 i1ate bat~ a~a
and hydrogen by light energy
. f 5
rnnt, In ing water and bor I It or • 10 minutes · Take out es,
tie ea
a,,d ob,.,,. ,
th h 't ith wate~ Now perform the Iodine t . d /low brown (drd not turn blue b/Jn) \\ ereas
en was ' w · d w/111 black pap,, S/>fp 1"'"' ye 1, ht th""'• ,,,.,,,,.,,,,,
the part of the
The exposed leaf
part turned as i,o;:r~n
whichbwlue- a colour
f dasthm
the covered
1h11 shows [Link] n~t'9 ~~c,:,[Link]l fL'' µhot0,yntne,.,
region
did not occur and hence no st arch was orme · 11111

fe IS
Sile of Photosynthesis
- : Chloroplasts
- - f plant that (Onlcllll
. green coIowe d cell or9anelle1 ,,!lied chlo o ,Hbh
1

1 lhellc organs o d
w;:t:,:,,:,la,/y me,~phyll/~',~:~::,.
hi rophyll p1gmer11 a young stems Eac

~\•f;
~~~ves a,e the ma/r P:;~s;;o/Osynthes« a, /hey m al•o the=<~, m
orop asts are t e SI hlorenchymatous ce . t er1phera/ cytop asm
Chloroplasts occur mostly in the c 300 chloroplasts ,n ' s Plight induced movements ually 4 10 i1m ,n length
la'" ' .,
me,oph y/1 ce II m, y con . s many asthey '"""'• t. e • they show
blctlM" (leas shap ed)· They are us """''"' of a doo hie
.,~lope
lhe mesophy/1 cells, acco,dlng /0 l<gh all dlscokl, el/lpsotdal o;o organelle wnh an
Chloroplasts of higher plants are usu la:r of higher plants ,s I of cellular metabohtes
'"::;o" .,, ol •e '"""'""
·- i and 1-3 µm in breadth. Each chlorop barrier to rhe movemen
IIJembrane which acts as a selective
 "'-tG-1 OOPf. RCENT s
C/tnc, c,
196 processes
( ut,de I eaf hdir Q
ufe 1photoch1
t lpJ) p p 1f'1E' J/lll \
', \
-t ~ \
11ase , 1
Pali sad• m,,opn, 1 P
·"" 17 rYv',.J (rontair, chlor'llll
• 1ot1t
.,. phose
Light
[Link] 111 tlw ~c
P of the P' Lll
- - Bundi, ih a, ,he first stees The pig1n
Xylem
1eav
, green p\asts absor.b~ v1 l1
r1 l'lr f:') ~ Phloem ch\or 0
ch condition t
, ;if,, ' • Spongy m• ~• teS SIJ
creil s (H~), electrons (
, (Conia,n chi~,,µ ·
~-Sloma Proton . ·s called photo
"""'-'
co, diffu ses in__)~ 0 1 d1ffu1e1 out
- ) ThlS I
(02 · f st step of photo
is rhe ~ This 02 goes in
(b)
evolve tons released b
nd pro f
a the production o
up inADPH and ATP (1
oPI 1eot1de phosp hat
d1nu C wh
complete process h
,rnilatory power a
Granum _j___ _lJHi~ h - ass ~ 4 r-t-
(Light reaction takes 2H20 ,iydrogen Pf
place here) t,aterl

Strama oark phase (lig

(Dark reaction takes place (d) The ass1fTl·1a.:o Y P
proteinaceous matrix)
(c) light reaction o! pr
Fig.: (a ' Leat (b) Magnified view of leaf; (c) Structure of mesophyll cell; (d) Chloroplast - The site of photosynthesis the next step ,.e.
- ~e c-- e'er: as, er velope encloses a liquid proteinaceous matrix called stroma. The stroma is the site of dark reactJal dioxide is reduced
:::~::~:::,~c~es s. "'1-ie lamellar system within the stroma forms flattened sac like lamellae called thylakoids (Gl ~ by the hydroge" .,
= sac o c = 11:e These thylakoids are stacked to form grana. The grana stacks are interconnected by membranous 1~ chem ca energ st
::c Eu stroma lamellae or fret channels. taKes p1ace " s~•
~•eh, n Ca ";n gav
Oper.:r; and closing of stomata
using ract· oactive
S~::- cta 2re ,.,.,·nute pores found in the epidermis of leaves, stem,
Calv•!'\ cycle. AW a
ecc -ne, rep n gaseous exchange at the time of respiration and
during light rea~
:::~arns,rr~es s. There are two kidney-shaped guard cells which bound
a rn ~ure e ·pt ca l pore in a stoma. The guard cells are modified ~~ll':;::::~ Stomata!
pore
ep ce•~a ce 1s. The ,vall of guard cells near the pore is thick. The outer
Chloroplast of rearnons, ca
't\a s :"' r etastic and semipermeable. In monocots, the guard cells
RuBP is ·ege"e at
are dumb-bell 1n outline. The guard cells are filled with chloroplasts.
RuBP, CO ,•
Some! rres, •1w1ediate cells surrounding the guard cells differ from '--'------ ~
at11 e~ ep CErmal cells and are called subsidiary or accessory cells. . (a) (bl
1Jpen rig ard cio_s ng of stomata 1s an important event in the process Fig.: Stomata- (al opened and (bl closed stOfllili
,y ph0tosynthes,s. Along mth gaseous exchange, transpiration also occurs h . Se\ieral externa
~to'.Tlata depends 0n wrgid1ty of guard cells Duet d . . t rough stomata. The opening and d0Sll9 of photosynthet
. o en osmosis an increase in turgor of d II t k I ce whtdl
re:; J ts n stretching and bulging out of their outer thin walls Thi guar ce s a e Pa
•
(i) light : The
1
Ha s creat ng an opening or pore 1n guard cells of stom t Wh s resu ts in the pulling apart of the opposed innef (wa-velength) a
th
<a" lead·~g to clo~ure of space between them This is da a.t en e turgor pressure of guard cells decreases. in(lef Increase in ligrt
- ::, · ue o t11e loss of water ( · )f d II res#§
t" cln wa ~ mo, ng closure and finally shutting the open· . H exosmos1s rom guar ce S. photosynthes s
guafd ce, s shnrk (losses water) stomata closes Plants cl~~~ ence, when guard cells are turgid stomata opens and (ii) Temperat
10
conseriie Jilter · ' mata when they do not need carbon dioxide and there is a dee
Events during the process of photosynthesis
The r,rocess of photosyfl!hesls occurs in two phases light pha
and ~ence are a so ca!led photochemical reactions wiler•· ,se aoci dark phase The reactions of light phase requill
dark phase and are purely based 011 chemical reactions
i d , rearnon OId
s ark. phase do not require light hence. t
(iii) Carbon d

of CO, becom
I
really a low co
CO 2 in the at

(iv) Water :
 Sae,,_~e 0g

phase (Photochemical phase)

p
1
l~~ ,, .:,, ' , 'ir Q ana region of the ch
• , _~ c' 1~e P'o, e,, initiates [Link] loroplast 197
II
;_-,19rnen t chlorop hyll
,1-e\<'' ~t ght falls on
", ,::-,.: ::,, ,1~1ble light and ait1 esent in the
, , , • ,.:-•J ,,0•1 that water breaks er absorption - • "
- • r1· .., .-,,, oris (e ) and evolve to hydrogen ~
- • , ;:a eJ photolysis. Thus tl1e pml o ecular oxygen
• lOtoly · Of
,! ,•t'r c ohotos1nthesrs in whi h srs water
• -~ -. s C- goes into the atmosph~remTholeecular 02is
: -·,·o 'e eased b\ the photolys·is f · electrons Light Reactions OIS,! ~'!.___
0 Water ar d ··' ,..,......
bco-1< ~
• ·"
•. •·e :·Jcvct on of assimilatory power in tie fuse coi~~ br "'Y
• , :.., ,-~ .\TP (1e reduced . . ie arm '• .,, o
nicotmamide • : .
: :::: :e c~csphate and adenosine trip hos haadenme :. ~'.~~~ -~~~ -~~~~ _r_~~~tions at Photo~.. ar
- - u V • ••

-- - :;:e :·,:cess "hrch utilises th I' h p !e). This --------- - - e ~-,1

-· - e 19 t energy in ph Ot0 I . f .
