11

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

. Rationale

Many legislators struggle with crimes and had initiated curfews foryouths

believing that if they can keep young people inside at night, they willhave fewer

problems. With this, curfew had been made possible.

Curfews seen as effective in reducing crime rates and victimization, may

not always work as intended. Research suggests that during curfew hours,

incidents of gun violence can increase. Moreover, having more people around

can actually deter crime by raising the chances of offenders getting caught.

Studies have also shown that curfews do not necessarily lead to a decrease in

juvenile arrests or crime (Gomez, 2016).

In the U.S., youth violence ranks as the second leading cause of death for

those aged 10 to 24, with over 8,000 homicides annually. Similarly, in the

Philippines, enforcing curfews for minors and penalizing their parents/guardians

is seen as a powerful deterrent against juvenile crime, according to Philippine

National Police officials (Johnson & Dalizon, 2018) .

Police authorities also highlighted that an increase number of minorsand

juvenile delinquents accosted for involvement in varied felonies includeillegal

drug trafficking and abuse, robbery-holdup, snatching, theft, homicide and gang

wars. In Las Piñas City, the police and the barangay officials wereordered by the

Mayor to fully implement the ordinance on the curfew of [Link] action was
 2

to ensure that the minors were really protectedby the state against possible

forms of violence and to promote social order (Tabor, 2017).

Similar action was taken by Dagupan City in implementing its long-

standing ordinance that imposes curfew for minors to ensure safety at

alltimes .However, in the City of Baguio, its curfew ordinance that bans minors

inpublic places between 7 in the evening until in 5 in the morning was amended:9

in the evening until 4 in the morning. This amendment was made inaddressing

the need of minors to conduct research in internet cafes for schoolwork

( Manahan & Sembrano, 2017).

In the City of General Santos , curfew had been implemented particularly

on minors. Ordinance No. 18, series of 2017, sets the curfew or “safekeeping

hours” for minors in the city from 10 p.m. to 4 [Link] has been made because

of the belief that it deter crimes, avoidvictimization and even provide guidance for

the youngster against potentialharms. The claim may be true or not; hence, this

prompted the researchers to determine the impact of implementation of curfew

hours ordinance to the community safety specifically one of the barangay, the

barangay Olympog which can be the bases for proposing a n enhance

community program.

Research Objectives

This study aims to determine the impact of curfew hours’ ordinance to

community safety of Barangay Olympog, bases for a proposed enhanced

community policing program aims.

 3

Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following objectives:

1. To determine the common impact of curfew hours ordinance to

community safety of Barangay Olympog.

2. To determine what enhanced community policy program can be

proposed.

Review of Related Literature

This section presents the review of related literature the researchers have

read from books, magazines and other non print materials that help them in the

organization of the ideas related to their study.

The word "curfew," which has been in use since the fourteenth century,

comes from the Anglo-French word "coverfeu," which meaning to cover life.

Curfews were first known to be enforced in the Philippines on September 21,

1972, after the declaration of martial law by former President Ferdinand E.

Marcos through Proclamation 1081. The proclamation imposed military rule

along with a suspension of civil liberties. Martial Law, according to Marcos,

safeguards the welfare of his compatriots from the grave threats posed by

Christian vigilantes and Filipino Muslim groups that jeopardized national security

during the regime. Martial Law is a calculated legal defense of the constitution

and its provisions (Pia et al., 2023).

In addition, curfew, is an order specifying a time during which certain

regulationsapply, is required to maintain the peace and order situation of a

certain community, lessen victimization and criminality as most of the subject

 4

personsunder curfew hours must return to and stay in their homes. Such an

ordermay be issued by public authorities but also by the head of a household

tothose living in the household in order as to stay out of trouble,

betteradministration of time, minimal sleep deprivation, and increased focus

inschool (Hoffard, 2018)

Furthermore, a curfew is an order that establishes a time frame for which

rules are favorable. It is common among citizens to ask on the services delivered

aby the governmentand assess the effectiveness as well as the benefits of the

programs, projects and even proposed bill that will directly affect the

[Link] country has the responsibility of preserving the welfare of its

people. It is by practicing and performing what the law stated to protect the

community and the countryfor the common good of everyone. People should also

understand that the governmenthas the right to impose what do they think is

good for many vice versa, the governmentshould hear his people of the effects of

their actions toward the mainstream of their decisions (Apduhan et al., 2019).

