0% found this document useful (0 votes)
25 views25 pagesLife Processes Class-X PDF 2024 (1) - Copy (Maibam Ashif
The document serves as a comprehensive guide to biology for Class VI, covering various topics such as reproduction in animals and plants, nutrition, life processes, and the significance of photosynthesis. It includes detailed explanations of concepts like autotrophs and heterotrophs, the role of chlorophyll, and the function of stomata in gas exchange. Additionally, it addresses the consequences of the absence of plants on Earth and the importance of photosynthesis in maintaining life.
Uploaded by
maibamashif131Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
25 views25 pagesLife Processes Class-X PDF 2024 (1) - Copy (Maibam Ashif
The document serves as a comprehensive guide to biology for Class VI, covering various topics such as reproduction in animals and plants, nutrition, life processes, and the significance of photosynthesis. It includes detailed explanations of concepts like autotrophs and heterotrophs, the role of chlorophyll, and the function of stomata in gas exchange. Additionally, it addresses the consequences of the absence of plants on Earth and the importance of photosynthesis in maintaining life.
Uploaded by
maibamashif131Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 25
A
GUIDE
TO
BIOLOGY (SCIENCE)
{Covered whole sylabus)
lass -vi 4. Reproduction in animals -
ae 2. Miero-organisms friend lass
4. Nutrition in Plans and and foe Topics:
Animals, 3. Conser of plants and 1. Cell - Basic Unit of life
2. Transportation in plants and aNees 2B Tig
saint 4. coal and petroleum | |) 3. Diversity in living organisms
3. Reproduction in plants, Pen Pes
eis management. . Natural resources
4. Respiration int
Sy oatbne 6. Chemical effects of electric
5. Forest : Our lifeline one
6. Physical and chemical , a | ‘gassx
change. ow jand time ; ue ics:
Electric Curent & it effects : Z . Life Processes
2. Motion tain 10, Weather, Climate and 2. Control and co-ordination in
2 tae ‘Adaptation of Animals to animals and plants:
10. Weather, Climate and Sale poe...
Adaptation of Animals to iow }. Her and Evolution
. ‘imate 12. Wind, Storms & Cyclone 5. Our Environment
ae 13. Fibre to Fabric 6, Management of Natural Resources.
12. Wind,Storms & Cyclone 14. Soll
13. Fibre to Fabric 15. Water : A precious ‘CLASS XI & XII
14, Soi —t (Not prepared yet)
* J 16. Waste Water Story
435, Water A precious
‘eaoince 17. Metals and Non-metals \
16, Waste Water Story
17. Acids, Bases and Salts,
have prepa thec ely waterile to eur a dal papac; 0 hulp you ecced ic the aad exenicaton od t factor
«deeper ucderctadig of the exbject matter, ¥
= Ss LIFE PROCESSES
Q, What criteria do we use to decide whether something is
aliver
‘Ans.~ To decide whether something is alive, we can use the
following criteria
&- Living things exhibit various lif processes such as nutrition,
respiration, photosynthesis Gn plants, excretion, and more
‘These processes are absent in non-living things
‘i, Living things can sense their suroundings and respond to
‘stimuli, whereas non-living things cannot
‘i Living things grow, reproduce, and evolve, whereas non-
living things do not
jv. Living things exhibit a high level of organization, from,
cellular structures to complex systems, whereas non-living
things lack this organization.
Q. Write the differences between living and non-living
organisms.
‘Ans: The differences between living and not-lving
ORGANSIMS Tincogh partied | Ghoey ‘or tact
anyaiests | decor directly on
“They can't eal, espe > Star frie
excrete el 7] ER aa — GE Rene ts oT
“They ean rape Segui fiom the | oganans
They can't sense Their teste oy
Q.Ditferentiate between autotrophs and heterotrophs.
‘Ans: The difference between auotrophs and heerotrops are
‘eseribed below:
cant
own food
They oa
ey Ge ndtetty or
| Eagan [angen
(Q, What af the ferences between heterotrophic nutrition and
anotrophiemtrition:
Gr Sie one paint of dliference between autotrophs and
n 2018 LM BOSENM)
‘Kas The siferences between betertophic nutrition and
fuouophic nuvi.
“Autotropie Nuon — HeeraraphE Na
Tp Organi. (gees planar] 1 Organics canst ake a
Q. What are lite processes!
‘Ans:~ The processes, such as nutrition, respiration,
transportation, absorption, excretion, reproduction, etc, thal
are concerned with the maintenance of ie are called Ue
processes,
Q.. What processes would you consider essential for
‘maintaining life!
OrDescribe the various processes essential for maintaining
lite
‘Ans. Life processes such as nutrition , respiration,
photosynihess, transportation, excretion , reproduction, ele
bre considered as essential for maintaining lle
3 | Sia oe com
[agus caorapi
©. iterent saprophstc,natrion and
Parsi nition has on the pe offend rnd manner of
Siting gbehiaos)
nes Te erencer between spopiyti muiton and
isin
SSproph
THe orauaen
i
Ingenta day
crane
Chena eaeray oar
ong whe fod.
Dos ao rare cAI
ara
TisaypeaT ution were
Parts obtain thelr food
from ‘other Hung
crgansmsthost) by living
noriange hem.
. Define mutrtion. Describe the different types of
nutrition.
‘Ans: The process by which living organisms obtain fod and
utilize the nutrients fom food necessary forthe growth aid
{Green plans} manufacture their own organic fod by willing the
‘Serpuc materials suchas CO2, water se through potosyatbess
it Heterotrephic nutrition -Themode of station where ganas
fan'tsymiclze the ow food aad fly on autowophs dee ce
Indirectly for foodutiton!
Q. What are autotrophs and Heterotrophs 1
‘Ans- Autotrophs: The organisms which perform autotrophic
rutritonG.e. synthesize their own food) by using simple
{organic substances ae called auttrophs
[Example Green plants and some bacteria
Hieferotrophs: Teterotrophs ate the organisms that do
‘not produce their organic food and rely on autotrophs(ereen
plats direct or indirectly for their fod.
Examples Homan beings, animals Fungt
‘Mentor: Maibam Ashif, htos:
7] Nor
Tost] Required ost organisms
and eases harm t hosts
‘Fxamples, Teech tapeworm
equ
‘etween saprophiytes and parasites)
{Q. Define Photosynthesist
‘Ans The process by which autorophs(green plants) prepare
their complex organic food from the simple inorganic
substances like COs , H.0 in the presence of sunlight withthe
hep ofehlorophyl of the plants iscalled photosynthesis
{Q. Write the balanced chemical equation forthe process of
photosynthesis.
Or Write the overall equation for photosynthesis! 4m-
2018(B0SEM)
‘Anse 6CO: + 210,
Sento
Aan» Cass + 60: +6110
{Q. Write the significance of photosynthesis.
‘Ans. The significances of ptosynthesis are
4 Its the primary source of energy fora life forms on Fath
2. Tt produces organic compounds, such as glucose, which
serve as a lood source for herbivores and, indirectly, for
5 Itproduces oxygen asa byproduct, which s released into the
atmosphere, supporting living organisms on Earth
4. Furthermore thes regulate Farths climate by absorbing
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, which mitigates the
[roenhouse effect.
(cme/+f50iGhiZGQONGF! 9863758437 . Mention the process by which
food.
‘Ans:~Photosynthess,
totrophs prepare their
Q. What is Chlorophyll?
‘Ans:~ Chlorophyil isthe green pigment present in chloroplast
ofthe plants.
(Q. Whats ehloroplastt Why is it nceessary for plants!
Ans:-Chloroplasisare specialized do-ike organelles Found in
plat eels, entainingchloropyl
They are necessary because they contain pigments and
‘enzymes esental for phovosyathesis
Q. Draw a neat labelled diagram of the structure of @
ehloroplast.
pr Sa a
Ete | pe, San
Chtoroptast
. Name the green dot like structures in some cells
‘observed by a student when a leaf peel was viewed under @
Imleroseope. What is this green colour due to! Ans:~ The
freea, dot lice structures in some cells observed by a sfudent
‘when leat pee viewed under amicroscope are chloroplast
The green color is due to the presence ofthe green pigment,
ehiorophyT
Q. Mention the function of chlorophyll present in the
plants
‘Ans,~ Chlorophyll traps solar energy from sunlight which is
necessary for photosynthesis
Q. Name the pigment located inthe leaves of green plants
that helps trap solar energy from sunlight, necessary for
photosynthesis
Or Name the pigment, which ean absorb solar energy.
Or" A green pigment that taps solar energy om sunlight for
photosynthesis” Monti the pment
‘Ans~ Chorophy/l
(0. Enlist the raw materials required for photosynthesis.
Or What are the raw materials required for the
amtotrophic nutrition or photoeynthesis?