,_,, - .;:c·, :J O\\ er has been assigned as the I' h _ ysis o water, evolution of molecular ox
. - ---7 .iw + 0 - rg t reaction of photosynthes·1s ygen (O;i a·.:: 5jl!!•~ - ,.,
-- - 2 + 4e · ,•
,·= -,::·09e1 protons) (Oxygen) (Electrons)
Light Reaction Dark Reaction
oark pha~e (Light independent phase)
-- 2 2ss .,., datory power, generated in the
;·: ·e2c.:;on o_f photosynthesis, is used up in
--=-e~ step 1. e., dark phase where carbon
•r::. l Ec::t, 1 ::
: : Je s reduced to glucose (carbohydrate) ADP+ P1+
(Gk. thrtaki,s : :·E c 1drogen in NADPH and by utilising the
Granum - --i:,----f::=~< . ;
·t :
_D_P•-/N-AD_· _ : f
~ NA
o~s c""€ ae :·;;- ca : energy stored in ATP. Dark reaction I~=--=::::
'.: ' ES place in stroma region of chloroplasts. ATP +
Outer
'2 , - Ca lvin gave the details of this process membrane
NADPHINADH
,
.5 °g rad ioactive carbon. It is also called as
=• . n cycle. ATP and NADPH molecules formed
:.· -g light reactions together are known as
<:5 rn latory power. Here, CO 2 first of all combines
~l- RuBP (Ribulose biphosphate). After a series ATP and NADPH produced co, fixalion
:' reactions, carbohydrate is synthesised and Fig.: A diagram showing light anddarkteaCI 0 1' ~- ~III ct,

; .BP is regenerated.
;; .3P + CO + NADPH +ATP~ RuBP + C6H1A +ADP+ NADP + P0 4
2 (Glucose)
(b)
tal pore
Factors affecting photosynthesis . ternal factors, e.g., light, temperature, carbon dioxide and water affect t"e r •e
losing of Se✓eral external, i.e., environmental and in
ch finally 0f photosynthetic process. . r hotosynthesis in green plants 1s solar radiation Light varies in lntel\5 ty q I)
(i) Light : The ultimate source of light fo ~ intensity (e.g., during cloudy days), the rate of photownthes s ~ as ilW
' thid:,et I11avelength) and duration. Under /ow l1gh h te of photosynthesis up to a certain hm1t. At very hrgh Ig t mte slY t e
r walls · ease in I e ra ( 1 · )
Increase in light intensity causes incr h
d t photo-ox, b n temperdtur e upto 40•C. Ab ove t s t
·dation of the constituents so arisauon
~'.rotosynthesis is decreased ue ohotosynthesis increases Ye;~~~~: s:1:0 inhibits photosynthesis 115
(11) Temperature : The rate of p thesis. Similarly. low temp pherP in the concentration of about O04~ by~ me
there is a decrease in the photosdy_nx1·de is present in the atmofsphotosynthe\is increases by rncrea)1119 thl' co ce ' of
(...
111) Carbon dioxide : ar
bon 10 . c Th the rate o
h tosynthes1s us, d'tlOnS
~ " cc entrauoo
are not /un1un9. At the sanie unie, very ·9
1
f n for P O rature con
reaII y a low concentra 10 . ht and 1empe hesis d if tl\e p Jots are
CO2 in the atmosphere, if the ll~nd inhibits photosyn~otosynthes1s fhe rate of photosynthesis is lowcre
of CO becomes toxic to plants . 1raw material in P
. 2 • n essent,a
(rv) Water : Water 1s a
 W\:t;<"; I [Link] NT Sclt1tce CJ processes
Lf{P
~--~:?.
;>t\, 1 ,, 1' •' I' 111\I ti
' "~?'t'- ll, ~ , lh'
I t ,, • I• I
OfS IO
l "·' " ''- ll 'l d1'1 \\,11,,1 dl'f 1111 , 11 1 , ,\111!1111111 \ tlit• •,t, 1111,11,1 ,1pPr 11r, , rr m,11n r n ,Pr tr1 reduce "~ Assirnil .
l
rat '
' " \ I I ti
' :I 11ll1\t''1llt'll11' till' t'llll\' 11! \ () I\ ,t l•,11 \ lnppt•I 111 0 II' ( ,1, • I , .,,,, '~ - rnetabol1
Egestio
mr!l'i ftilrl ,.,m~~:"1~,,.,,-=•;11ja·~·1·
~ependin~ u
0 Naine t~o m,\1')_fnm~ 11uh,.t11t1t·1, ,. r,•qllir.-d hv [Link]·oph" lo r11rry on ph 11toa1ynthee 1 ) tterbtV
(a material
A S \. amon dlt'\ 1,!~ ani1 w,, h't.
(b) carniv
0 IH.-finl' phoh\1'\ nt lw:,1 1:ol
animals,
s. rh,'ti",, ,tht>,I\, ,m b(' dt'l11wd ,1, till' ,y111111,,1, nl n1 q,111i1 10111po11t1d (r ,irbohydrr1!e) by grten plam~ fr ..... Wllll (c) omniv
1111
\l 1.'\,,,e, J ' d \\ JtE'r tal...t'n up ft\'111 tlw ,111 ,llld ,oil, ,,,,p,•!IIVPly, 11•,lnq 1c,.1dtc1nt 1•ner(Jy or ',olar energy by <hlof matter,
a:i~ l,,,..~~ .. ent f\'l~J\t' \,t ,,wq,111 ,1, ,1 hy p111du11.

C rn, YOURSELF
l. ::\'anw tlw <'t)~ntwlk which :1d.::1 :1:- LIH' Hilt• of pholm;ynthesis.
2. Wh,\t i~ tlw ,Wt'rnll l'l'nrtion of pholosynthosis?
3. :N"a nit' t lw t" 1l phn:,ws occmTi ng during the photosynthesis. Where do these two pha~ea ~
Durir\_~ which phnst' of photosynthesis
l\.'duction llf CHrbon dioxide occurs? (i'1 i)

S. What w~mld happen if green plants (i\ For TRY YOURSELF Solutions (iv) Di
disappear from earth? '...:!!) Visit [Link]
(NCJ;,'RT F:xemp!ar l .___ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___,=
Heterotr op~· c Nutrition
In "eterot·0phK nut, ition, organisms cannot prepare their food by themselves and are directly or indirectly dependent
au~o!·ophs for their food. Organisms which show this mode of nutrition are called heterotrophs.
'The "'eterctrophic mode of nutrition is of three types : Saprophytic, parasitic and holozoic nutrition.

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,, saprophytic nutnt1on, an organism obtains its food from decaying organic matter
of dead plants, dead animals, rotten bread, etc. The organisms having saprotrophic
mode of nutrition are called saprophytes, e.g. , fungi (like bread moulds, mushrooms,
yeast) and many bacteria are saprophytes. The saprophytes break down the complex
organic molecules present in dead and decaying matter and convert them into
simpler substances outside their body. These simpler substances are then absorbed
by saprophytes as therr food.
Parasitic nutrition
l!
Fig.: Mushroom- SaprophytJC

In parasitic nutrition, an organism derives its food from the body of another living
organism (called its host) without killing it. The organism which obtains the food is
called a parasite, and the organism form whose body food is obtained Is called the
host Parasitic mode of nutrition is observed in several fungi, bacteria, a few plants • li
like Viscum, Cuscuta (Amarbe~ and some anima ls like Plasmodlum and roundworms.
6.
Hofozoic nutrition 7.
In holozoic nutrition, an organism takes the complex organic food materials into its 8,
body by the process of ingestion, the ingested food is digested and then absorbed
into the body cells of the organism, The undigested and unabsorbed part of the food
is thrown out of the body of the organism by the process of egestion. Human beings
and most of the animals have a holozolc mode of nutrition.
Holozoic nutrition involves following steps :
Nutriti
In single
- Ingestion : Taking in complex organic food through mouth opening.
differen·
Digesti~n : Chan~e of co~plex food into simple diffusible form by the action of Pnzymes.
- Absorption : Passmg of simple, soluble nutrients into blood or lymph.
Amoebc
food va
 Science
0 ass-
10
I to ,educe th I
e oss Assimilation : Utilisation f
0
metabolic processes. absorbed nutrients .