It is common among citizens to ask on the services delivered by the

governmentand assess the effectiveness as well as the benefits of the programs,

projects and even proposed bill that will directly affect the [Link] country

has the responsibility of preserving the welfare of its people. It is by practicing

and performing what the law stated to protect the community and the countryfor

the common good of everyone. People should also understand that the

governmenthas the right to impose what do they think is good for many vice

versa, the governmentshould hear his people of the effects of their actions
 5

toward the mainstream of their decisions. In Davao City, where a curfew

ordinance is in force, police officers and barangay officers patrol the city, ' rescue

' children, and carry them to the care of the Children's Concerns Office of the

Quick Response Team (Domingo, 2016).

In the study of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs as cited in the study of

psychological science , Safety needs in Maslow's hierarchy refer to the need for

security and protection. When people have their physiological needs for food and

watermet, their safety needs dominate their behavior. These needs have to do

with their natural desire for a predictable, orderly world that is somewhat within

man’s control. Safety needs in today's world can manifest themselves as job

security, savings accounts,insurance policies, financial security, and health and

well-being (Molina, 2017)

Juvenile Curfews Law is set by state and local governments. These are

intended to restrict the hours during which minors are allowed to be out in public.

After the designated time, anyone under 18 years of age is prohibited from being

on the streets or patronizing a business. The purpose of juvenile curfew laws is

to prevent criminal activity and protect the health and welfare of minors. The

pattern of evidence suggests that juvenile curfews are ineffective at reducing crime

and victimization. The average effect on juvenile crime during curfew hours was

slightly positive - that is a slight increase in crime - and close to zero for crime during

all hours. Both effects were not significant (The Campbell Collaboration,2016).

Emergency curfew refers to times of crisis, catastrophe, or natural

disaster, the government may choose to enact emergency curfews that set
 6

restrictions for all citizens. Some historical reasons for emergency curfews have

included hurricanes, blizzards, wildfires, public riots, and dangerous fugitives.

When an emergency curfew is put into place, the local government typically

specifies certain conditions. For instance, citizens may still be permitted to travel

to and from critical job duties or for emergency reasons (Knowles ,2011).

Moreover, the the value of curfews, which keep kids off the streets and

lower crime and loitering. When curfews are enforced, minors are required to

stay indoors or be accompanied by an adult or legal guardian. Curfew often

requires minors to stay indoors, regardless of where they are. Adherence to the

ordinance or resolution issued by their city of residence is mandatory for minors.

Curfew laws may differ from one city or barrio to the next, but the benefits of

imposing curfews on minors outweigh the drawbacks (Morgan, 2017).

Curfew ordinances are widely praised, but little researched, enforcement

mechanism that local police departments can use to combat juvenile

delinquency. Youths were also not furnished by enough information about what

curfew is, and what curfew does. As to the perception of the youths to the

programs given by the barangay officials to those who violate the said curfew

ordinance, as to the data gathered by the researcher, the programs given or

offered doesn’t even work as a deterrence for the youths aren’t afraid of the

potential pain they will be incurring because the barangay officials do not give

sanctions to the apprehended violators. Instead of acting as deterrence it was

just taken for granted by the offenders (Carpio, 2020)

 7

A study found out that, Many cities and towns have a curfew law in place

to prevent teenagersfrom being out at certain times, typically spanning the late

hours of the nightor school hours during the day. Any teenager caught out after

curfew can facea fine or even jail time, depending upon the specific laws of the

town. In thepresent study, youth crime is a major and growing problem, often

involvingboth drugs and violence. Imposing youth curfews can help to solve

these problems, as they keep young people off the street, and therefore out

oftrouble, and prevent them from congregating in the hours of darkness

(Kline,2011).