‘Or Where do plants get ench ofthe raw materials required
for photosynthesis:
AAns\~ The raw materials, required for photosynthesis are as
allows
(Sunlight, whichis rapped absorbed) by the clorophy
i Carbon Dioxide(CO3 from atmosphere through stomata
iy Water and nutrients absorbed ffom sell by Toots and
transported fo leaves
‘Q. Where from autotrophs obtain COz and 120 to make
‘heir food?
‘Ans. Aufotrophs obtain CO2 from the atmosphere and H20
fiom the sil through their foots to make theit food through the
process of photosynthesis
Q. How do autotrophs obtain CO2 and N2 to make their
food? (All India 2008)
‘Ans.- Autotrophs obtain carbon dioxide (CO2) from the
fenvironmenvatmosphere through diffusion or stomata,
‘Nitrogen is absorbed from the soilenvironment in inorganic
forms, such a nitrates (NOS, or organic forms, lke ammonia
(NH) or amino acids
{Q. Which cll organelles the ste of photosyathesist
‘Ans: Chloroplast in the leaf or green stem is the site of the
hotosyathess.
Q. What are
‘Photosynthesis?
‘Or What are the end products of autotrophic nutrition?
‘Ans.-Byprodvcts, Oxygen and water
End-product: Glucose carbobydrates)
the by-productsfend-products) of
Q. What are the necessary conditions required for the
pphotosynthesist
‘Or What are the steps take place during photosynthesis?
‘Or Write the main events oceur during photosynthesis
Or Bxplain the process of photosynthesis.
(Or What is the sequence of steps in photosynthesis. (AIL
India 2038, Delhi 2017, Foreign 205)
[Ans The evento conditions happen daring photosymtbeis are
Trapping of solar energy by chlorophyll
IL Conversion of solar energy to chemical energy (ATP and
NADPHD.
‘I. Splitting of 120 molecules ino oxygen and hydrogen.
IV. Reduction of CO? to carbohydrates.
V. Additionally, photosynthesis requires a range of
temperatures around 2530°C.
"These events occur in chioroplasts in plant cells because
they contain the necessary pigments and enzymes for
photosyathesis
Q. Define stomata,
‘Ans.- The minute porestholesropenings) present on the loser
‘adaxiab surface ofthe eaves of plats called stomata.
Q. Deseribe the process of open
Emarks~ 2035 (BOSEMD
Or How opening aud closing of stomata takes place?
Or Explain the mechanism of opening and closing of
(Or How do the guard cells regulate opening and closing of
‘stomatal pores?
‘OrHow do guard cells regulate the opening and closing of
Stomatal pore!
‘Ans:- The opening and closing ofthe stomata is brought about
by the change in shape of the guard eels. The stomata pore
remains open when the guard els swell due tothe absorption
‘of waterand when the watermoves out, the euard cells shrinks
land the somata! pore closes
and closing of stomata
Q. What will happen to guard cells and the stomatal pore
‘when water flows fato guard cell)
‘Ans:- When water flows into guard cells, the guard cellsswell
nd the stomatal pore open for gas exchange ad transpiration, Q. Mention the funetions of stomata.tmark-2012 (BOSEM)
‘Ans. * The funtion of stomata are
{They allow the exchange of gases, such as carbon dioxide
(COM and oxygen (On, between the plant and the atmosphere,
‘ueiitating photosynthess
|i They help release excess water inthe form of water vapor
into the atmosphere, reglating temperature and maintaining
water alanee
. Draw a diagram of an open stomata as seen under the
‘microscope and label guard cells and chloroplast. 204 2m
(BOSEM)
Inne ek
stoma open —_stoma closed
Fig:Stomata|
Q. How do plants exchange gases? (Foreign 2017)
‘Ans : Plants exchange gases through tiny openings called
‘oma, typically ound onthe surface of leaves. The stomata
are connected to large intercellular spaces, allowing cach cell
to bei close proximity tothe ar. Ths facilitates the exchange
‘of eazbon dioxide (CO2) and exygen (02) between the plant
cells and the tmosphere
Q. When do the desert plants take u
perform photosyathesis
‘Ans:« Desert plants open their stomata at night to take in CO.
During the day, the stomataremaia closed to prevent water loss
through transpiration. The plans store the CO? in their cells
‘anil sualight becomes available, allowing them to carry out
photosynthesis during the day
carbon dioxide and
Q. What if stomata are blocked by dust or diseases?
Ans- The plants will be unable t0 get CO2 and will fil 0
‘oalinue photosynthesis, transpiration and ultimately leading
to death ofthe plant
Q: Why does CO2 release occur significantly at nightt
‘Ans. Because during nighttime, plants stop photosynthesis
lnderpo respiration only, releasing COz and coasuming O2
Q. Why does photosynthesis stop during nighttime
‘Ans: Photosynthesis requires sunlight as an energy source to
‘coavert COZ and 1120 into glucose and oxygen During
aualine the absence of sucght prevents photosythess
from oocuing.
©. “All plants give out oxygen during day and carbon
dioxide during night". Do you agree with this statement?
Give reason
Ans: I disagree with this statement. Because plants produce
‘oxygen theough photosynthesis throughout the day, bul this
process cesses it night due to the absence of sunlight
However, plants undergo respiration continuously, day and
nigh, consuming oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide
{Q. Two green plants are kept separately in oxygen free
Containers, one in the dark and the other in coatinuous
light. Which one will live longer? Give reasons.
‘Ans-- The plant kept in continuous light wil live longer, while
the otber will live for a shorter period. Because the plant in
‘continuous light will undergo photosynthesis and compensate
its energy requirement to lve. However, plant kept ia oxygen
fee containers and in dark wll not undergo photosynthesis due
toabsence of sunlight
Q. I a plant is releasing carton dioxide and taking in
‘oxygen during the day, docs it mean that there is no
‘photosynthesis occurring? Justify your answer.
‘Aas. No, it doesnt mean that there is ao photosynthesis,
Plants uidergo oth photosynthesis and respiration
simultaneously during the day. During photosyathess, plants
absorb CO? and release oxygen, whereas during respiration,
they release COz and absorb oxygen. Ifthe rate of respiration
exceeds that of photosynthesis, the plant may release more
(CO? thanit absorbs and consume more cxy gen than treleases
“This simply indicates that the rate of respiration is higher than
the rate of photosynthesis at that particular time.
Q. What would happen if green plants disappear from
earth
‘Ans: Ifereen plants were to disappear from Earth, the oxygen
level in the atmosphere would gradually decrease, making it
dliliclt for living organisms to breathe” Green plants are the
primary food source for herbivores, Herbivores would lose
their food source, leading to a decline in their populations,
‘which in tara would lead 10 food shortages for carnivores
‘Additionally, many animals would lose their habitats
Ultimately, ail forms of life on Earth would cease to exist
Q. Ifa plant is kept covered with a polythene sheet, we
notice some water drops on the inner side ofthe sheet after
some time.
‘What are they due tot Name and define the process. What
is the significance of thi process in plants and in nature?
‘low does transpiration help in upward movement of water
‘from roots to leaves! (Deh 2035]
‘Ans: When a plat is covered with a polythene sheet, water
‘roplets appear onthe inner side of the sheet ater some time
due to tamspiration. Transpiration is the process by which
plans release vater vapor into the atmosphere through thet
serial pats
This process ciliates the absorption and upward
movement of water and minerals dissolved in it from the roots
to the leaves. Additionally, transpiration helps regulate
‘emperature and maintain water balance within the plant
Q. Leaves of a healthy potted plant were coated with
‘Vaseline to block the stomata, Will this plant remain
Ihcalthy for long? Stage three reasons for your answer. (All
Tdi 2005)
Aas + No, the plant will not remain healthy for long. The
4. The plant wil beunable to exchange O2 and CO2, which wil
adversely affect respiration,
'. Photosyathesis will also be impacted, as CO2 will ot be
available
Transpiration will aot occur, resulting inno asc
land consequently, no water absorption from the s
3 of sap,
Q. Why animals are considered as_ heterotrophic
‘organisms “Explain the four types of heterotrophic
nutrition. 2039- Smarks.
‘Ans:- Animals are considered as helerotrophs because they
iretly orindrestly utilize the readymade food synthesized by
autotropsigren plants) Or Because they consume readymade organic or inorganic
‘compounds as fo,
Tollows:
|-It isa type of heterotrophic natrton in
Sms eke whe Rd til an ore dom
inside this bodies. Its performed by rots like amoeba and
higher organtams such as herbivores, carnivores, omnivores
Amoeba obtain its food by holozaie means
“Exampls.- In profits ike amoeba and higher animals
“The type of sutetion where
organs (Sproztes Ted ca. soube ogaie mate in
solution
Examples In roundworms and flatworms.
