UNIT-1

CHAPTER-2
TOPIC:-INTERNET AND IT’S APPLICATION

Short QuestionsWith Answers.

1. What is an internal backbone? Describe backbone in local and global

level.
Ans--An internal backbone is a part of a computer network
that interconnectsdifferent LANs or sub networks.
It provides a path for the exchange of information between different
networks within an organization…
backbone in local and global
in LAN(Local Area Network) it provide path for exchanging information between lans or
sub networks.
Backbone networks are usually high capacity, low latency connections
designed to transmit high data volumes efficiently.
The backbone network is the main highway of network traffic,
designed for high capacity and expansive reach.
It connects different regions, data centres, and ISPs to the internet and cloud
services.
2. Explain about different features of internet.?
Ans--Accessibility: The ability to access and use the Internet.
Flexibility: The Internet is fast, easy, accessible, convenient, and
cheap.
Security: Ensures safe communication and data transfer.
Low Cost: Access to information without significant expenses.
Connectivity: Interconnected network of computers.
Things are Online:
The Internet is a constantly growing network
connecting computers throughout the world.

3. Describe the role of internet service providers. Name some of the ISPs
in India.
Internet service provider is a company which provide internet connection to end user.
There are 3 level of Internet service provider(ISP)-TIRE-1,TIRE-2 andTIRE-3.

ISPs can also offer other options, like web hosting and email
services, and they can range in form from giant telecommunication
companies to small nonprofits.
NAME OF ISP IN INDIA
JIO,AIRTEL VI,BSNL, ATRIA CONVERGENCE TECHNOLOGY,HATHWAY,EXCITEL

4. What do you mean by MAC address?

MAC Addresses are unique 48-bithardware numbers of a computer that are embedded
into a network card (known as a Network Interface Card) during manufacturing.

MAC address work with the card that connect wirelessly to internet.(NIC).
* This address is a 12-digit hexadecimal or 48-bits number.

MAC address are usually written in one of the following two formats:-
 MM:MM:MM:SS:SS:SS

MM-MM-MM-SS-SS-SS

>The first half (MM:MM:MM) of a MAC address contains manufacturer ID number

>second half (SS:SS:SS) of a MAC address represents the serial number assigned to
NIC.
5. What do you mean by web browser? Explain about different types of
web browser.
A web browser is a software application that enables users to access and interact with
content on the World Wide Web.

Web Browsers are used on a range of devices, including desktops, laptops, tablets,
and smartphones.
Types of web browsers

(a) Internet explorer

It was developed by Microsoft inc. (International Company).

It is the default web browser of Microsoft windows operating system.

It was written in visual basic (VB).

Internet explorer application is available in the website Microsoft.com.

(b) Mozilla Firefox

It was developed by Mozilla Corporation in 2004.

It was written in java script, C++, XUL (XML User-interface Language).

It runs on cross-platform.

Mozilla Firefox application is available in the website Firefox. com.

(c) Opera mini

It is a graphical web browser developed by opera software company, Norway in

1997.

It is also runs on cross platform.

It was written in C++, java and pike.

It is available in opera.com.

(d) Safari

It is a graphical web browser developed by apple INC. in 2003.

It is used in iPhone operating system.

It was written in C++, objective C, swift language.

(e) Google chrome

It is a graphical web browser developed by Google INC. in 2008.

It runs on Microsoft windows operating system and android operating system.

 It is available in the website google.com/chrome.

It was written in java script.

6. What do you mean by search engine? Explain about its different steps,
used for a searching operation.

ANS---A search engine is a software program that helps people find the information
they are looking for online using keywords or phrases.

Search engines are able to return results quickly—even with millions of websites online
—by scanning the Internet continuously and indexing every page they find.

* A search engine is also a program that can search for the entered keyboard the
matches document and web page.

Google, yahoo, Bing, DuckDuckGo etc. are the most popular search engin

It is not required for opening a web browser.

The first search engine was "wandex"

The most popular search engine is Google.

It is used to access or search entered keyboard text.