· 1or various
Egest,on : Expelling out of d" 199
esis. ;;eµending upon the food habits hunl igested food.
b. . . o ozo1c anirn I
(a) Her ,vores : These animals feed as are classified as :
,,,,
mate~1als, e.g., cow, buffalo, goat, rab~~ly on plants or plant
(b) Carnivores : These animals feed on! \horse, deer, etc.
ts from carbon anim~ls, e.g., lion, tiger, leopard, etc. y n the flesh of other
by chloropfi) (c) Omnivores : These animals feed on both Contraa,le
matter, e.g. , cockroach sparrow c plant as Well as animal vacuole
Tabi'e . Diff , row, rat, pig, man, etc F" Cell rre,,-•b•a e
0

,g.: Amoeba- Holozo,c nutr,t,on

erences between aut~tro hie
S. No. . Autotrophic nutrition p and heterotrophic nutrition
(i) It occurs in green plants. Heterotrophic nutrition
(ii) The organisms which show autot h. .. It occurs in animals and plants which lack chlorophy,1. 1
f . rap Ic nutrition Th ·
asesoceur? manu acture their own food from compounds like CO . e organisms which shows heterotrophic nutrition are
1
and H,O, in the presence of chlorophyll using solar energy2 directly or indirectly dependent on autotrophs.
(iii) Chlorophyll and sunlight are essential for it.
I Chlorophyll and sunlight are not required for it.
(iv) Digestion of food does not occur.
Digestion is required to convert complex orga~,c
substances present in food into simpler and solubleforms.
ILLUSTRATIONS

Name t he group of organisms in which food material is broken down outside the bodv and
absor bed . ·
s. Saprophytes are the heterotrophs which get their food supply from dead or decaying organisms Thei ·e ease
tive enzymes to break down the solid food into their solubilise form. These soluble forms of food a'e t~en
ed by these organisms. Yeast, mushroom, bread moulds and bacteria are saprophytes.
ntiate between parasitic and holozoic mode of nutrition.
rences between parasitic and holozoic nutrition are given below :
Parasitic nutrition Holozoic nutrition
pe of nutrition in which the organisms (or In this type of nutrition, an organism takes the c~o n
rasites) derive their nutrients or food from other organic food materials into its body by the plC'~ess of
ing organisms without killing them. ingestion. The ingested food is digested and trefl ab,Yt-e<!
into the bod cells of the or anism_s._ _
Parasitic mode of nutrition is observed in rveral Human beings and most of the arnmab ~a~e holozo cm:)(je
of nutrition.
fungi, bacteria, a few ~lants like Cuscut:~n some
animals like Plasmod1um and roundwor - -'--

TRY YOURSELF tic s

.k derive their nutrition?
6 How do roundwormsand ..
. t hie nutnt1on.
7 Define hetero rop . t ·tion from
8.
.
Some orgarusm.s
. denve nu n
Jan ts and anima. s.
I @
f For fflY YOURSELF Solutons
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dead and decaying P . called? Wnte
What are these orgamsms L - - '- - - -
t o examples. •
w • ms com lexIty of the organism increas~s
Nutrition in Unicellular Organ!s taken ,n by the entire surface Blut t~s t~:de oi nutrition in Amoeba 1sfholozo1c
. the food may e . t functions For examp e, e . over the food particle arming a
In single-celled organisms, r ed to perform differen . ns of the cell surface which fuse s which then diffuse into the
different parts become spec1a ,s porary finger-like extens10 are broken down ,nto simpler one
Amoeba takes in food using tern ole complex substances
. h food vacu •
food vacuole. Inside t e
 ~tG I OOPERCENT Sd~nce r ,
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1 •► rof, ,, ,, P,uam
, ~ r ' , ',fjfJI Fr,oo s ,.. :tl'd •

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ffl !liutiit•U~j
1

0 S a me the mod" of nutrition in Amoeba.

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0 Ju.-,tifv how nutrition in Amoeba differs from nutriti<m in Paramecium.
N~tr1t Qlj 111 t,otr Amoeba ard Paramecium ·s r,o,c,z0ic. f-10:1e1er, Amoeba ~a,.es ·- '0'ld -s -; tE-:::--a-
f:rJg e••i ke ertensi,:,rs of t'1e eel surface .w ;ch fuse c,1er tf-e 'ootJ ;:,a--:·c'e 'orrr·rig a f'.lsd taCJc. r:. -s ~-= .+.= :,x
vact.1o le, cc,mpler substana:s are brol::en do :m 'nto simpler [Link] :mict· then d'"use into :fie [Link] asr- --i; •=c.. a r
und gesred f'1aterial is moved to the surface of the cell and tnro-un out n'1ereas in Paramec'um, tn, ce "as a '.:e-<- ~
shape arid food ·s taken in at a specific spot Food is mo 1ed to this soot by the mo 1ersen: o' c: a ,. · c- :,: ~
ent,re s,..rface of the cell.

c\. - Y · YOURSELF_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _
9. Which body part is helpful in ingestion of food in Amoeba?
10. Explain with the help of neat and well
labeJJed diagrams the different steps
I~.;J.
,
1
For TRY YOURSELF Solutions
'-..:./ - - - Visit [Link] Dental
involved in nutrition in Amoeba. L--- -- - - - - - -----J~
··;c. .:- J-.'uman Beings
Digestion is a catabolic process in ✓vhich complex Tooth c
and large components of food are broken down by bactl
into the,r respective simpler and smaller forms with P~-
the help of various hydrolytic enzymes. In human
beings, the process of intake of essential nutrients - - '--- P'aro:id g and
Tongue - -- . - -r--1-- - suo r9ua gal!d
I rs.:
n the form of food [Link] place through an entire ...,...---;,--_ s_tif'[Link] a1 ~~ ~
system rnown as digestive system. The digestive
system in human mdudes a/imentar1 canal and its
associated digestive glands. OfSophagus -__,,___ _ _ __
The alimentary canal is a muscular coiled tubular
structure about 9 m in length that begins from .-r--- Stt'madl
mouth and ends with anus, The various organs l•~er - - - - ' - - - , . ..,_ - - - Pancreas
-+--- Splee<-
of the human digest,,e system in sequence are : Gall bladder----,.....,
Mouth, Oesophagus (or Food pipe}, Stomach, Small

==p
intestine and Large intestine. The glands which are Duodenum
associated Nith the human digestive system and Buccal c;~i~
Small Jejunu.m~=tJn~:~~;:..,._ Passage fo
form a part of the human digestive system are : ,niesr, Ileum-
Salivary glands, L,ver and Pancreas, The ducts of ,~~~~P"11c'-t--Caecum trachea (
various glands open into the alimentary canal and ~-El.,_-;--sigmoid colon
pour the secretions of the digestive jwces into the ...,.._~_ ~--,-Rectum
_ _ _ Appeodtx Oesophal
Anus _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ,_____Aralcanal h
alimentary canal. ' e Oesop
of oesopi.."
Fig.: Human digestive system th II,
at the p·
NT sctence
· Cl ~,pr,,,tl~q,~
ass. 10
Paramecium . , . ntarv canal 201
J. , Which. Al1t11e
~ 1s moved to th is
~oul h the 11 ,,t part of the d19est1ve system f1om wheie the food
IS Spot
.
,, ,1h ,, b I I enters into th I
outh cavity 01 ucca cavity Is a arge space. The roof f b ea unentary, ,in 1 1
', 1
,1 n,e ni b °uccal cavity
d lo\\e, 1aw~ w111c 11 ear teet 11. The bucca l cavi ty consist Off is ca1led palate Th
.i t 1~bo1indl'!l
Y u
1 OI
.'P~ angue . It 1s a highly muscular protr us,ble sensory organ ps lowing structures e rav,ty 1' s PPorted by
(al r,o~ps ,n ~11\1ng of food with sa liva . It helps in tasting of foo;ese_nt atffloor of buccal cavity It be
i~d ,e I ' mixes ood and I . ars Sl:'Vefdl fa·te bu<!I
.b Teeth : In humans, teet' appear in two sets during a lifetime. The first set sa iva and facilitates swallow n' ,
( ) 'lk teeth aIe 20 in number. These are compl etely replaced by pe
~r m1 f h• rmanent lnc,sors
ij g
teeth b) about 12 yea rs o age. In man, t ere are 32 teeth (16 in each jaw) 2 i i I)
3nd are of four types (called heterodont) to perform different functions. The 43 f,{j)
Jtfferent types of teet!1 are : . 4
(i) Inciso rs_(I) : lnmors are sharp and chisel sh~ped teeth used for biting
and cutting of veg:table food. These are four in number in each jaw. Molars
(ii) canines (C) : Canines are sharp and dagger_ shaped teeth used for tearing
of animal food. In each Jaw, these are two In number.
sing temporary (iii) Premolars (Pm) : Premolars ~re broad and cusped teeth used for chewing !ig.: Arrangement of different types of teeth'" tne
Inside the food and grinding. These are four in each Jaw. Jaws on one side and th esockets onthe o•her s•de.