« It is a type of heterotrophic
‘nutrition where animals saprophytic fang and bacteria break
‘dvin food materials outside their bodies by releasing enzymes
fon them and then absorb the nutrients. This. procest is
Performed by yeast, bread moulds ings (bacteria et
“The food materials are dead plants and animal
IWaarasteNutrdon- 3 ype of heterotopic ation
tn which animals parasitic organisms) obtain their food from
the body of other ving organisms called the host.
Examples CuscutaTick leeches et
(Q. Why human beings are included in heterotrophst)
“Human beings are considered as holozoie
‘organism(heterotroph)”. Give reasons.
‘Ans: Human beings are considered as holozoie organism as
they ingest whole food matter and digest it inside their body to
obtain energy
Q. Heterotrophs are directly dependent om autotrophs.
Justify the statement by giving three reasons. 2033) 3m
Bose
‘Ans: Photosynthetic atotrophs trap solar energy ani convert
itinto chemical energy. This organic compound is filized by
herbivores and other heterotrophs. CO2, produced. during
cellular respiration, fs utlized by autotrophs in photosyathesi.
(Oxygea, produced asa byproduct of photosynthesis, is ulized
by heterotrops during respiration.
Q. How does nutrition ina fungus different from that in a
tapeworm! (CBSE 2013 C},
‘Ans + Fungi obisin theit nutrition through parasitic or
‘saprophytic means, breaking down organic matter or forming
Symbiotic relationships with other organisms. Tn contrast
tapeworms obtain their nttition through parasitic means,
relying on their host for nutrition
Q. Identify the mode of nutrition in human beings.
Or ‘Mention the mode of nutrition performed by
amocba(protiss) or higher organisms.
‘Any olezoie mode of auteiton
{Q. Explain the process of nutrition in Amoeba.
‘Or How does nutrition take place in Amocbat How isi
different in Paramoecinmt (All India 2016}
‘Ans: Amoeha exhibits holozoie nuttition, feeding. on
‘unicellular plans or animals. The process of nutition involves
Ingestion, digestion, assimilation, and egestion
‘When Amoeba comes into contact with food particles,
fe @a-28
ce @ 6 -@-
ft projects temporary, finger-like projections called
‘pseudopodia. These pseudopodia engulf whole food particles
from the environment. The ingested food forms a temporary
ood yacuole within the cell. Inside the Vacuoe, enzymes inthe
cytoplasm break down complex food particles into simpler
sates, The cytoplasm then absorbs these nutrients. Undigested
residues are expelled from the cell by altering its surface,
Alloying Amocta to regulate is internal environment
In contrast, Paramoecium has a definite cell shape, and food
ingestion oceurs ata specific spot. Cilia present on the entre
cell surface move food to this spot
(Q. What are psendopodiat
‘Ans:-Pssudopodia ae the ger like projetions on the body
‘Surface of an amoeba for engulfing food.
Q. How organisms like bread moulds and mushrooms
‘obtain their food
‘Ans:- Organisms Uke bread moulds angi) and mushrooms
fare sapotrophs They release enzymes onto complex organic
food particles preset outside their body, breaking them down
into simpler nutrients (simple sugars and amino acids). The
digested nutrients are then absorbed inside their bodies.
Q. What are the outside raw materials used by an
‘organism: (Delhi 2013)
‘Ans.- The outside raw materials used by an organism depend
‘its trophic mode, Autotrophs acquire their raw materials
fom inorganic substances such as water (H20) and carbon
icxide (CO2) present in the environment. Ta contrat,
Iheterotrophs utilize complex organic molecules, such as
slucose, amino aids, and ltt aids as their raw materials.
{Qs nutrition a necessity for an organism? Discuss.
‘Ans:- Yes, nutrition isa necessity for an organism. iis the
‘process by which an organism obtains and utilizes the nutients
hecessary for its growth, maintenance, repair, and other
‘metabolic processes. Without nutrition, an organism cannot
undergo ts varios life processes and cannot survive DIGESTION
. Define digestion. Mention its different types.
‘Ans:= Digestion is the process by which complex. food
materials are broken down into simpler forms by various
‘enzymes inte alimentary canal
‘EiMechanieal Digestiony It snvotves the piysical breakdown,
Of food into smaller particles through chewing, churning,
mixing, and other mechanisms i the oral cay, stomach, and
intestine
{EtCheauzestnoives tne reson ofchemieat
is in macromolecules, releasing simpler molecules with
the help of various digestive enzymes and other chemical
substances in the alimentary tact
Q. What i digestive system?
‘Ans Digestive system i complex set of organs and tissues
responsibi fr digestion of food into nutrients for absorption
into the blood stream,
Q. Write the functions of digestive system!
Sante tontosefSqeate ara
1 Rg odin oy oegh month
: clang cone as
oer -
> BBR Sting down odin inter oles
{UEBala Trestosy tes fos be smary
A
Rein wae dc oe
‘body.
Q. What are the components of digestive systemst
Ans:- The digestive system includes alimentary tract and
various digestive glands
Q. What is alimentary canal or digestive tract? What are
its various parts!
‘Ansi- Alimentary canal ia long, muscular tube tht extends
fom the mouth f he amas.
The various parts of alimentary tract are mouth, buccal
cavity, oesophagus, stomach , small intestine, large intestine
sndanus,
Q. What i the function of digestive enzyme?
‘Ans:~ Digestive enzymes break down the complex food
‘molecules into simpler ones , making the nutrient absorption
easy and effective
Digestion inthe buceal cavity
Q. Whats saliva? Statefts function inthe digestion of fod.
‘Ans: Salvais a watery Duid seereted by the salivary glands in
the bucealtoral cavity
The functions of saliva are
{-Te-mostens food, and aking o create food bolus, so tat it
can be swallowed easly
{i Te-contains the enzyme amylaseiptyain) that breaks some
rehes down into sugarmatess) and dextrin
Q. Name the enzyme which initiate the digestion of
carbohydrates(starch) into simple sugars in oral cavity.
(Or Which enzyme ispresen in fuman sala! 2008 orelgn
(Or “An enzyme starts the digestion of carbohydrates into
simple sugars in oral cavity”. Identity the enzyme
‘Ans Salivary amylase Ptyain.
(Q. Name the glands associated with digestion of starch in
‘aman digestive tract and mention their roe,
‘Ans:- The land associated with digestion of starch in human,
digestive tracts salivary glands
TI seoretes saliva which contains enzyme salivary
amylaseiptyalin), which coavers starch into simple sugar
‘entose)
(Q. What would happen to digestion if saliva
‘ere lacking in saliva?
‘Ane If salivary amylase isnot present in saliva,
‘arbohydrattstarcy digestion the mouth would be impaired
‘This might lead slighty slower o less eicient earbohvdrate
digestion in other pars ofthe alimentary canal.
‘Q. What is oesophagus ! Mention its function.
‘Ans:- Oesophagusisa hollow mascular tube that extends fom
‘the buccal evity (mouth to the stomach, net the duodenum.
“The oesophagus allows food to be pushed down to the
Stomach by peristaltic movements ofits walls
(Or tconnects buccal cavity tothe stomach)
Q. Whats peristalsis!
‘Ans- Peristlsis i the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of
‘muscles inthe fining of the alimentary trac, which helps push
the fbod dovn through the alimentary tac.
{Q. What causes movement of food inside the alimentary
anal?
‘Ans:= Muscular contraction through peristalsis.
Q. Explain the significance of peristaltic movement 1
‘occurs all along the gut during digestion.
‘Ans:- Significance of Peristallic Movement are--
1 Mixing food with digestive enzymes for thorough digestion
and absorption
Preventing backflow of food through rhythmic
contractions.
3. Pushing food down the alimentary canal to prevent
blockages
(Q. What is stomach
‘Ans. The stomach is a large, bag-ike, muscular organ that
‘Teceives fod from the esophagus for further digestion
‘Q. Mention the functions of stomach.
‘Ans:« The functions ofsemach are:
i Ttaets asa transient sorage forthe bolustood
ii Ipeleases HCl and several enzymes which help digestion of|
‘aris autientsin fod.
iil Ithelps killing of microorganisms eater along with food by
HCL
fil, The stomach walls perform peristaltic movements,
facilitating the mixing and curing mechanical digestion) of
food thoroughly with digestive juices seereted by the gastric
‘glands inthe stomach,
{Q. What are the secretions of gastric glands 1
(Or, What are the functions of gastric glands presemt i the
‘wall of the stomach?
‘Ansi= The secretion of the gastric glands are ~ Hydrochloric
acidlf3Ch, enzyme pepsin (inactive enzyme pepsinogen) and Q. What if the gastric glands im the wall of stomach
removed or non-functional?
‘Ans Ifthe gasti glands in the stomach wall were removed
‘or became non-functional, digestion would. be severely
impaired. Gastric plands produce protein-digesting enzymes
and. hydrochloric acid, which are essential for digestion.