When following curfews, teens tend to stay out of trouble morebecause

criminal activity or high-risk behavior is more likely to occur later inthe evening

when parental supervision is not present. Curfews help teens tobecome used to

setting a schedule which they routinely follow, and becomeable to develop

important time management skills which they will carry outinto adulthood. Being

able to manage time effectively is useful in a variety ofsituations including school,

work, and personal relationships .Setting curfews also help teens to be able to

get to sleep at a decent time,which leads to subsequent focus and wakefulness

in school, this couldultimately even lead to better grades (Anderson, 2016).

While it may sound like a common sense idea to get kids home and off the

streets at night, researchers say that there is no evidence that curfews reduce

crime. Crime has always been a problem in the neighborhood, but this year

people in the community have noticed a dramatic spike in violence, especially

from juveniles. For kids and teens, participation in community-based programs or

 8

after-school activities has been shown to reduce the likelihood of criminal

behavior (Bates, 2022).

In addition, a study examines the effects of curfew laws on youth crime

rates using panel data from cities and counties. It finds that revised curfew laws

led to statistically significant decreases in burglary, larceny, and simple assault

arrests, but not in homicide rates. It found that revised curfew laws were

associated with statistically significant decreases in burglary, larceny, and simple

assault arrests, but only in the county data. Homicide rates did not change in

either counties or cities, and new curfew laws were not followed by reductions in

crime (McDowall,2000).

Parents often have curfews because they themselves cannot

sleeppeacefully until they know all their children are home safely, and at the

sameparents are exhausted and cannot stay up too late waiting for their kids to

[Link] study, focuses on the impact of curfews on road safety in an

urban setting during the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper investigates the impact

of curfews on road safety in an urban setting during COVID-19. It shows that

curfews lead to reductions in crashes during curfew hours, but these reductions

can be offset by an increase in crashes before the curfew hours (Bedoya et, al.

2023)

Citizens' responses to curfews depend on their group alignment. Citizens

aligned with the government are more likely to interpret curfews as serving their

interests and reward the governing parties. On the other hand, citizens aligned
 9

with the insurgent movement are likely to interpret curfews as targeted and

disengage from politics. The authors conducted a survey in Turkey, before and

during curfews, to gather data on citizens' political preferences. The findings

show that when exposed to curfews, Turks generally increase their support for

the governing party. However, Kurds do not increase their support for the

governing party or the opposition. This paper found that people who are aligned

with the government are more likely to interpret state actions as serving their

interests and reward the governing parties as a result, while those aligned with

an insurgent movement are likely to view these same actions as targeted and

disengage from politics (Aksoy et. Al., 2022).

Moreover, gun violence is an important problem across the United States.

However, the impact of government policies on the frequency and location of

gunfire has been difficult to test due to limited data. The data that do exist suffer

from broad and non-random underreporting. Juvenile curfews are a common, but

extremely controversial, policy used in cities across the United States. Their goal

is to reduce violent crime by keeping would-be offenders and victims indoors, but

removing bystanders and witnesses from the streets could reduce their deterrent

effect on street crime (Carr et al., 2014).

Among non-pharmaceutical interventions, individual movement restrictions

have been among the most impactful methods for controlling COVID-19 case

growth. While nighttime curfews to control COVID-19 case growth have been

implemented in certain regions and cities, few studies have examined their

impacts on mobility or COVID-19 incidence. In the second wave of COVID-19,

 10

Canadas two largest and adjacent provinces implemented lockdown restrictions

with (Quebec) and without (Ontario) a nighttime curfew, providing a natural

experiment to study the association between curfews and mobility (Ghasemi et

al., 2021).

This further aid in raising their children with boundaries and structure, and

the way parenting style should be. It will makethem feel that values are well

placed and are reinforced that makes theprocess of raising a teenager simpler

and more constructive for both parties Likewise, for the safety for teenagers, it is

quite risky to leaveteenagers driving or hanging out late. In fact, driving at night

should posegreat danger compared to traveling during daytime. More so, they

are keptaway from temptation to use drugs, sexual abuse, and violence (Kline,

2015).