~- Th e remaining (iv) Molars (M) : Molars are broad and cusped teeth used for chewing and grinding. These are six in each jaw
_I/ has a definite The dental formu la, i.e. , arrangement of teeth of adult human is represented as: 12/2, c 1/1, Pm 2/2, M 313. ·
hich cover the :i>entai caries -------------------------------------------------
. Dental caries or tooth decay causes gradual softening of enamel and dentine. It begins when bacteria acting on sugars
· produce acids that softens or demineralises the enamel. Masses of bacterial cells together with food particles stick to
the teeth to form dental plaque. Saliva cannot reach the tooth surface to neutralise the acid as plaque covers the teeth.
Brushing the teeth after eating removes the plaque before the bacteria produce acids. If untreated, microorganisms may:
: invade the pul p, causing inflammation and infection.
Prevention includes bnlshing and
flossing, fluoride use and regular
professioncl cleaning.
I'm famous!
Streptococcus
is the main c

~ laque begialflf f
• film of baot&flia. . . . .. . . . . . . . j which serves as a common
cell• and f:. -. --............. -. Ion funnel shaped vertical cana inues as larynx and
··-········-··-- -----···· har nx is about 12 cm g d i e). The air passage cont
avity opens into the pharynx/ ~tinues as oesophagus (foo Pp
e for food and air. The food tu e co
ea (windpipe) . har nx to the stomach The wall
to carry the food from p y . n movement of walls, so
ophagus tubular structure ~h1ch serve:nt, I.e., contraction and et:s~out the alimentary canal.
oesophagus is a long narrow hibits peristaltic move~ t this movement occurs t ro g
1
oesophagus is highly rnuscul~r. ~:~ed forward in the tract. In ac'
hat the partially digested food is P
 e5ses
prol,
202
VvttG--1 OOPERCENT Science C/o,s-Jo le crete
se
Stomach ~ll1 d 1ivar
f'1e 15 sa
Stomach I\ a w1d(' I \haprrt musrnl,11 \ac pIc\rnt on lrft s1 rte of r1bdomen It hrlps In mechanical churning and, .... ,,a1111 o [Link]
1 ·.rn1ra c duet
diqestion of foort It ,ll\o c,to1 C\ tlw food for valiable duration. The muscular wall of stomach helps in mixin'J of food -l~d
. s ·c; gu111d
qaqiic Iu1ces It\ l11ll\LL1la1 wall contarn gastIIc glands. These glands secrete gastric Iuicec, which contain enzyme$ ~Psn
mucus and HCI ·
Gastrl ards a
- -stflC g 0ue
ll~ etC-
Small intestine r.,cJS, gins t
,e:1s1
r be.,..,e
The small 1ntest1nc 1s the longest paIt of the alimentary canal. It is a narrow tube of about 6 metres which hes coded in~ .. , (t'i I I'
p
abdomen • ,,r-ra . ch
,.,_i-e stoma
Pa1t•ali\ digested and churned food f1 om the stomach enters into the small intestine. The small intestine is the main reg or r ',och10riC a
1
0, the absorption of digested food. It consists of the following parts: --.Jd· trorr '·so
.,
- Duodenum Is the initial part of the small intestine. It is 'C' shaped into Villus al ~
I , ,g 01 s,o
which the bile and the pancreatic ducts open .
- Jejunum is the part next to the duodenum. It is a short region of small
•ntestine.
- Ileum Is the longest part of the small intestine.
Microvilli ~1

Arteriole
3-
!§
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.e· s th e re
,....av- ., ,.,e I J
Ap
I
Internally, the wall of the small intestine is provided with long finger-like ::-·.a -s D e sj
oro1ectIons called villi. Each villus is with electron microscopic processes
~
1 ,-c c'o"·des o
called microvilli, blood capillaries and a lymph capillary. Lymph flowing in
'lll1 I I J""
;,no ets bJt •s!
lymph vessels carry digested fats absorbed from the intestine. The lymph
vessels fin ally open into the larger veins. Rest of the absorbed digested food Intestinal gi
is carried by blood flowing in blood capillaries to various body tissues. At the
base of villi are present intestinal glands. These secrete digestive enzymes
t=; !® -:es: .,a g a1
2-z-,rnes Ahio
for the digestion of proteins, carbohydrates and fats. Lymphatic Artery Vein Muscularis
vessel mucosa Pancreas
The small intestine in human beings is the site of complete digestion of food
Fig.: Intestinal villi '.la"creas s el
like carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
:s (Tla· '1 duct
The length of small intestine varies in different animals depending on the type of food they eat. It is comparatively longer a-c! par:creat
in herbivorous animals which eat grass and shorter in carnivores which eat meat. Long small intestine of herbivores IS c carbonate i
helpful in digestion of cellulose wh ich is difficult to digest. Hence, herbivorous animals need longer small intestine to alkM 0
s... n and
the cellulose present in grass to be digested completely. Meat is digested easily, therefore, carnivores have a shorter small
intestine. Digestion
'.> gestion is t
Large intestine
Large intestine is about 1.5 metres long. Although shorter, but is called large intestine because it is wider in diametef tha11 Digestion~·
small intestine. It has three parts : caecum, colon and rectum. The point where the ileum joins the large intestine, a sac-
D•gestion b
'11h ch acts
like part called the caecum is present, from which a finger-like structure cal led vermiform appendix arises. Vefm fonn
30-40% of
appendix is a vestigial (functionless) organ in man. The caecum lead into colon that further lead into the rectum. la ge
intestine helps in formation and temporary storage of faeces. Rectum is the last and broad chamber-like structure that seive Starch SalivJ
to store faecal matter temporarily.
'flie food is
Anus
Anus is the end point of alimentary canal which helps In egestion of waste material by the activity of anal sphincter

Digestive glands 1n
There are many digestive glands associated with alimentary canal. These are given as : 5Wab
Salivary glands Water
tube,
The buccal cavity has three pairs of salivary glands located at different locations. The parotid glands lie on the sides of the
i0 din1
face, sublingual glands lie under the front part of the tongue and submaxillary glands lie at the angles of the iower ~

jaw. These salivary glands secrete saliva through their ducts. lhe c
Unch
 )e;:reted
n-t' r • .:;
• by ~a•'vary g!ands con t t
- ,a , 5a i\ar. amvlase that b s I ute saliva which contain
rea~s down t h
2
03
\
\
, •· th - ,• s water, salt muC1n and
• , " < ' e~e sa -vary glanos that our mo~t~rc to sugar. Thus, carbohydrat~ digestion b:n1:nzyme P~/al1n The enzyme
Gastric glands waters when we eat or smell something we ~1k: in the bu(cal cav1t1 nseii

:.:•. ,9a~osa· e fc1J l"\d 1nthewall f h

-·--~' .,,c J_,e to the presence of o t e stomach. The gastric glands release di es .
:2:~ - ::-eg rs th e digestion of prot~ydrochlonc _acid, the gastric juice is acidic i~ n!1~er JUllce containing HCI, peps n, renn n.
~.:-·-=~"' "'"l-e protein digesting en mns presen~ in f~od to form smaller molecules. Thus\ n the ac1d1c med•um, the enl're
- .-e s'..::"'ach s to make th zy. e pepsin is active only in the presenc Of . , he protein d1gest1on beg,1s , fre
e medium of g t • . . e an acid. So the function 0 f h d chi
-,.: ...,~ . . o· c aod also kills any bactena
. which
as nc JUICe acidic so that the enzyme pepsin . ' can digest
. Y ro oric aod
the prate
• 2 '-::~ LS O\\ n secretions of hydrochl . _may enter the stomach with food. The mucus hel s to ,ns prope· 1.
- -; .:;· s~of'l ach leading to the formati:~1~;~~c·elrfsm1· utchus is not secreted, hydrochloric acid will ~use~~oet:~o:~:/:~~-a"~-
n e stomach -
Liver ·
_ e· s :h e redd· ish-brown largest gla nd present .in the abdominal ·ty · d'
-.=oe ,, ,h_e ver and is temporarily stored in the all bl . . cav1 i~me iately_ belo~ the diaphragm. 8 e l~ ce ·s
:::-:2 r s b1 e sa lts which help in emulsific t' lf adder. Bile is released into small intestine. It contains no e"r, ~es b ~
=• :; ::·ovides alkaline medium and e I~f~on (ob ats. Bile juic~ neutralises the acidity of the food coming from we st~ma~2
mu s1 ies reaks down with the help of b'I1 It ) I f
:·::o e:s but is a non-enzymatic d' t' . . . e sa s arger at globules into srra e· 'a:
iges ive Juice so has no chemical action on food .