‘Without these secretions
1, Protein digestion would be incomplete, resulting in
malnutrition
2. Food would not be propetly broken down, leading to
digestive issues
3. The slomach’s acidic environment, accessiry for killing
bacteria, would be disrupted.
Q. Write the functions of HCLin our stomacht
(Or States the roles of HCI in our Stomach!
(Or “An aeid is produced in stomach, which kil harmful
‘microorganisms and activate enzyme pepsin”. Identify the
‘acid and write ft cts other than activation of pepsin.
‘Or Name the acid secreted by the gastric glands in the
stomach,
‘Ans The acids hydrochloric acid,
The functions of HOI in our stomach are
1 FICT helps Kill the harmful microorganisms that enter the
stomach alongwith the ingested foo.
li. Te ereates an acidic mediumopT-2) to activate the inactive
enzyme pepsinogea fo pepsin for proteins digestion
Q. What will happen if there is no secretion of HCL in
sctivates the inactive enzyme peprinogen to active
feazyme pepsin for the inital digestion of proteins i stomach
‘Additionally it ils microorganisms that enter our body along
with ingested food. So, if there is no secretion of HCL in
‘Stomach , the inital digestion of proteins would be imped,
leading to a less efficient digestion of proteins in the small
Intestin, eausing proteins deficiency in our body
“Moreover , we Would be prone to many pathogenic diseases
and protein deficiency diseases
. Name the acid which activates enzyme pepsin in
stomach.
Or Identity the acid which kills microorganisms euter
“along with ingested food in stomach:
(Or Name the acid which i produced in stomach
‘Ans:= Hydrochloric eid ICH,
Q, Mention the first digestive organ that i associated with
the breakdown of proteins in humans. What are its three
releases!
‘Ansi- The first digestive organ associated with protein
breakdown in humans isthe stomach.
The stomach releases prolein-digesting enzymes
(proteolytic enzymes), hydrochloric acid ICD, and mucus
. Mention the proteins digesting enzyme produced by the
gastric glands in the stomach?
Or “An enzyme i released by the gastric glands to digest
proteins” Name the enzyme.
‘Ans Enzyme pepsinipepsinogen),
(Q. What is the role of pepsin in stomach 2
‘Ans- The role of pepsin isto digest proteins (nto smaller
Peptides and amino ac)
(NOTE: The acidic environment ofthe stomach is necessary
for pepsin tobe active. However, the acidic chyme is neutralize
by alkalinity of the small intestine and inactivates pepsin. So
pepsin doesnot work in smal intestine)
‘Q. What if pepsin isnot released from gastric glandst
‘Ans: Ifpepsin snot release, the proteins digestion in stomach
will got occur and will affect father digestion of proteins in
small the intestine, ultimately leading to a deficiency of
proteins ia our body
Q. What is mucust Mention its functions,
Or What isthe role of mucus in stomach? (Foreign 2017)
‘Or Mention the secretion of gastric glands in stomach that
‘protect the inner lining of stomach.
‘Ane:= Mucus is a viscous, slippery fuid produced by the
fast lands inthe stomach
‘Ans:« There isa seretion of HCI, enzyme pepsin and mucus
fn the stomach by gastric glands ' Mucus defends the inner
lining of the stomach from the action of HCI and enzyme
pepsin. If mucus isnot released, it will lad damage to the
nner lining ofthe stomach, causing uleers
Q. Mention the muscle that facilitate or regulate the
[passnge of food from the stomach tothe small intestine
‘Ans:- Sphincter muscle
Q. Wie
‘canal!
‘Ans:- Small intestine.
the longestlargest part of the alimentary
‘Q. Why do herbivores have longer, small intestine than
‘carnivores?
‘Anse Fletivores have longer small intestine because plant
‘material, particulary cellolose, takes longer to digest. The
Tonger soul intestine in herbivores also allows for larger
surface are for absorption of mutients from plant material In
‘contrast, carnivores have shorter smal intestines since they
Prinianly consume easly digestible animal tssaes and lack the
‘enzyme cellulase necessary fo break down cellulose
{(Q\Why do carnivores have shorter small intestine)
‘Or “The length of the small intestine varies in different
“animals”. Give reasons
Or Why does the length of the stall intestine vary in
different organisms?
‘Asie Because they eat different ypes of ood. Organisms that
‘consume animal tissues have shorter small intestines than those
that eat plants. This is because plants contain a fibrous
substance called cellulose, which requires a longer small,
intestine for proper digestion,
(Q. How isthe length of intestine related to food habit ofthe
animal! (All India 202)
‘Ans : The intestine is relatively long in herbivores sit allows
forthe breakdown and absorption of cellulose from plant
tase focds. In contrast, carnivores have ashore intestine, 38
proteinrich meat is generally easier to digest than cellulose-
‘ch plant material
(Q. Which autrients are completely digested in the small
Snestine?
bohydrates, proteins, fits are completely digested in Q. Mention the two secretions received by the small
Intestine for digestion.
‘Ans The two secretions received bythe smal intestine are
{Bile jue fom te liver and
Q. Mention the function of iver in digestive system?
(Or Which gland secrete bile in the svall intestine?
(Or Where i bile produced!
‘Ans:« The function of iver in digestive system is to produce
bile that help in emulsification of fats in smal intestine
Q. Define emulsification of fats
Ans- The breakdowa of large fats globules into smaller simple
Tats dropletplobules by bie salts is known as emulsification
Q. What is the significance of emulsification of fats:
‘Ans:-The emulsification of as allowsenzyme lipase to easily
ireak down fats nto fatty acids nd glycerol
(Q. Name the secretion of liver that help in emulsification of|
fats
‘Ans.~Bile
Q. What is bilet Mention its rote
AAnsi~ Bile is a yellowish-green , alkaline digestive fluid
produced by te liver and temporaity stored in gall bladder,
‘which helps in emulsification of
Soluble vitamins in smal intestine.
1 Bie salts help breaking dow of large ft globule into smaller
Simple fats droplets emulsification of fats)
Ti Tt eonvers the acidic Tood from the stomach into an alkaline
medium, whichis necessary for the proper action of pancreatic
enzymes. Additionally, protects the intestinal ining.
li. Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.
Q. Which digestive secretion does not contain,
‘buts important? Discuss. (AM India 2016)
‘Ans: Bile juice from the liver does not contain any digestive
‘eazymes, but its important because bile salts in tare required
Tor the emulsifeation of fats and the neutralization of aide
chhyme into alkaline medium , protecting the intestinal lining.
sy enzyme
Q. What will happen if the bile fs not released from the
liver?
(Or How would digestion of food be affected i the bile duct
is completely blocked? Expl
‘Ans: Ifbiles not produced by the liver, theenzyme lipase will
‘nat be activated by bile salts, and fat digestion will ot occur
ficiently inthe small intestine
Oc IF the bile duct i completely blocked, bile juice will not
‘reach the small intestine and the digestion of fas will not occur
(dicate sal sates.
. Deseribes the h
ions of pancreatic juice
‘Ans'~ Pancreatic juice contains several enzymes
1 Trypsin itso geting eye I aly comes
the proteins to aminoacids
i. Amylase ~ Its carbohydrates digesting enzyme. Itconverts
the complex carbobydrates into glucose
fi lipase — Is fats digesting enzyme Iteoaverts the fats into
fatty acids and glycerl
Q. What will happen if the there is no secretion of
‘Pancreatic juice from pancreas or blocked the pancreatic
‘ducts?
Or How would it affect the digestion of proteins and
carbohydrates in the duodenum of man If there is a
‘ckaig inthe pancreati duet! Esplin
‘Ans. It there is no secretion of pancreatic juice or if theresa
blockage in the pancreatie duct, the digestion of carbohydrates
‘proteins and fits in the small intestine would be severely
impaired due to the absence of essential enzymesiamyase,
lipase, trypsin chymotrypsia) from the pancreatic juice
Q.Define absorption.
‘Ans:= Absogption is the process by which nutrients are
Itansferred tom the digestive tract into the bloodstream,
rimaily taking place inthe small intestine.
(Q. Why is itnecessary)
Q. In which region of the
‘nutrient absorption occur!
Or Where are maximum nutrients absorbed in the
digestive tract!
‘Ane:> Soul Intestine
ligestive tract does maximum
Q. How is small intestine designed to maximize the
‘absorption of digested food?
(Or What are the structural features of small intestine
hich add to the absorptive capacity.
‘Or How small intestine is designed (o have more absorptive
capacity?
‘Ans:- The structural features of the small intestine that
Jncrease it absorptive capacity ar:
(i) The smal intestine s very long (about &§ meter, providing
lage surface area for absorption of nutreas
{i The inser Lining of the small intestine bears millions of
‘mall, finger-like projections called vill, which increase the
surface area forabsorption.