Furthermore, on prevention against juvenile delinquency, once kids areout

of their homes late at night, they will be no longer protected under thefamily

environment. With this, they are more vulnerable to crimes and othercriminal

acts. It was also mentioned of disadvantages and it included beingoppressive

parenting, false security, hindrance to maturity and job opportunityissues. The

imposition of curfew for teenagers will disable the ability of kidsgetting involved in

the management of the home. Similarly, in the control of parents, keeping

teenagers at parent’s care while they are underage will enable them to set

boundaries in life. This is oneof the reasons why teenagers under 18 are called

dependents or minors dueto the need of mature people or fully grown individuals

to look after them (Wilson et al., 2016).

 11

Similarly, when it comes to false security, sometimes curfews are used as

instruments by parents and authorities in curbing juvenile delinquency. Attimes,

parents impose curfew that teenagers should observe to avoid beingpunished.

For this reason, it can restrict them from asserting, learning, and negotiating with

parents to deal with what the real world can offer. Theybecome less adaptable

and may get culture shocked if raised under curfewlaw (Kline, 2015).

Furthermore, for job opportunity issues, most teenagers who aim to work

during graveyard shifts are not given the opportunity because of [Link] fact, it

discriminates young people to do a living in order to support theirfamilies and

themselves. The effects of COVID-19-related lockdowns on deterioration of

mental health and use of exercise to remediate such effects has been well

documented in numerous populations. However, it remains unknown how

lockdown restrictions impacted individuals differently and who was more likely to

change their exercise behavior and experience negative well-being ( Timme et

al., 2022).

Curfew laws have been challenged on the reason that they are

unconstitutional: violations of freedom of speech, equal protection and

dueprocess, freedom of movement, rights of parents to rear their children,

andthat the youths are mostly not adjudicated delinquents Curfew laws are

community-based attempts to help parents supervisetheir children. Curfew is an

order specifying a time throughout that positive rules apply. The main purpose of

the study is to determine the effect of the curfew hour implementation as to the

perception of Barangay Official, Barangay Police, and Police Officer of Nasipit,

 12

Agusan del Norte. A descriptive correlational research design was used in this

study. The respondents of this study were the Barangay Police, Philippine

National Police (Apduhan, 2019).

Curfew regulations have the power to influence the geography of crime, as

demonstrated and other authors in the literature. Curfew hours and other

temporal and spatial restrictions have been linked to a decline in crime events,

especially in urban areas. The research highlights the efficacy of focused

deterrent tactics, which is consistent with the reasoning for Barangay Olympog's

curfew hours law (Hipp et al., 2017).

An article found that although curfews have no statistically significant

effect on the criminal behaviour of young adults, they do have a negative effect

on young adults' criminal behavior and their arrests. It to determine the impact of

juvenile curfews on the criminal activities of young adults. Using individual-level

data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth – Geocode (NLSY) data set

and estimating an economic model of crime for young adults, this study finds that

although curfews have no statistically significant effect on the criminal behaviour

of young adults, they do have a negative effect on the arrests of young adults.

These results differ somewhat from the results of prior studies but lend support to

community officials who believe that curfews are an effective tool in combating

juvenile crime ( Guis, 2011).

Furthermore, the expanded community policing program that is being

proposed is in line with the ideas that are supported by modern scholars. Building
 13

credibility and trust via community-focused policing is emphasized as a critical

component of effective crime prevention. The body of research highlights the

necessity of a cooperative strategy that includes community members in

decision-making and establishes open lines of communication between law

enforcement and the public. Hence with this, it is really important to implement a

data-driven crime prevention strategies such as community policing program

which aims to analyze crime data to identify patterns and tailor strategies to

address specific safety challenges (Lum & Koper, 2017; Rosenbaum, 2018).

It is crucial to examine both sets of effects since curfew regulations have

the potential to considered as making up two therapies, each of which is

applicable to a distinct age range. The first course of action, or the statutory

course of action, is to be subject to a ticket for violating the curfew, one, brief

incarceration, or any other legally mandated penalty recommended for minors

who violate curfews. This therapy alone impacts those young people. according

to the official curfew age. The second course of action, known as statistical

discrimination, involves lowering the requirements for probable cause as a

outcome of a person's perceived youth (Kline, 2011).