Intestinal glands
·:esc'n al gl~nds lie in the wall _of small .intestine and secrete intestinal juice containing amylolytic, proteolytic an□ E:io~-: c
E~z, mes which hydrolyse peptides to amino acids, starch to maltose, etc.

I
..
Pancreas
=>2 ricreas is elongated yellow gland situated between stomach and duodenum. It is connected to the small intestine th·o~~"
:s 11ain duct called pancreatic duct. It is both an endocrine and an exocrine gland. The exocrine region secretes b·ca~o~a~e
ano pancreatic juice that contains enzymes like amylase, trypsin, lipase which act on starch, proteins and fats respecr:, e 1•~e
n1ca rbonate ions secreted by pancreatic duct make the medium alkaline. The endocrine region of pancreas secrete ho,.,.,ones

"su,in and glucagon.

Digestion
,, · · ofh food f version of large complex mainly insoluble molecules of food .into smaller simple
. soluble mo ea. es..
u1gesuon 1st e process o con , ,

r Digestion in mouth . . . d 'th liva secreted by salivary glands. The saliva contains sali,arv
1 a~, ase
~1gestion begins in mouth. The food IS mixe w,d. sa h 'de isomaltose and a.-dextrins. Salivary amylase hydro )ses abOut
t1h1ch acts on starch and breaks it into maltose, a ,sacc an ,
68
30-40% of starch in the oral cavity at pH · ·
lto se + a.-dextrins
Starch Salivary amylase ➔ Maltose + Isoma
6.8 pH hagus by peristalsis. ~
LAB TIME
fn e food is passed along the oesop - - - -- ~ ~ - I u#h•NM+iiivlfi
.r:,..·
~---------;-:-:;;liv::a::r::;y-;a~m;,y;il;as~e~on~food
rTo
G--
observe the effect of sa h saliva will be collected in your
mouth Filter the saliva through a cotton -
k It saliva solution Mix wheat flour in
Think of some tasty food ,tern, e~ouidd 10 ml of water to the sa_hva to m: ~est tubes labelled. as Aand B. To test
swab and collect 1 ml in a test tu I\ n Take 5 ml of starch solutit I~ ~and mix thoroughly. Add 1 or 2drops of
I
~~d
water and filter to make starch ~o u .to test tube 8, add 1 ml o wa e .
tube A, add 1 ml of saliva solu:~o:fter 10 min. . tarch into sugar. The colour in test tube Bremains
iodine so lution in both the_ tub slowly due to conversion of s
. .,_ The co lour in test tube A disappears --- ------
unchanged.
 204
"1...tG-1 OOPERCENT Science Cl Life pro
Digestion in stomach ass Jo

" : ·,e sta·"acf-- c-0d s "' \ed \\ ·tr gast 1c iu1Ce secreted bv gastric glands. The gastric Juice contains HCI, mucus Pe
er"" a"c s·;1a ar1ov't ct gast i.: 1pase. · · Ps1n'
Rennin ccagJ.a:es i"e ·n K "'tc cu1d. Th,s action helps in its further digestion by enzymes.
Peps 7 ogen ~~ PeJs:~
' Pers n· Proteins '·2 oH '
Peptones and Proteoses
Pepsin gets act -1atea '" ac'a,c r,edium and acts upon the proteins to convert them into peptone.s (an i~t~rmediary product).
HCI p·eser: ·n gastrc !uice k' 's the bacteria s11 allowed along with the food and makes the medium ac1d1c for the activation
oI r:-e0s·"
Gastric •oase pa"t·a '} brea-::s 001m ipids.
~-C'lg 1\ ·tt, che...,ica' digestion, the food also undergoes mechanical churning inside the stomach and forms creamy fluid called chYJne
Digestion in small intestine .
-re S""la ' ·"test'ne is ~he s te of complete digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. It receives the secretions of the 1.
,e· a;-,c ::>a~c-eas Ivr :his purpose. Bile juice from liver causes emulsification of fats and made the medium alkaline for the ( a)
.acion OI pancreatic enzymes.
(b)
The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice which contains enzymes like pancreatic amylase for starch, trypsin for digesting proteins
and :pase for breaking down em ulsified fats. (c)
2 (dl
S:arc." Pa~cre
a~y as.,t:{ ) Maltose + lsomaltose + a-dextrins; Proteins Trypsin Dipeptides
2.
hLlsified oan: °ancrea::c ) Fatty acid + Diglyceride
tpase do
The walls of the small intestine contain glands which secrete intestinal juice. The enzymes present in it finally convert me
proteins to a'Tiino acids, complex carbohydrates into glucose and fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
M J Dipeptidases
Maltose a tase ) Glucose + Glucose; Dipeptides ----Amino acids
Absorption of food
The digesred food is taken up by the walls of the intestine. The inner lining of the sma ll intestine has numerous finger-like
projections called villi which increase the surface area for absorption . 0
Assimilation M
1.
The villi in small intestine are supplied with blood vessels which take the absorbed food to each and every cell of the body.
(i
where it is utilised for obtaining energy, building up new tissues and the repair of old tissues.
(i'
Egestion
The unabsorbed food is sent into the large intestine where more villi absorb water from this material. The rest of the material (i"
is removed from the body via the anus. The exit of this waste material is regulated by the anal sphincter. (i1
ILLUSTRATIONS TJ
( I
(:) Name the organ which performs the function of (
(a) absorption of digested food
(b) absorption of water. 2
Ans. (a) Small intestine e
(b) Large intestine (

(:) What is the other name of food pipe?

Ans. Oesophagus
0 What is the role of mucus in stomach?
Ans. Mucus covers the inner lining of stomach and protects it from cor d' • f
enzyme. In the absence of mucus, HCI would lead to acidity and f ro •mg action
f o
. HCI as weft
inner lining of stomach. ormat,on o gastric ulcers due
ce C/ass. 10

,j) rR' YOURSELF >os

CUs ,, . w 1n l.1rg1• 111tl's t in1•
· .ts c· II
. Peps,11. 2. Wlv> ha l-l :short .<'r [Link] int • .a,, ull111Rh ,t ,1.
a <'1I
13 Wh:11 1., tlw role [Link] . l!Bt1nl•• h.1 rh1vor 1h,,rt,-r •in 11:nuth?
114 Wh a t t s ch .yme'>. 1
n our Blom ach'/ " or <:Arni vorr•11?" Wh •
1s. \V h:i t 1s pc ristaltlc movement?
•
~
(i\
~
· Y y!
For Tnv
•M=ruw-

••• NCERT
Y Ptoduct)
an,v=-t
u 1011

V~•~,-·~
d chyrne
t. The aulolrnphic mode of nutntion
. . . 3food?
FOCUS
· What is the ro 1e of saliva in the digesti,,r, of
ca rbon dioxide and water requires
8
t, 1 chlorophyll 4, What are the nee
autotrophic nut T essary cond1'.ions for
c sunlight products? n ion and what are its by-
prote ns
,dI all of these.
For NCERT FOCUS Solutions
2. How. are fats digested in our b 0 d'ies? Where
Visit [Link]
does this process take place?

vert the
.::('~
, '' CBSE FOCUS (a) (i) Amylase (ii) Pepsin
(ii) Bile
(iii) Bile
(iii) Trypsin
ger-like Objective Type Questions (b) (i) Amylase
(ii) Amylase (in) Pepsin
MCQs and VSA Type Questions (1 Mark) (c) (i) Lipase
(ii) Bile (1i1) Amylase
(d) (i) Trypsin (CBSE Te•~ 1 2'1:?l -22)
1. A stomata closes when
!iJ it needs carbon dioxide for photosynthesis 3, Name the essential element used in the
body, liiJ it does not need carbon dioxide for synthesis of proteins.
4. What is the role of potassium hydroxide in an
photosynthesis experiment performed to know CO 2 is essential
!iiiJ water flows out of the guard cells
!iv) water flows into the guard cells. for photosynthesis?
aterial s. Choose the event that does not occur in
The correct reason(s) in this process .~~/are
/aJ (i) only (b) (i) and (1~1) photosynthesis.
(al Absorption oflight energy by chlorophyll
lcJ fo) and (iii) (d) (ii) an1c~1E
2024)
1 the specific
(b) Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates
(c) Oxidation of carbon to carbon dioxide
(d) Conversion oflight energy to chemical energy
2. In human alimentarY ca~a ' (i) (ii) and (NL 'ERT Exemplar)
. Jocat1ons •
enzyme/juice secrete d in 6. Pancreatic enzymes act 1n which medium
(iii) are acidic or alkaline?
7, Whut is the final product of proteins,
carbohydrates and fatH digeslion?