‘i The inner lining ‘of the small intestine has a rich blood
supply, facilitating easier absorption of nutrients
{iv} The vil are covered with tiny hair-like structures called
further increasing the surface area for absorption.
(6) Lacteals inthe villi receive the products of ft digestion |
(Q. What are villi1 What are its role indigestion of food
(Or Wate the Functions of Vin the small intestine
Or “There are numerous small, finger-like projections,
that maximize the surface are for nutrient absorption
‘mall intestine”. What are they called and what are their
functions!
‘Ans Vil(Vilus are smal, finger-like projections in the small,
intestine, which are ihly supplied with blood vessels
unetions
4, Vill greatly increase the surface area for the absorption of
the digested food(aurients) in the smal intestine.
ii They are richly supplied with vessels that help transport
absorbed nutents inte tae blood steam,
Q.Why are vil highly vascular?
‘Or Why are vill richly supplied with blood vessels:
‘Ans: To allow the easy transfer Of nutrients into the blood
‘steam,
(Q. How are villi in small intestine designed to increase
nutrient absorption?
(Or Write the structural features of vill that help increase
‘heir nutrients absorption in small intestine.
‘Ans:- The villi are specially designed with a rich supply of
blood vessels (capillaries) and thin membranes to Tailitate
‘maximum nuitient absorption. Additionally they are covered
Mentor: Moibam Ashit. hitvsi/tme/+fstiGhiZGQONGE 986375843 with tiny, hait-ike structures called microvilli, which futher
Increase the surface area for absorption,
(Q. Write the functions of small intestine:
‘Ans- The functions of smal iaestie are
To faite the complete digestion of carbohydrates , fats
and proteins
by. To allow maximum absorption of mutients.
© Absorbing vitamins and minerals
Absorbing Water and electrolytes,
Q. What are the main events occurring in the small
Intestine? (Al India 2033}
Ans: The main events occurring in the soll ntstine ae a
‘plows
4 Emulsfication of fats by bile salts.
Rotel Digestion "The enzyme uypsin, present ia
igesis proteins into smaller peptides and
pancreatic juice,
imino acids
«. Carbohydrate digestion, Pancreatic amylase breaks down
‘carbobyurates (starch into maltose and otber simple sugars
€ Fats digestion by pancreatic lipase
1. Bicarbonate ions secreted by the duodenal wall Geate an
alkaline medium, which i essential forthe optimal activity of
pancreatic enzymes
© Enzymes presen in intestinal juice, such as maltase,suerase,
and lactase, complet the digestive process
The digested aueiens,inclading amino ack and sugars are
absorbed into the bloodstream through the blood capillaries
present inthe vill of the intestine,
£ Digested fats ate absorbed ino the lymphatic system through
the Iymp vessels present nthe vill of the intestine.
Q. Where does digestion of fat take place in our body
Ans. Digestion of fat takes place inthe small intestine of our
body
Q. Where does proteins digestion take place in our body!
‘Ans.~In stomach by pepsin and intestine by trypsin
©. Mention the region of the alimentary canal where
digestion of carbohydrates take place!
‘Ans In oral eavity by salivary amylase and in small intestine
by pancreatic amylase
(Q. Which protein digesting enzyme i present in pancreatic
juice?
Or Name the protein digesting enzyme present in
‘pancreatic j
Or Which’ pancreatic enzyme
protein?
‘Ans: Trypsin tryspsinogen)
Q. What are various enzymes released into the small
Intestine? Explain thelr functions
(Or Name the products formed afier complete digestion of|
‘carbohydrates, proteln and fats in small intestine.
The small iotestine rveives pancreatic juice, which
‘contains trypsin, pancreatic amylase, and pancreatic lipase.
Functions:
HE gene cect in single
=
saree tga ot date
Eumetions:
‘Ec TiestinanNipase 1k converts fats into fatty acids and
elycerol.
2. Aminopeptidases and Dipeptidase: They convert peptides
{nto ee amino aids.
Treanverts maltose iato glucose
converts sucrose into fructose and glucose.
Tteonverts lactose into galactose and glucose
Q. In human alimentary canal , name the site of complete
digestion of various components of food. Explain the
process of digestion (CBSE-2032)
‘Ans:~ The complete digestion of various components of food
fakes place ia the small intestine. The process of digestion
‘nates inthe buceal cavity and ends inthe smal intestine
BSfe bore crtge te aly glands pode sav, wich
ans an enzyme Elle salivary amylase (yan. The food pets
nixed wh saliva tough chewing cr masticton Salivary amylase
freaks down sarc into imple stgars, maltose, and dextrins. The
food then moves down tthe stomach though the copa
‘aliiatedy pense movement oh esophageal wall
Disestionin the Stomach:
‘The stomach recevesthe fod and mines it wih gastric juve released
‘fom the gastne glands. The HCI in gastic juice crests an acide
fmadiam in the simach. In ths acide mtlum, pepeinogen ts
‘cited fo pepsin, which Giges protein flo amine aide The
‘ides potets he aur lain o the siomach om the action of HCL
snd
iene ef complete digestion of carbohytates,
oes and ats, The smalintestine recive ba juice fom the iver
And pancreatic ie tom te pancreas ile ssi ile juice emai
fats ad create a atkaline medium by neuralzing ae food i he
‘Stall iteting, Ths allaline median le necery for pancreatic
‘raymesto act.
“The pancreaie juces contin various enzymes, ach a8 typsinngen,
fancteatic amt, nd pancreatic pase. Trypangen ated
{ito typsin, which ccavets pois ogo sting Sede, Amyse
ouverts eatbobyérates ito sple sugars, malls, and dextins
‘ipas covers fs nto fy aids and lycra
Additionally, be glands inthe small intestine wal scrote juices
‘ontinng tesa! pase, aminopepisee, dipeisas, mass
‘sicrse, and lise, "Aminopeptidases and dipeinase convert
Depldes and dipeptides fo ee amino acs Malase converts
‘naios into simple sopar placose. Swerve converts sucrose ile
fructose and glucose: Tectse converts lacose ino galactose ad
loose.
“This digested fod is aly aborted trough the intestinal walls
Hyer, there minimal absorption of water and ihe nti
the large intestine
Q. How are fats digested in our bodies! Where does this
[rocess take place?
‘Ans. The fats are digested completely in the small intestine
‘The small intestine receives pancreatic juice and bile from the
liver The bile sis beak down the larger fa globules into
smaller fat globules. The enzyme lipase, contained in the
‘Pancreatic juice, digests the emulsified fats nto fatty acids and
tlyeerol. The intestinal wal also sooretes intestinal juice that
‘onlins a fa-digsting enzyme called intestinal lipase, which
Delps complete the digestion of fats into fatty acids and
‘glycerol in the smal intestine.
‘Q. Mention the ste of complete digestion of carbohydrates,
‘proteins and fats in humans.
‘Ans. Small intestine
‘Mentor: Malbam Ashif, httos://tume/sfStilGhiZGQONGFI_ 9863758437 . How is required pH maintained in the stomach and
small intestine!
‘Ans:~ Gastric lands preseat on the walls of the stomach
release HCI. HCI creates an acidic medium, which facilitates
theactonofthe enzyme pepsin. Bie juice from the liver makes
the food alkaline in the small intestine, allowing pancreatic
enzymes to ae.
. State the roles of Liver, Gall bladder and Pancreas in
digestion.
‘Anst= KBIEE It produces bile, which is then stored in the
salbladder and release into the smal intestine
sre and Soacntaes the bile
prota ete:
1 secretes pancreatic juice, which contains
‘enzymes that digest proteins and earbohydates
Q. Draw a diageam depicting Human Alimentary
Canalidigestive system) and label on itt Gall bladder,
Liver and Pancreas
Esopnegus
\
Fig: Human Digestive System
Q. Name the organ which performs the following functions
in bumans:
(i Absorption of digested food
W Absorption of water.
‘Ans: The organ which performs the following funetons in
humans areas follows.
1) Absorption of digested food —Sovall intestine.
Gi Absorption of water ~ Large intestine.
into simple sugars maltose) inthe buccal eavty
WYMAN Vill are tiny, fingertike projections present inthe
‘ane lining of the small intestine, increasing the surface area
forthe absorption of digested food ina the bloodstream.
(@uPepsin- Pepsin isa digestive eazyme secreted by gastric
lands in the stomach, where it breaks down proteins into
Smaller peptides
Q. Write any wo functions of larg intestine in man.
(Or What isthe role of large intestine? [AIL India 2013)
‘Ans; The functions of large intestine are=
4. Te serves as storage for the unabsorbed food remnants
{emporarily.
2. absorbs water and little mutiens by concentrating the
contents in undigested food.
3The movements of colon help to void the feces through
Q. What are the final products after digestion of
‘carbohydrates and proteins!