Curfew laws may differ from one city or barrio to the next, but the benefits

of imposing curfews on minors outweigh the drawbacks. In a related study

conducted in 2018, students from Central Mindanao University found that curfew

implementation was an effective tool in reducing a variety of juvenile crimes and

is a tool to aid in the deterrence of youthful offenders. The study was titled "The
 14

impact of curfew en-forcement on juvenile crimes in Dologon, Maramag,

Bukidnon (Pia, 2023).

The review of related literature provides valuable insights into the impact

of curfew hours ordinances on community safety, particularly in urban settings

like Barangay Olympog. Several studies have highlighted the potential benefits of

curfew ordinances in reducing crime rates and enhancing public safety by limiting

opportunities for criminal activities during late hours. The city of Fernandopolis,

located in the countryside of the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, imposed a juvenile

curfew in 2005. This decision was not made at the municipal or state level, but in

a courtroom. Subsequently, other municipalities in the state of Sao Paulo

decided to adopt a juvenile curfew. To assess the effect of the curfew on

reducing crime, this paper uses the difference‐in‐differences estimation to

compare its impact, relative to municipalities that did not adopt a curfew (Carazza

et al., 2020).

However, while existing research offers some understanding of the effects

of curfew ordinances, there remains a notable research gap concerning the

specific dynamics of such ordinances within the context of Barangay Olympog.

Despite the growing interest in community policing programs, there is limited

empirical evidence on the effectiveness of curfew ordinances as part of a broader

strategy to enhance community safety in this particular locality

Synthesis
 15

Furthermore, the existing literature primarily focuses on quantitative

measures such as crime statistics, often overlooking qualitative aspects such as

community perceptions, experiences, and the effectiveness of enforcement

mechanisms. Thus, there is a need for more comprehensive research that not

only evaluates the impact of curfew ordinances on crime rates but also considers

the broader social and cultural dynamics within Barangay Olympog.

Additionally, while some studies have examined the implementation of

community policing programs in other contexts, there is a lack of research

specifically exploring the feasibility and effectiveness of such programs in

conjunction with curfew ordinances in Barangay Olympog. This gap underscores

the importance of conducting empirical studies that assess the potential

synergies between curfew ordinances and community policing initiatives to

address the unique safety challenges faced by the community.

In conclusion, the review of related literature highlights the need for further

research to fill existing gaps in understanding the impact of curfew hours

ordinances on community safety in Barangay Olympog. Addressing these gaps

will not only contribute to the existing body of knowledge but also provide

valuable insights for the development of a proposed enhanced community

policing program tailored to the specific needs and dynamics of the community.

Theoretical Framemork

The theoretical framework for examining the impact of the curfew hours

ordinance on community safety in Barangay Olympog and proposing an

 16

enhanced community policing program is constructed upon key criminological

theories. Sampson and Raudenbush's (2001) collective efficacy theory provides

a foundation, emphasizing the importance of shared norms and social cohesion

in fostering community safety (Cullen & Wilcox, 2010).

Cohen and Felson's (1979) Routine Activity Theory informs the

understanding of how the curfew disrupts the convergence of motivated

offenders, suitable targets, and capable guardians during specific hours, thereby

reducing criminal opportunities (Miro, 2014)..

Lum and Koper's (2017) research on data-driven decision-making in

policing supports the framework's emphasis on crime analysis and tailored

strategies. The proposed enhanced community policing program aligns with the

principles of Community-Oriented Policing as outlined by Trojanowicz and

Bucqueroux (1990), focusing on collaboration, problem-solving, and community

engagement. This theoretical synthesis, incorporating insights from these

authoritative sources, establishes a comprehensive framework for

comprehending the impact of the curfew ordinance and proposing proactive

community policing strategies in Barangay Olympog.

Conceptual Framework

Figure 1 shows the impact of curfew hours ordinance to community safety

of Barangay Olympog, General Santos City as independent variable. While,

bases on a proposed enhanced community policing program as dependent

 17

variable. It defines the relevant variables for the study and maps out how they

might relate to each other (Charlesworth, 2022).