8. What is dental plaque?
9. Which part of alimentary canal synthesises

bile juice?
(iii
 206
wttG I OOPERCENT Science C!ag
10 Nm1w 111w 11 fn1t•f11rn/ fi•n f 111 <' of' t l1<' H1J111/I 10
1111(•1-,f 11w n•i-pomohlp few nhHorpl ion of' food (/,) I\ J\rnylww, B - M::iltaH<', C - fnvertu Hc\
I) L:1cf.11 H1• i
w~c, Bau d U110• tinnt lt1 1 Mnrk1 (r) A _ArnylaHc•, B - fnw•rtnAe, C MaltHFie, iJ
11 Ht'nd tlw f'ollow111g nnd /ll1HW<'I' 1111y fotJr I) LncLH HIJ i
<}lll':-(1011:-; fro m 11 (1) fo I l (vl . .
(d) J\ _ J\myl flH<', R LHcL;1fw, C - MaltaR<::, fc
'T'lw 1-,mnll i11fl','-'f11w 1s n tulrnlar Hf ructu,·r w1Lh1n f) - Invcrtmm
flw ahdom111n l cm 1ty thnt carriC'H the food in i
'¢,
c<1nh11untio 11 \\1th thl' stomnch up Lo th e colon (v) The given diagram repres~nts a Rect1<,n fJf
fr,)111 "lwn• tlw lnq~C' intestine cnrrios it Lo the Hmall intestinal mucoHa. Identify A, Band c. j!

rl'ctum mid out ofthl' body. The main function of

71 ,!,
t
th1:-; organ ts to aid in digestion . Al l nutrients are A V
usual h absorbed into blood across the mucosa

l
nf the.s mall intestine. In addition, the small
intesti ne absorbs water and electrolytes, thus
pla., ing critica l role in maintenance of body
"ater and acid-base balance.
R:;;:~ •1>-,r--- Artery
(i) Which of the following is incorrect regarding
intestinal villi? p
They possess microvilli.
(a) ~~~:;;-~if1""-..iiiiiiiil-c Vein
(bl They increase the surface area. (a) A-Villi, B-Lacteal, C-Capillaries
(cl They are supplied with capillaries and the (b) A-Lacteal, B-Villi, C-Capillaries
lacteal vessels. (c) A-Villi, B-Lacteal, C-Crypts
(d ) They only participate in digestion of fats. (d) A-Crypts, B-Lacteal, C-Capillaries
(ii) Which enzymes are likely to act on the
baked potatoes eaten by a man, starting from Short Answer Type Questions
the mouth as they move down the alimentary SA Type Questions [2/3 Marks) Iii
canal?
12. Two green plants are kept separately in t
(a ) Pancreatic amylase ➔ Salivary amylase ➔ oxygen free containers, one in the dark and the {Ii
Li pases
other in continuous light. Which one will live ab
( b) Disaccharidase like maltase ➔ Lipases ➔ longer? Give reasons.
Nucleases
(c) Salivary amylase ➔ Pancreatic amylase ➔ 13. (i) How does Paramecium obtain its food?
(ii) List the role of each of the following in our
Disaccharidases 1.
digestive system :
( d) Salivary maltase ➔ Carboxypeptidase ➔ (a) Hydrochloric acid 2.
Trypsinogen (b) Trypsin en
(iii) After surgical removal of an infected gall (c) Muscular walls of stomach l ve
1

bladder, a person must be especially careful to (d) Salivary amylase (C'BSE 2023 Pan
restrict dietary intake of
14. What is the significance of chewing of food? of p
( a) starch (b) protein
(c) sugar (d) fat. 15. What is the significance of emulsification of 3.
fats?
(iv) The given flow chart shows the fate of 4.
carbohydrates during digestion in the human 16. What is the role of stomata in photosynthesis'? s.
alimentary canal. Identify the enzymes acting 17. What is the cause of acidity in stomach'? invo
at stageR indicated aR A, B, C and D and select
the correct option . 18. Complete the following flow chart as per the (glu
given instructions.
ener
Gm1tric glands pn•s<•nt in th<' wall of stomneh,
6,
1,
Malto~ [s't1cro1,l'J II
carb
j __ j J~unction
acids
@~~~IO,\cj 0 8,
(a) A - Amylase, B - Maltase, C - Lactusn,
D - Invertase 19
Stick
(CBSE2020)
, When a piece of bread is chewed slowly, it 9,
taste sweeter after sometime. Give reason. 10.
11
 1,te/'r()ce11e1

20 \\ h., do \\ (' boil the J0 nfin nl

n
r~ fe;;t111 g 1! for
.
starch? coho! wh0n w
0
21 _ Bile conta ins no enzyme e . . 30. Why docs ab 207
rn . I . , sorpt,on f 1·
~,or. di r-.rrest1o n . Whv?
• Y t 1t 1s required am Y in the small intcs~in~f1",LNJ foorl occ:11r
22 . E'- pl.1111 the significance of 31. Define the foll ,
\\'rite the balance d chemical e Pho_tos~nthesis. (i) Saprophytic n~t::t~g tcrrn ~:
(") p " ion
1 the process . rB quation involved 1~. arasitic nutrition
11 1. oard Ter
23 Write a s hort note on nut 't• m I, 2017) (m) Holozoic nutrition.
24, What criteria do we use t ion .in A moe ba.
· ri
somet hing is alive? 0
decide whether Long Answer Type Q
LA Type Questions (5 Mark~••llona
25. Explain that carbon diox·d . (N~ERT)
1 32. Design an experiment to de
Photosynthesis with the help 0 fe is essen~1al for
carbon dioxide is essential ti ~onstrate that
26 How dwestion • • tak l • an expernnent · Write the observation a d or p lotosynthesis.
• <> esp ace m small intestine?
27. Carbo hydrates are more s ·t b · experiment. n cone usion of the
production of energy in the bod u~: le for ~he . (CBSE 2024)
and fats. Give reason. Y an protems 33 . (a) What Is the function of pyloric sphinct
and anal sphincter? er
28. Define holozoic nutrition Wh t
· t s t eps lllvolved
· · (b) How is requir~d pH maintained in the
d1fferen in holozo ·a ared the stomach and small mtestine?
nutrition? Ic mo e of
34. G:ive a b:ief description of digestive glands
29. N~me and write few l ines about the associated with alimentary canal.
followmg:
35: Depending upon the source of energy explain
(i ) Organisms that can prepare their own food.
briefly types of autotrophic nutrition.
(ii) Pigme~t present in chloroplast that actively
takes part m photosynthesis. 36 . (a) Draw a neat and well labelled diagram
of alimentary canal.
(iii) Finger- like projections responsible for
absorption of food in small intestine. (b) Give dental formula of an adult human
being.

1. (c)
~~
(ii) (c) : Baked potatoes consist of starch which is a
2. (b) : Saliva is secreted in the mouth {i). Saliva contains an polysaccharide. In oral cavity, the food is mixed with saliva
enzyme called salivary amylase for digestion of carbohydrates, that contains an enzyme salivary amylase which converts
liver (ii) secretes bile to emulsify fat. The pancreas (iii) secretes starch into maltose, isomaltose and small dextrins.
pancreatic juice which contains enzyme trypsin for digestion · The pancreatic juice (present in small intestine) contains
of proteins. pancreatic amylase which converts starch into maltose,
isomaltose and a-dextrins.
3. Nitrogen , . Starch a-amyase
Pancre~tic ) Maltose + lsomaltose + cx-Dextrins
4. Potassium hydroxide is used to absorb carbon d1oxrde.
Further, disaccharidases such as maltase (present in intestinal
S. (c) : In photosynthesis, the prod uction of gl~co~; juice in small intestine) break down disacchandes such as
involves the reduction of carbon dioxide to carbo~y r~ I maltose into monosaccharides or simpler sugars.
(glucose). In this process, light energy is converted to c em1ca (iii) (d) : After removal of gall bladder, bile could no longer
to be stored and hence fat metabolism would be affected.
energy aft er I·ts absorption by chlorophyll. Therefore, fat Intake should be restricted,
6. Alkaline medium . . , 'ds (Iv) (d) (v) (c)
. ct of protein digestion 1s amino, aci ' 12. If two green plants are kept separately in oxygen free
7. The final prod~ n is glucose and fats digestion is fatty containers, one in the dark und the other in continuous
carbohydrate dige5t1o light, the later will live longer because it will perform
acids and glycerol. I cells together with food particles photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, 0, will be released
f batteria which will be utilised by the plant for respiration.