‘Ans:<, The final product produced after digestion of
Carbohydrate is placose and of proteins is emino aids.
RESPIRATION
Q. Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen
‘requirements of multicellular organisms lke humans!
‘Ansi~ Multielllar organisms have huge bodies containing
billions of cells that require a large amount of oxygen for
fenergy production through respiration. The high energy
production is necessary for maiotaining @ constant body.
, fegandiess of the environment. No ll the cells of
them areincontat withthe environment to allow gas exchange
easly through difusion. However, diffusion isa slow process
that les too much time to circulate oxygen to all body cells
‘Thereloxe, diffusion alone is insuicient to meet the oxygen
requirements of multicellular organisms
Q. Give one reason why multicellular organisms require
special organs for exchange of gases between their body
‘and their environment.
‘Ans. The entire body of unicellular organisms is in contact
‘with the envionment, so difusion alone is sufcient for gas
exchange. In contrast, not al cells of multicellular organisms
are in contact with the environment, making special organs
necessary for gas exchange between their body and the
environment
Q. What is diffusion:
‘Ans:- Diffusion is the movement of substances from a region
of higher eanceatration to a repion of lower conceatratio,
reslling imuniform distribution,
Q. Name the process used by single celled organism for,
‘aking fn food, exchange of gases or removal of wastes
‘Ans:= Ditlusion
(Q4. Define cellar respiration
‘Or What is respiration? What
‘organism. (CBSE 2009 C)
‘Aus: Respiration isthe process of breaking down or oxidizing
‘ood inthe body's cells fo release chemical energy.
‘All kind? of food are broken down through cellular
respiration, a process involving oxidation reduction reactions
During this process, the chemieal energy stored in food is
onverted into a universal energy curency, ATP (Adenosine
“Taphosphate
{Why respiration is essemial for maintenance of ie
{Q. Describe the different types of respiration.
Aus The dilleren types of epiration are:
tea fypeof celular respiration that
‘occur in the presence of oxygen producing energy. In this
process, the é-carbon molecule plucse is broken down into 3
‘arbon molecule pyruvate through glycolysis in cytoplasm and
then the pyruvate oxidized to three CO? molecules aad #20,
“Elegante
its importance for an
Mentor: Moibam Ashif, https://tme/+f6tilGhiZGQONGF! 9863758437 ‘REOALAEEODENEESDIEAKINE A type of cellular respiration
‘eu in the absence of oxygen t0 produce energy. Tn tis
ess, after glyeolyss, pyruvic acid is converted into ether
‘thanol or lactic acid
se Ratt” Car in Era CATS
Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
= Dillefences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration
r ANAEROBIC
RESPIRATION,
TPT takes place in the
resenoe oT oxygen
Tia place in the absense oP
Complete OCes OSU
eytoplasm,
vate 1s completely | Pynivate WS Sonvered To Tom
oxidized to produce | either an organic acid(actic
(Coz, waterand energy. | acid or aleaholietsanol with
(Co2 and energy
7] Oxidation agar] Only 2ATP mOTeeuTeS are
molecule of glucose | produced,
produces 36:38 1P
olectles
No eases are used | A lige numberof enamesare
during the process. | used during the process,
Exampl Ta yeast, lactoba
aanimalsand man” | musele ces
Q. What are the three pathways for cellular respiration?
‘Or Explain the process ofreak down of glucose In cel
Lin the presence of oxygen.
ik in the absence of oxygen (Foreign 2010)
‘or What are the different ways in which glucose is oxidized
to provide energy in various organisms.
‘or’ Explain the ‘procers of aerobic and anaerobic
‘respiration.
Or What is the fate of glucose molecule in
4 Anaerobic. respiration in Yeast and_lactobaeillus
bacteria!
b, Aerobie respiration in human cells.
Write chemieal equation foreach type.
Whatare te diferent ways iu which goose x osidiced 9
‘provide eneray tn varios organisms? [Al Tada 2010, 2013,
01s)
‘Aas- Glucose-carboa moecue is fit broken down ints a
itree carbon motcute called pyruvate in the eyoplas
through veo
Gheoh sb 1 the fist step in both aerobic and anaerobic
respiration.
However, pyrwate 8 futher broken down though three
diferent patvays
The three pathways are~
‘ia yeastcel pvvate converted to ethyl alcohol nd CO,
releasing energy inthe form of ATP without oxygen » is
Process scald fermentation,
GIRO. Formate, 9ACHOM 4 ACO) 5 ATE
i. I the eyoplam of muscle cel, the carbon pyruvate is
Converted io at act wit theless Ofensrgy @ATP)in the
Sheence af exygen Tis because, durig vigorous pysical
Aetvity, the uation of oxygen ours ata faster rate nthe
musees tan an be spled by the blood
C09 Pyrmate + XCHLCHONCOOH + can
‘aha thoes!” Esoay
ii In higher organisms, after glycolysis, pyruvate i oxidized
in mitochondria to produce COZ, water, and energy Ge
BEAD)
(GHyO9 — Pyruvate + 609 —> COD +
(HL) “+ 36-38ATP + a20Keal.” In Mitochondria
{Q. Define fermentation.
‘Ans:= Fermentation isthe process of converting simple sugars
(Glucose or other organic compounds into energy releasing
‘compounds, such as etbano, lacie ae, and carbon dioxide,
‘This process occurs in organisms ike yeast and bacteria,
robie mode of
Q..Name some organisms that use
respiration?
‘Ans Yeast, bacteri, etc.
Q.Which pathway. is common to both aerobic and
‘anaerobic respiration? (All India 2012]
‘Ans: Glycolysis.
{Q. Give schematic representation of different pathways of
ie, (All Tada 2039,2016,2036)
sine
san «tn St
es” orem rwaiy
ame SE. em LE eet
cere arom | ae,” Geren
mia) See) \ e
woe \ Pee
Sr cake a gy
Figsrathwaysofespiration
Q. Name the energy currency in the tving organisms
‘Wen and where st produced
or
Name the form in which energy derived from food isstored
in humans.
‘Or Q. Which is the universal source of energy in all cells?
{AM India 2017)
‘Ams:- The energy currency in living organisms is ATP
‘Adenosine Triphosphate.
ATP js produced during cellular respiration in the
mitochondria of cells
{Q. Why is respiration considered an exothermic processt
CAMLIndia 2008}
(Or “Respiration ix considered as
process® Justily.
‘Anes An exothermic process is « chemicel reaction that
releases heat energy inlo the surroundings. Respiration is
fonsidered an exathermictcataboie) process because duting
cellular respiration, the heat energy is produced as byproduct
‘when breaking down of glucose
exothermic(eatabolie)
Q. Why do we feel pain or cramps im muscles after a
‘igorous exercise or physical activity? (A India 2017)
‘Or Why do we get cramps during vigorous muscular
‘Ans:- During vigorous physical activity or exercise, the
‘oxygen demand in skeletal museles is very high and exceeds
the supply, leading to an cxygen deficit Asaresul, the muscle
cells undergo anaerobic respiration, producing ATP and lee
seid Teateamulatontlactiaiin bemaseseases pan
and carps
Mentor: Molbom Ashif, httos://tme/sf6tiGhiZGQONGE] 9863758437 Q. What eanses muscle cramps after physica activity?
‘Ans:= The accumtlation oof lactic eid in our muscle cells
‘causes muscle ramps.
Q.1fn0 apparent work is being done by an organism, why
dos it takes food? (AN India 2017)
(Or Why i energy required by an organism even during sleep?
Or. “Even when weare not doing any apparent activity, we
‘need energr. Justify giving reason.
‘Ans = Even if no apparet work is being done by an organism,
stl requires food to carry out varios ie processes, sich as
maintaining basic metabolic functions, growh and
development, reproduction and repairing and replacing womn-
but tiswes
This Is because cells continuously require energy¢Tood) to
perform these essential functions, and food provides the
hecessary energy and nutrients
Q. What i breathing
‘Ans:- Breathing is) the physical mechanism in which
organisms inhale oxygen and exhale CO? through respiratory
organs
©. Differentiate between Breathing and respiration.
(Or How is respiration different from breathing?
‘Ans Difference between breathing and respiration are:
Tarething
T | Teisa physical process
‘Respiration
Tea iocteesical ana
cellular process
| Oaly far exchange oF | Oxygen reacts wih Tood
ene | Eneray eased Tae |
format ATP.
TC Gees Ta RSTO | Tt occurs in eyToplasar an
congans. mitochondria
. Esplin clearly bow the air is inhaled and exhaled
ng breathing in humans.