Input Process Output

Conduct survey
Bases for a
with the use if
Impact of Curfew proposed
questionnaire to
Hours Ordinance enhanced
determine the
for Community community
impact and
Safety policy
address the
program
problem
 18

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study

Significance of the Study

This study is exceptionally important because it looks into how Barangay

Olympog's curfew hours ordinance affects community safety and suggests

improving community policing initiatives. Knowing how well the curfew works

gives residents and local authorities important information that helps them make

well-informed decisions about safety precautions. With its focus on active

community involvement, the enhanced community policing program that is being

proposed has the potential to empower locals and promote a sense of shared

responsibility for safety. Additionally, the study advances scholarly understanding

of crime prevention tactics and informs evidence-based policies that strike a

balance between community involvement, safety, and general well-being in

Barangay Olympog.

Definition of Terms

In order to have a clear understanding of the different terms in this study,

the following terms were operationally defined:

 19

Impact of Curfew Hours Ordinance. Operationally, it is defined as a set

of guidelines established by a local government or other authority that

establishes the hours during which specific actions or movements are restricted

or forbidden in a given area. As what describes in the study, curfews usually

specify the hours during which people, particularly children, must remain indoors

or restrict their presence in public areas.

Community Safety. Operationally, this is a collective state of well-being

and security within a community, where residents can live without significant fear

of crime, violence, or other threats to their physical and mental health. It involves

creating an environment where people feel protected, and their basic needs are

met, fostering a sense of trust and cooperation among community members.

Enhanced Community Policing Program. Operationally, a

comprehensive strategy that involves increased collaboration between law

enforcement agencies and community stakeholders. It includes proactive crime

prevention measures, community engagement initiatives, and the utilization of

data-driven approaches to address local concerns and enhance overall safety

and well-being.
 20

Chapter 2

METHOD

This chapter provides an in-depth investigation of the research design,

research location, population and sample, research instruments, data collection

methods, statistical tools, and ethical considerations.

Research Design

The research design for this study will be the descriptive survey method of

research. Descriptive survey method of research is a widely used approach in

social science research to gather information about a population's characteristics,

attitudes, beliefs, opinions, or behaviors. This method involves collecting data

from a sample of individuals through the administration of surveys,

questionnaires, or interviews. The primary goal of descriptive surveys is to

accurately describe the features of a population or phenomenon under study

without necessarily establishing causal relationships. Researchers use this

method to obtain a snapshot of the current state of affairs, trends, or patterns

within a specific group or community (Mouton,2018).

 21

It is typically involves selecting a representative sample from the target

population and administering standardized instruments to collect data. These

instruments may include closed-ended questions, Likert scales, or rating scales

designed to measure various constructs of interest. Researchers analyze the

collected data using statistical techniques such as frequencies, percentages,

means, and standard deviations to summarize and describe the characteristics of

the population. Descriptive surveys are valuable for exploring the prevalence of

certain phenomena, identifying trends over time, or comparing different groups

within a population( Babbie ,2018).

Research Locale

This study will be established in Barangay Olympog, which is situated in

General Santos City, Southern Philippines. Olympog stands as one of the 26

barangays within the city, recognized for its proactive engagement in community

affairs. Notably, it is regarded as an active barangay that promptly responds to

and prioritizes concerns regarding road safety for all users. This commitment is

underscored by its concerted efforts to maintain peace and order through the

vigilant presence of tanods (local peacekeepers) and robust social services.

Furthermore, Olympog places a strong emphasis on the holistic development of

children and youth, indicating a focus on nurturing the next generation for a

sustainable future.

The impact of the curfew hours ordinance on the community safety of

Barangay Olympog serves as a pertinent subject for investigation. Such research

 22

can provide valuable insights for the development of an enhanced community

policing program. By understanding the effectiveness of existing measures and

identifying areas for improvement, policymakers can tailor strategies to further

enhance the safety and well-being of the community.

Population and Sample

The study aims to investigate the effects of implementing curfew hours on

the overall safety and security of the community within Barangay Olympog.