8. Masses o form dental plaque.
stick to the teeth to 13. {i) In Paramecium, a unicellular protozoan, the hair like
outgrowth cilia are present on the entrre surface and help in
9. Liver collecting the food. They sweep the food inside body through
10. Villi the oral groove.
11. (i)(d)
 208 processes
'M..tG- I OOPEIU"[Link] Sele
nc• C/0 11 Jo ufe
{11) (,1) Roll' ,1f h)111ochl,1111 ll Irl 20. fhr, <Jrrrn le,1f I\ boiled in alr.'Jhol 10 PXtr~(
livin9
1 A11 . 9
It help, 1<1 mumtc1In thr c111d1L plf 111 ,trnn,1ch 1Nllllfl'Ll Im from Il fhP IPaf then bPcomr· dlrno·t rhl,,rr,rit 1 (il [Link] 1iv1n
' , r.o1riurle,,
Jlll1dh111 ,,f C'l l \'11(' 11<'11~111 [Link] d1qcq; pI olC' ffl', in the j
TIlf' r r,colounsed leaf i, used for iodinp twt " r,r ria,~ l,i1} p.l I IiV I
,1om,1ch changes In it. ·' rJr,rJ Ir, ob,Pr ,~ (v11l duction .
(l') R,1I c of lf\ p,111 111 ou, d1,11cq1011 system ro
,eP too
Tr1,J,111 bc,i~~ dl:>I' n pIotcI11 into ~malle1 peptide~ In the
21. Bile is made in the liver and <torPd t<>
. .
bl add er. It Is released in , - .. mporari1 1
small inte~tine wh f in 1-,
we
z,. te bell
,iu,1 ,112num 0f the small intestine It helps In digesting dietary 't B'I · en ood ~m•• epara
I . I e contains no enzymes but bile salt• p , s ,ain1n9
,, cte n b1 b1e.i~1ng the cha111 of amino acids. It also activates
1 · , resent in rt h
in emu 1sification of fats. • 1
~, con dioXi
s,'rrie ~,roen::1111e~ present 111 panc1eatic Juice. ,arbori . t .
1<: 1 R0Ie L1f muscula1 \\alls of stomach in our digestive system: ~2 . Photosynthesis is important for a number of r" ., . -a,s so tna
- ;,e ri1uscular I\ all 111 stomach contract periodically and (i) F?od : By photosynthesis, green plants synth/,:'~;,,, . , f eW
·c
hoU
1'1e eb, help 111 the churning and mixing the food with the from simple raw materials like CO 2 and H [Link] .• •• ,,. We C
life on earth . 2
us, 1' ,\Jh-, lO 1•
a,gestI1 e en::1 mes and HCI. It helps in chemical digestion. . ,r ....,ater,
d Rcie of sah1 ari, amylase in our digestive system: (ii) Oxygen : O_xygen released during the proc~., r,f :,e oell 1a
Sa , • 31"1 3111} lase found in saliva breaks down the starch and photosynthes,.s IS needed by animals and hurna•; ''., -·"er sho'N
CC'll ert ,r into simplest sugars. resp1rat1on. It Is also required for respiration of m·crr,r,•, ;~,e'1t,a fo
14. The food Is ingested and chewed by teeth and broken Oxygen also supports combustion of fuels. ··
(iii) Fuels : Fossil fuels like coal, oil and natura1gas ,.
2&. -,,e s1
001\ n into smaller particles so that large surface area is 1
forms of stored solar energy synthesised millions of ,ea·, :a·::;or 1dr1
oro11ded for rhe action of enzymes.
ago through photosynthesis. • :·e ,er a
15. Emulsification is the breaking down of large fat globules .,ses ef'l1
Balanced chemical equation involved in the process: 3
rito Tin) droplets which is a pre-requisite for the action of
photosynthesis is given as :
en:) me lipase. Emulsification of fats is done by bile salts Chlorophyll
1\ h ch mcreases the efficiency of fat digesting enzyme 'lipase' . 6CO 2 +12H 0 C6H12 0 6 + 6H 20 + 60t
2 Solar energy
16. Stomata are tiny pores present on the surface of Carbon Water Glucose
dioxide
rhe leaves. Massive amount of gaseous exchange takes " 1C" sec
place in the leaves through these pores for the purpose of 23 . Amoeba is a unicellular organism that has ho.J::: ::ir ,ert t1
phorosynth esis. Since large amount of water can also be lost mode of nutrition . It takes in food using tempo-a-y "lO glucJ
rhrough these stomata, the plant closes these pores when it finger-like extensions of the cell surface known as pseudooctfa 27 . Car~
does not need carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. The opening which fuse over the food particle forming a food muc c :nan prot
and closing of the pore is a function of the guard cells. Inside the food vacuole complex substances are broken d:1, JX,,gen fc
17. When there is excessive secretion of acids by gastric into simpler ones by digestive enzymes, which then dfLs~ ~arbohyd
glands of stomach, the condition is known as acidity. Eating into the cytoplasm. The remaining undigested mater a i Carbohyc
large or heavy meal, lying down after a meal, stress, etc., moved to the surface of the cell and thrown out
use in th
causes acidity in stomach . Food
Nucleus Food vacuole Food 28. Hal
18. In the given flow chart, /h_p,ar
: t
. l
P~ .u d o p o d M ? ' c ~
se organic
a- Hydrochloric acid (HCI) and abs

ctJ~'l!J/W
0

b- Protein digesting enzyme pepsin (i) Inc

c- Mucus (a) (b) (l) (d\
mouth ~
d- HCl makes medium acidic for the activation of an enzyme (ii) Di<
24. We can decide that something is alive on the basis of forrn by
pepsin.
e - Pepsin acts In acidic medium which breaks down proteins certain specific cha, actNist1cs. which are not found 1n non· (iii) At
living objects. The impo1 tJnt chJrJctemt1c features of hvi~g blood c
,nro peptones.
f- Mucus protects the inner lining of stomach from corroding bei11gs aIP a'> follows : . (iv) A•
(i) All l1v111g being~ JIe made up of cells containing Variou~
action of HCI
19. Human saliva contains a starch hydrolysing enzyme p1oloplc1sm . (v) I:~
(Ii) All llving beings I esp ire by inhaling oxygen and exhaltng
known as salivary amylase or ptyalin Ptyalln cauSPS hydrolysis 29, (1
of starch into disaccharides, maltose and isomaltose and a caI bo11 dioxide. .
. . . rf · I fe activ1t1e!I. mode
small amount of dextrin, ohen called as 'u.-dextrins' When (111) All l1v1ng beings require food 1or pe arming I d Of nlJ1
a piece of bread is chewed slowl,y, ptyalin gets enough time (iv) All living beings exhibit growth and development of bO Y
~,rnp1~
to act and sweet tasting maltose Is produced from the starch organs.
e.g., (
~cience Cl
ass
xtract chi
bIourless Oro
t Or Du.. (\) ,\,I living beings exhibit
and to Ob r""' ceI ta1n kinds r
,vil /\II living be ings respond to s . . o movement. Cl 209

emporarrly in
n food ent
resent ,·n .
'
ers
,
vul All l1v1ng bei ngs I·ncr
t~11oduct1011
25 - \\e took two potted plants and
pecif1c stimuli.
ease ti1 I·
e r number through
.
11 Chlorophyll : It 15 the i
of leaves of all green I Pgment pre\ent in the chloroplast
r~quir~d-for photosyn~h:~::.capablP of trapping light ener1J1
(111) V1ll1 :The inner lining of the
It~ ,.::r1J1ate bel l Jars. In one bell j placed them in two finger-like projections called vill~mall intestine hasnumerous
rontaI 11Ing p . otassiurn hydroxidar, whe_ placed a watch glass area for absorption Th ·11 · which [Link] the surf~ce
e w ich is us d t b . e vI are richly s I d
I

er of reasons carbon d1ox1de. Vaseline is used t e o a sorb vessels which take the absorbed f upp ie with blood
synthesise a•s so that set up is air tight W t seal the bottom of the
of the body. ood to each and every eel'
1or few hours and then plu~k ~ eep
1
th e plants in sunlight
Thus, it sustaias 30. Digestion of the f d .
e one leaf from ea h I intestine . oo . occurs primarily in the small
Now, we ch eck the presence of starch af c . Pant. s II . ; Maximum absorption of nutrients takes place in the
he process ,1 1th wate r, then with alcohol and final! w·t~r- dernlorisin~ it ma In_ estine which. contains many structural adaptations
The bell jar with KOH in ·d . Y it iodine solution. f?r maximum absorption. They are as follows:-
~d humans .. s1 e it shows negative test and
on of microbg other shows posItIve test. This proves that carb . . . .(1). hIt isf a narrow
. tube. of about 6m long •The Iarge size
. of
essential for photosynthesis. on dioxide 1s it_ is eIp ul in the maximum absorption of nutrients.