Ortsplai the mechani of breathing Al India 2009
‘Ans :-'The breathing mechanism of ls is controlled By the
Aiaphrugm and the intercostals muscles
The thoracie cavity expands when the diaphragm and rib
muscles contact. The thorax moves upwards and outwards,
tnereasing the volume inside the thoricie cavity. The aif
pressure inthe cavity decreases, and air rushes info the lungs
through the nostrils, trachea, and bronchi
bree ry
The diaphragm and rib muscies relax, decreasing the volume
ofthe thoracic eavity. The air pressure increases, and air is
pushed out of the lungs through the nostrils, trachea, and
bronchi
Q. Explain how the ai
‘humans. (Delhi 2032),
‘Ans: Mechanism ofIhalation:
The thoracic cavity expands when the diaphragm and sib
muscles contract. The thorax moves upwards and outwards,
‘nereasing the volume inside the thoracic cavity. The ait
pressure inthe cavity decreases, and air rashes into the lungs
through the nosis, trachea, and bronchi
is inhaled during breathing in
‘Q.Why sit advisable to breathe through nose? (CBSE 2016
a
‘Ans: The inner lining ofthe nose contains fine hairs ila) and
mucous glands that iter the incoming ai, trapping germs and
das. Addionaly, the aris warmed or cooled to allan the
‘optimum temperature and humidity before reaching the lung.
So, tis advisable to breathe trough nose
(Q. What happens to the rate of breathing during vigorous
‘exercise and wh
‘Ane.- During Vigorous exercise, the rat of breathing increases
to about 20-25 breath per minute, as the body's demand for
‘oxygen increases to meet the energy requirements of the
intense physical activity
‘Q. Mention two ways in which food gets oxidized. (CBSE
2008)
‘Ans.= The food gets oxidized by aerobic and anaerobic
respiration
{Q. "The breathing cycte is rhythmic whereas exchange of
{gases ia continuous process”. Justify ths statement.
‘Ans: The breathing eyele involves inhalation and exhalation of
air due to altemmte expansion and contraction of thoracic
cavity Thus tis a rhythmic process. But exchange of gases is.
4 continuous process as it takes place between the blood and
each and every cell by diffusion.
{Q.Whry do the walls of the tracke:
‘ess ar init
‘Ans.- The trachea contains sings of cartilage that provide
Structural spot, preventing the trachea from collapsing even
when there is less tin it
(How is the throat trachea) designed to avoid collapsing
during exhalation
ot collapse when there
‘Q. What i the role of cartilaginous rings on tracheat (AML
nia 20305,
‘Ans: The cartloginows rings in the trachea prevent the trachea
fiom collapsing, even when there is no air preset in i,
‘ensuring acontiiuoas stow.
Q. What are alveoli Why are they necessary for
‘organisms?
‘Ans: Alveol ae small, pouc-like structures located at the
‘end ofthe bronehioles in the lungs. Tey are surrounded by an
fexensive netvork of blood capillaries, aeilitating the
‘exchange of gases between the lungs and the bloodstream,
(Q. How are the alveoli designed to mas
of gases!
‘Ans: Alveoli are tiny, pouet-like structures i the lungs that
increase the surface area for gas exchange. Fach alveolus is
surrounded by an extensive network of blood capillaries and is
‘nly one cell ayer thick. This allows fora large amount of ait
10 come ino cose contact withthe blood. The lungs contain
millions of alveoli, providing a vast surface area for gas
‘exchange between the lungs and capillaries. Te large surface
area enables elicieat gas exchange
the exchange
{. How does gas exchange tae place inthe also ofthe
Taps
Bisa resin tay pS: Eaters where gee eters
‘ccars betwen boo and the ings. Oxygen ir eneing
the lang tro inbalation osches the veo. The sven
have enrerey thin wals nd ar suvoundes hy an extensive
network of tiny ood capilanes, allowing or cay 25,
xchange though diinon Oxygen dfs nto the bod in
{he caianss, wile earvon stoige (COs) from the bio
tiasesout into the alveolar
Mentor: Moibam Ashif, httos://tme/+f6tlGhiZGQONGEI_ 9863758437 Q. What are the structural features of alveol that inerease
their capacity for gas exchange!
Or
Describe the structural features of alveoll that facilitate
efficent gas exchange.
‘Or What are the structural features of alveol that increase
the surface area for gas exchange?
‘Ans:~ The structral features of alveol that increase the
surface area for gas exchange are
4. Alveolt have extremely thin wall, only one ell ayer thick,
‘which facilitates easy diffusion of gases.
2 Alveolar surrounded by anextensve network of tay blood
‘apllaries allowing for eflcient gas exehange.
5 The capillaries surrounding the alveoli ensure a rch blood
‘Supply, enabling the efficient exchange of oxygen and carbon
dione.
. How are human lungs designed to maximize gas
exchange! (All India 2008,2036-17)
(Or What design features of human lungs optimize gas
‘exchange?
‘Or How do the structural features of human lungs falitate
efficient gas exchange?
(Or “The buman lings are designed 0 have maximum
surface area for exchange of gases.” Explain with three
‘points: 2018 -3m @BOSEM)
‘Ans:~ The lungs’ bronchi branch into smaller bronchioles,
‘which terminate in millions of tiny air sas called alveot
‘Thesealveoli provide vast surface area for gas exchange. The
walls of the alveoli are exiemely thi, allowing oxygen and
tatboa dioxide to diffuse easily across the membrane, The
flveoli are surrounded by 2 dense network of tiny blood
‘capillaries, ensuring a rich supply of blood for gas exchange.
Additional, the lungs’ airway system is designed for eicent
ventilation, allowing for optimal airflow.
=the ato epraton vey high thn in nar
Or Why the vate of respiration is foo much bigh in
tmuttceliar thas tn nicl?
‘Aan Mulcellar orga are composed of bins of
Cells, which rege large amount of oxygen for ener
production through espration to maintain constant hoy
fempesare despite changer inthe eternal soviet
Fowever, the energy requtements of nicellarogenisasars
‘ery lowsine they consist of singlecell Asaretu, thera
Dreapation mich higher nme rgeism tn
nicl organisms
Q. What i haemoglol
Ans Haemoglobin is ared-pigment present in RBCS, whieh
's basically composed of iron and proteins, responsible for
transporting oxygen and CO: to and for the body's cells
Q. Name the respiratory pigment in human beings? What
{sits role (All India 2033)
(Or What isthe function of haemoglobin:
‘Ans: The respiratory pigment present in human beings is
haemoglobin.
Role of hemoglobi
Haemoglobin plays a role in transporting oxygen (Oy and
catboa dioxide (CO throughout the body. I has igh ainity
for oxygen enables itt bind oxygen inte ngs and release
tothe issues
{Q. Mention the respiratory pigment and its location in the
‘body. Where isi found? How do they transport O2 and.
co
‘Or How is oxygen and CO? transported in human beingst
‘Ans:~ The respiratory pigment is baemoplobin, found in red
blood cells BCS.
Haemoglobin can transport both oxygen and CO:, but
{inopposte directions. oxygen from the kingsto the body eels,
‘and CO; rom the body cells othe lans, Oxygen difuses Hom
their in the alveol ita the capillary blood Haemoglobin has
«very high affinity for oxygen. Fach haemoglobin molecule
binds 4 oxygen atoms (@ oxygen moleculed, forming
‘oxyhacmoglobin, which is then carried fo the body's tissues
‘When it reaches the body's tissues, haemoglobin releases is
‘oxygen Into the tissue Mui, which is taken up by cells ofthe
tissue for respiration, In return, CO; i released from the cells,
into he tissue fui and carried back to the bloodstream. CO;
binds to the amino groups of haemoglobin, forming
‘earbaminchacmoglobin, whichis then transported to the lungs
In the lings, the cazbaminobaemoplobin releases COs, which
is then exiled.
“Haemoglobin transports approximately 70% of CO;, while the
remaining 30% is transported by plasma and other materials in
blood.
Q. Why CO? carried in dissolved state inthe blood
‘Ans: CO, bas higher solubility in blood plasma than oxygen,
‘Since the CO: that diffuses into the blood plasma from tissue
‘id gets dissolved in th blood plasma, i is then transported
inils dissolved sate,
{QName the pigment present in the blood which transports
‘oxygen fron the lungs to different parts ofthe body
‘Ansr-Hacmoplobia,
‘Q. In which component of the blood , haemoglobin is
resent?
‘Ans- Haemoglobin is present inthe RBCserythrocyts.
(Q. What will happen if there is deficiency of haemoglobin
in our blood!
Or What would be the consequences of 1 deficiency of
‘haemoglobin ia our bodies?
‘Ans:= Haemoglobin ranspors oxygen tothe cells ofthe body
for celular respiration. (A deficiency of haemoglobin in our
blood isealled senna,
“If there is anemia or a deficiency of haemoglobin in
blood, the blood cannot transport suflicient oxygen required by
‘the body for respiration. As result cellular respiration would
he impaired, leading to reduced energy” availability
‘Ultimately, this leads fo symptoms sueh as weakness, pallor,
‘inactivity, and an inability to perform physical work
Q. What are the conditions required for efficient gas
‘exchange in an organism!