Utilizing a random sampling technique, the study intends to gather insights from

a diverse group of individuals comprising at least 200 persons of legal age. This

sample tool will include parents, barangay officials, and other community

members who have firsthand experiences or perspectives on the enforcement of

curfew ordinances. By employing random sampling, the study seeks to ensure a

representative selection of participants, thus enhancing the validity and reliability

of the findings. Through in-depth interviews, surveys, and possibly focus group

discussions, the study endeavors to uncover nuanced insights into the perceived

impact of curfew regulations on community safety, as well as to identify potential

areas for improvement in the existing policing strategies within Barangay

Olympog.

Research Instrument
 23

A structured questionnaire will be created by the researchers to serve as

the research tool. The questionnaire will undergo series of validation from the 3

experts for its validity before it will be used as an instrument. The questionnaire

will be pre-tested on some people of the barangay to ensure clarity and validity.

The questionnaire is consist of a 10-item questions that talks about the impact of

curfew hour ordinance. A five point Likert scale will be used in rating the

questionnaire ranging from; 5-strongly agree, 4-agree, 3-moderately agree. 2

disagree and 1-strongly disagree.

Data Collection

Data will be gathered using self-administered questionnaires distributed to

the citizen of Barangay Olympog in General Santos City. The researchers will

collaborate with Barangay Olympog authorities headed by the Baranagy Captain

to secure authorization for data collecting. Prior to completing the questionnaire,

participants will be provided with information regarding the study's objective and

their consent will be requested. The researchers will conduct the survey in a

face to face manner so that prior questions or clarifications from the respondents

will be answered right immeidately. After the survey, the data will be gathered ,

tallied and the result will be given to a statistician for the analysis and

interpretation of the result.

Statistical Tool

The gathered data will be examined utilizing the weighted mean in order to

determine the common impact of curfew hour ordinance.

 24

Calculating the weighted average involves multiplying each data point by

its weight and summing those products. Then sum the weights for all data points.

Finally, divide the weight value products by the sum of the weights. Voila, you’ve

calculated the weighted mean.

Ethical Consideration

There is major ethical consideration that has distinct implications for this

quantitative research. These issues and concerns might come out basically from

the methodology that was involved in this study. The ethical challenges that were

applicable in this research concern were the issues of the proper operation on

the study, confidentiality and anonymity. This study followed the standards of the

RMMC Ethics and Review Committee for the guidelines of ethical consideration

particularly in addressing the population and data such as, but not limited to:

Voluntary Participation. The participants were granted the option to

participate without any plan of repercussion or reparations or loss of benefits.

Therefore, after the purpose and the benefits of the study were shown to the

participating person, the rights of the participant to provide the body of

knowledge were carefully measured and foresighted upon. In this study, the

participants were not forced to be part of the study. They are free to withdraw

their participation when they feel uncomfortable during the conduct of the study.

Privacy and confidentiality. Participants have the right to privacy that

should not be violated without informed consent to conform to the existing Data

Privacy Act 2012, an act protecting the fundamental human right of privacy. .

One way of observing privacy and confidentiality in this quantitative research is to

 25

give options to the respondents of not indicating their name on the survey

questionnaire. Besides, confidentiality and privacy were attained by not

publishing the demographic data of the informants such as the age, gender,

occupation, employment, disease if there is any. Hence, their identity was kept

as confidential for safety purposes. Even their responses to the items in the

survey questionnaire were held and considered as confidential.

Informed consent process. The prospective research respondents were

fully informed about the objectives, methods and benefits of the research as

comprehensively as possible within the framework of the study. The consent of

the respondents was obtained indicating that their participation was asked on a

voluntary basis. This was done in written form stating all the important details to

be disclosed to the participants and the manner that the survey was conducted.

The respondents were asked to affix their signature on the inform consent form

confirming that the respondents voluntarily agree to participate in the survey.

Since the respondents were consenting adults, there was no need to ask for

parent’s consent. The names of the respondents did not appear in the survey

questionnaire and their answers were held confidentially and that the participants

were fully aware that they can withdraw at any time from participating in the

study.

Furthermore, any data that the researcher gathered were protected and

the release of any information would follow through a strict informed consent

process. The participants would have a sense of control over their personal
 26

information to lessen their fear that the data or information would be used in any

other unintended manner.

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