(11) . Inner
. surface
k of small intestine forms f1nge r-1-ke
atural gas• 26 . The small intestine
. is the site of comp! et e d'IgestIon
. of pro1ectIons nown as villi. The villi increase the surface of
I

illions of-yeas ca rbohydrates, proteins and fats. It receives the secretions of the small intestine for the maximum absorption.
the liver and pancreas for this purpose. Bile juice from liver (iii) Each villus contains blood capillaries and lymph
he process causes emulsification of fats and made the medium alkal ine capillaries which take the absorbed food to each and e•,ery
for the action of pancreatic enzymes. cell of the body.
The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice which contains enzymes 31. (i) Saprophytic nutrition : In saprophytic nutrition an
+ 602i like trypsin for digesting proteins and lipase for breaking down organism obtains its food from decaying organic maner of
emulsified fats. The walls of the small intestine contain glands dead plants, dead animals, rotten bread, etc. The organ srrs
which secrete intestinal juice. The enzymes present in it finally having this mode of nutrition are called saprophytes Eg ..
fung i (like bread moulds, mushrooms, yeast) and !"any
has holoZGIC convert the proteins to amino acids, complex carbohydrates
bacteria are saprophytes.
g temporary into glucose and fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
(ii) Parasitic nutrition : In parasitic nutrition, an orgari:sm
pseudopodiit. 27. Carbohydrate molecules contain relatively more oxygen derives its food from the body of another living organisn
food vacuole. than protein and fat and consequently, require less molecular (called its host) without killing it. The organism which obtai'ls
brokendoa oxygen for their oxidation. For each litre of oxygen _consumed, the food is called a parasite and the organism from \\ ~ose
carbohydrates yield far more energy than protems or fats. body food is obtained is called the host. Parasitic mode of
then diffla
Carbohydrates remain stored in the tissues as glycogen for nutrition is observed in several fungi, bacteria, a few plants
d material like Cuscuta (Amarbel) and some animals like P/asmodwm
use in the production of energy when necessary.
t. and roundworms.
28. Holozoic nutrition is defined as th e feeding of c?mpledx (iii) Holozoic nutrition : In holozoic nutiition an oiganisn\
. . h. h · subsequently d1geste
organic matter by ingestion w ic is . . takes the complex organic food materials into its bod\ b\ the
and absorbed. Holozoic nutrition involves f~llofwooinl ts~~i~~h process of ingestion, the ingested food is digested and ttien
. · mplex organic absorbed into the body cells of the organism. The undigested
(i) Ingestion : Taking 111 co
and unabsorbed part of the food is thrown out of the b0dv
mouth opening . f00 d into simple diffusible of the organism by the process of egestion Human beings
(ii) Digestion : Change of complex
and most of the animals have a holozoIc mode of nutnt1on .
form by the action of enzymes. . le soluble nutrients into
32. The experiment to demonstrate that carbon dio\lde b
(iii) Absorption : Passing of simp '
cessary for the process of photosynthesis is as follm~~
blood or lymph. . . . of absorbed nutrients for ~; rake two healthy potted planb ol ne,irlv san:e s1:-e
{iv) Assimilation · Utilisation C) De5tarch them by keeping in J darl room for :i to 4 days.
various metabolic processe5; of undigested food. 11 _) Now place the)e potted plants on separate glass plate)
(111 · g KOH beside
(v) Egestion : Expelling ou . . h how the autotrophic ( ) Place the watch glas) Lonta1n1n b
0 ganisms wh1c s I . node ~~e of the plant!> KOH has the p1operty to absor
29. (i) Autotrophs: I~ d autotrophs. In autotroP i1~1 trorn
mode of nutrition are ca e anufacture their own foo d1·ngs bon dioxide. h
car th e potted planb with bell Iars as s own.
· rns rn h surroun , {v) Now cover e)
of nutrition organis ·als present in I e
. , . rnateri
simple inorganic raw
e.g., green plants.
 ~-t;G-1 OOPERC£NT S<l•[Link]
210
Oss.1q
(viii) Plur~ rin" ,,.,if frfJrn r•iJch plant.
(vi) To makr thr i1ppclldfll, illl t1q I11, IJ',(' Vrl ,•1•l1nr• to ,r•,il Iii<•
(ix) p,-.rforrn ·,t,mh tP',t for both th~ IP;JVPS bydeco!oufJ,
bottom of thl' J,ll'> to qlr1,, plr1 1r,
(v11) Keep tlm expr11mrnt,1I ,<1 t11p 111 ',1111l1qlit 1,,r1f fw,I n w,1tPr, t~wn tn ,ilcr>h0I (jfld ftnallyteit QI/tint
IOI ,1 IH1111 1

3 to 4 ho111, indinf' •,ol1Jt1nri

l'nll rd rl,tr11 ',

Orll J,11

Watch glass rtr, Wi.11'.1'.h-9la~~

con1a1n1ng KOH
cr,nti:lining rrm

Glass plate
Experiment set-up to show that CO 2 is necessary for the process of photosynthe$i~
Observation: Leaf which was within bell jar with KOHsolution which contains enz~mes like amylase, t~ypsrn, lipase wh
gives a negative test whereas other one gives positive test. act on starch, proteins and fats respectively.
Conclusion : The experiment clearly proves the fact that 35. Autotrophic nutrition : In autotrophic nutrition,organisrns
carbon dioxide is absolutely essential for photosynthesis. The manufacture their own food from simple inorganic raw
leaf which could not show positive iodine test or manufacture materials present in the surroundings. The organisms Mlich
starch had all t~e requirements for photosynthesis except show the autotrophic mode of nutrition are calledautotropl'is.
CO 2, which was absorbed by KOH. Depending upon the source of energy used in the preparatm
33. (a) Pyloric sphincter guards the opening between the of food, autotrophic nutrition is divided into two types;
stomach and duodenum and periodically permits partially photosynthetic and chemosynthetic.
digested food to leave the stomach and enter the duodenum. (i) Photosynthetic nutrition : This mode of nutrrtiOII ~
The anus has an internal an_al sphincter and an external anal characteristic of green plants. These plants use solar !flff9I
sphincter. The release of und1ge_sted food from rectum through to manufacture their food in the form of simple sugar a
anus is controlled by anal sphincter. inorganic compounds like CO and H O in the presenct d
(b) Gastric glands_ p_resent in the w~II of_ th e st_omach release chlorophyll . This process is kn2own a/ photosynthesis. SuO
gastric juice containing hydroch!~ric acid whi_ch creates an organisms are called photoautotrophs.
acidic medium in stomach to facilitate the action of enzyme (") Ch th t· t •t· th· de of •• ...;.;..
pepsin.· Bile
· Juice
· · secrete d by t he 11
·ver ma kest he foo d alk a1ine
- 11 . emosynk e 1c nuf nh10n . : 1n 1s mo leased ,_,_,,
cuing
in small intestine for pancreatic enzymes to act upon. or?an~sms m_a e use o _c em,ca 1 energy re '--'
. . . . ox1dat1on of simple organic compounds to prepa,etheiiuuu-
34. There are many diges!ive gla nd s associated wi th Such organisms are called chemoautotrophs. For fJlalllPf.
alimentary canal. These are given below : I h b • . b • • bact1fia, t«.
(i) Salivary glands : They secrete saliva containing enzyme su P ur actena, iron actena, Nttrosomonas as
called salivary amylase that breaks down starch to sugar. It 36. (a) The well labelled diagram of alimentary canal&
is due to these salivary glands that our mouth waters when follows :
we eat or smell something we like.
(ii) Gastric glands : These are found in the wall of the
stomach, The gastric glands release digestive juice containing Tongue
HCI, pepsin, rennin, mucus, etc.
(iii) liver : It is the largest gland present in the abdominal
cavity immediately below the diaphragm. Bile juice Is made
in the liver and is temporarily stored in the gall bladder. Bile
is released into small intestine. It contains no enzymes but
contains bile salts which help in emulsification of fats.
(iv) Intestinal glands : These lie in the wall of small intestine

__
and secrete intestinal juice containing amylolytic, proteolytic
and lipolytic enzymes.
(v) Pancreas : It is situated between stomach and duodenum. Append,•-+-=--
,._ ._.
It is connected to the small intestine through its main duct (b) Th
called pancreatic duct. Th 1s ' g1an d secretes pancreatic juice c 1/1, ePmdental, Mformula_ of an a
212 313