‘Or State the conditions necessary for efficient gaseous
‘exchange in organisms.
‘Ans:~ The conditions required for efficient gas exchange inn
‘organism are
4. Extensive respiratory surface area with a thin, permeable
‘membrane
{i Highly vascularized tissues or cells
iil Rich blood supply
i Proper ventilation
Optimal temperature
Mentor: Malbam Ashif, hitps://tme/sf6tilGhiZGQONGE] 9863758437 Q. Why isthe rate of breathing in aquatic organisms much
faster than in terrestrial organisms?
(Or * The rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much
faster than i terrestrial organisms”
‘Ans.~ The rate of breathing in aquatic organismsis much faster
than in terrestrial organisms. Aquatic organisms use dissolved
oxygen in water for breathing. AS the amount of oxygen
tissolved in water is far less than in the almospbere, they
breathe. faster" 10 bain sulficient oxygen fOr proper
respiralion. In contrast, leresral animals can easly obtain
‘ven fom the atmosphere, Thats why the rat of breathing
‘in aquatic organisms is much ster than in teresral
organisms
exuied amount of oxygen from the water
Q. How does gascous exchange take place in aquatic
‘animals ike fish
‘Ans: Aquatic animals like fish espire through gil, «process
‘known as branchial respiration. Inthe capillaries ofthe gill
blood absorbs dissolved oxygen from the water and releases
carbon dioxide into the water through diffusion, facilitated by
the thin epithelium,
Q. What advantage over an aquatic organism does @
terrestrial organism has with regard to obtaining oxygen
for respiration!
‘Ans:~ A terrestrial organism has the advantage of obtaining
‘oxygen directly fom the atmosphere, reducing the energy
needed for breathing. Oxygen concentration is higher in the
stmoephere compared to oxygen in water However, atic
organisms rely on dissolved oxygen in water for breathing. The
mount of oxygen dissolved in water is relatively low. AS @
result, they seed to breathe faster to mect their oxygen
requirements, which requires additional energy expenditure for
sncreased breathing rates
Q. Why are aquatic organisms considered to be at a
disadvantage with regard to obtaining oxygent
‘Ans.~ Aquatic organisms se dissolved oxygen for breathing
Since the concentration of oxygen in water is fr les than in
stmoephere , they breathe faster to aequite sufcient oxygen
for respiration , which requires extra energy expenditre
Thotefore, we coasideed them to be at a disadvantage with
regard to cbisining oxygen,
{Q. Why do fish die when taken out of water?
‘Ans:~ Aguatic animals, such af fish, cannot survive in @
terrestrial environment because they can breathe only in water
by inhaling dissolved oxygen in water. Since they are unable
tate oxyae ely fom the atosphee, fi ie when
taken out of water
Q. Drawa diagram of
{@ Diaphragm (id Larynx
imam respiratory system and label
Nasal cavity
Lannx
‘Trachea Bronchides
Lungs:
Diaphragr
Fig, Human Respiratory Sytem
{Q-How is respiration ditferentin plants and animals? All
Tia 20371
‘Ans:
‘Respiration in plants ion fa wal
T Plants uilize ghisose and | 1 Animals uilize glucose
aeygen, produced by | and oxygen from outside for
TE Gas exohange occu | 2 Gav exchange Occun Wr
through stomata, entices, | lungs
roots, el.
3 Requie Tes —eneray | 5 Require nore eneray
expenditure expenditure
{Q. How is carbon dioxide obtained by aq
‘terrestrial plants?
‘Ans:= Aquatic pants take up carbon dioxide dissolved in water
and terrestrial plants use carbon diexide present in ai.
te plants and
Q. Define transportation.
Ans: Transporation sto he movement of essential materials,
‘such as oxygen, nutrients, and waste products, throughout the
body.
‘Q.Whatis blood? Mention its components
Ans:- Blood isa fluid connective tise tha circulates through
the vascular system of the body, transporting oxygen and
nutrients to eels, tissues and organs and removing wastes,
The components of blood ar
a Plasma
2 RECs
3. WBC
4 Platelets
Q. Mention the functions of blood.
(Gr Blood is river of life. util
‘Ans.
the statement
{einsport of Materials: Hlood plasma transports 10% of
‘carbon dioxide (COD in a dissolved slate, as wel as glucose,
proteins, amino acid, sas, water, hormones, and other
‘essential aurents to various cells,
Transportation af O;and.CO,, ed plod cls C9
Tampa onygen form te tung to the boys cel for
‘Mentor: Malbam Ashif, httos://tme/sfStiGhi2GQONGFI 9863758437 respiration and carry CO2, a waste product of respiration, rom
the cells tothe hngs for rmoval
GEMMA OF Wastes? Blood vanspets waste products,
such as urea produced in the liver, tothe kidneys for filtration
and exertion.
[ecTmmume:SeSteMEFUNEHOR White blood cells (WBC
defend the body apaint invading microorganisms by killing
them. Blood also transports antibodies to combat foreign
Blood helps maintain Nuid balance by
transporting excess water fo the Kidneys for removal as urine
Blood in the capillaries of the
Intestinal lining absorbs nutrients from digested food and
transports them to various tissues and organs.
Blood helps distibute
heat property, and ifs plasma has a high capacity for heat
ttanspor, helping regulate body temperature
Platelets in blood facilitate wound
healing by forming clos.
Blood transports various hormones
'o facilitate coordination and regulation within the body
©. Describe the components of blood.
‘Or What are the different components of blood? Give the
function ofeach of them. (Forekgn 2035)
‘Ans: The components of blood are detailed below:
Plasma isthe pale-eoloured, watery, uid portion
bf blood I ranspers digested food material, carbon dioxide,
and nitrogenous wastes in dissolved forms.
RACS are
enucleated, diseshaped cells containing the red pigment
protein hemoglobin. They transport oxygen trom the hangs t9
the body's eels for respiration and carbon dioxide fram the
cells tothe lungs.
WBC are larger,
rucleated, and diverse. “They fight against foreign
{SEPIA Pisces id in blood clostng to prevent bod Tose
Sorng ny.
Q. Name the components of blood which transport
@ Food, carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes
ip Oxygen.
‘Ans.~i) Plasma
RBCS
(Q. Write the functions of RBCs.
‘Ans Red Blood Cells BC transport oxygen to the eels of
the body for respiration and carbon dioxide (CO2 from the
bodys cells tothe lungs for exhalation
Q. “The blood is red in colour”. Give reason.
Or Whyis blood red in colour?
‘Ans- The blood is red in colour duc to presence of a red
Pigment material called hemoglabin in RBCS
Q. Mention the component of blood that helps inthe blood
clotting atthe time of injury.
‘Ans:~ Platelets help in loting of blood atthe time of injury.
. Describe the mechanism of blood clotting.
‘Ans: Blood clotting isthe mechanem that prevents blood loss
at the site ofan injury or wound by forming a blood elt. Blood
‘oatain platelet cells that eiculae throughout the body and
plug leaks by helping to clot blood at points of injury,
preventing excessive bleding,
.Q. Why are white blood corpuscles called ‘soldiers? of the
body!
‘Ans~ White blood corpuscles (WBCs) fight disease-causing
‘germs present in the body, carried by the blood, and help
‘maintain a healby body. Therefore, they are called the
soldier ofthe body
‘Q. What will happen i platelets were absent in the blood:
‘Ans:= If platelets were absent inthe blood, there would be
lot formation atthe site of injury or wounds, leading to
fexcessive bleeding and reducing. pumping system. ‘There
‘would also be no wound healing, and this would ultimately
sll in the death ofthe organisn.
Heart
Q. Whats heart?
‘Ans:e Heart is a muscular , pumping organ that transports
blood to various organs and tissues ofthe body.
(Q-Whatis the main function ofthe heartt
‘Ams:= he main function of the heart is to pump blood
‘throughout te body.
‘Q.The human heartis about the size of an indivi
Hfoot Brain il. Gall ladder Wv. fist.
‘Ans. Fist
{Q. What are the various chambers ofthe heart?
‘Ans:- The various chambers ofthe heat are
1. Two upper chambers called auricles or atria
andright atrium
22 Two lower chambers called ventricles — Left ventscle and,
right ventricle.
Left steium
(Q. The number of chambers in human hearts
is tht ik wa
‘Ans.-4
{Q.Deseribe the structure ofthe human heartt
‘Ans:- The human hear is a oscar, pumping organ that anspor
‘bod owas organs ofthe body Ts approximately the size of an
individual et
“The heat is vided into four chambers: two upper chambers called
stra andtwo lower chambers called veticlx A thick muscular wal,
‘he sep, separates the est ino ight and Te ses
‘The aia ae best receving chambers. The right ssum reeves