* A search engine operates on following steps:

Step-1: web crawling:

Web crawling is the task of finding and indexing web pages. Web scraping
uses bots to extract data found on web pages, often without permission. Web
scrapers often use AI to find specific data on a page, copying it for use in
analytics software.

Step-2: indexing

idexing is the practice of compiling economic data into a single metric or

comparing data to such a metric.

Information arrange in index database according to their rank.

Step-3: searching

Searching is the process of finding a given value position in a list of values. It

decides whether a search key is present in the data or not. It is the algorithmic
process of finding a particular item in a collection of items.

7.Distinguish between IP address and MAC address in internet.

An Internet Protocol (IP) address is the unique identifying number assigned to

every device connected to the internet.

The Internet is a global network of billions of computers and other

electronic devices.
 An IP address definition is a numeric label assigned to devices that use the
internet to communicate.

MAC address is the physical address of a device.

 A MAC address is a 6-byte hexadecimal address while an IP address is a 4 or

16-byte address.
 A MAC address is in a data link layer, while an IP address is in a network layer.
 A third party will have a difficult time finding a MAC address, while it can easily
find an IP address.
 MAC addresses are static, while IP addresses can change dynamically
 MAC addresses and IP addresses are necessary to get a network packet to a
destination. However, no one can see your MAC address unless they are on
your LAN

8:-What do you mean by Internet Relay Chat?

ANS-- It is a text-based chat system for instant messaging. IRC is designed
for group communication in discussion forums, called channels,.

IT also allows one-on-one communication via private message.

IRC (Internet Relay Chat) is a protocol for real-time text messaging between internet-
connected computers created in 1988.

It is mainly used for group discussion in chat rooms called “channels” although it
supports private messages between two users, data transfer, and various server-
side and client-side commands.
It is a global, distributed, real time chat system that operates over the internet.

Once users are connected to an IRC server, they can converse with other users connec to
any server in the IRC network.

IRC provides group communication as well as personal communication.

It also provides data transfer and file sharing facility as well.

Popular ongoing IRC channels are #hottub, #riskybus.

The most common IRC networks are IRCnet, Elnet. IRC is a chatting protocol.

9:-What is a Uniform Resource Locator? Explain different parts of a URL with

proper example.
ANS- A URL (Uniform Resource Locator, also called a web address) is a unique
identifier used to locate a resource on the internet.

URLs consist of multiple parts -- including a protocol and domain name -- that tell
web browsers how and where to retrieve a resource.
Parts Of URL
1. Service protocol

It is the first part of a URL.

It provides a particular service to extract resources on internet.

It is followed by

2. Site name/Domain name:-

◆ It is the second part of URL.

◆ It provides the site name or domain name of the website from which we want to
extract information.

3. Port number:-

* It is a unique number used for the service to be used in the internet. The default
port number is 1234.

◆ It is optional.

It is followed by forward slash (/).

4. Path or query:-

It is the last part of the URL.

◆ It provides the information about the file resources we want

Very Short Questions

1. What is Internet?
ANS- The Internet is an important part of everyday life for people
around the world.
* INTERNET stands for International network or inter-networking,
Internet means network of networks.

* Internet is a global collection of small individual networks connected

by using wire wireless medium and network devices to form a single
large network .

* Internet is a worldwide network or wide area network.

2. What are ARP and RARP?
ANS- ARP
It stands for Address Resolution Protocol.
It is a protocol That maps IP address into M<AC address.
RARP
It stands for Reverse Address resolution Protocol.
It is a protocol that maps MAC address into IP address.

3. What do you mean by webpage?

A web page is a web document display in a web browser.

A web page is a page on internet written in HTML

Web means resource of information on internet.

* An HTML page or web page has html or htm extension. Web page may contain
texn image, audio, and video document.

* A web page can be displayed by using a web browser like Mozilla Firefox, internet
explorer Google chrome, etc.

4. What do you mean by website?

ANS- Website is a collection of web pages that are hyperlinked with each other.
The first page the web site is called as home page.

All the web pages in a website are hyperlinked with each other so that by clicking on

hypertext a new page will be open. An address that is used to locate a particular
website on internet is called website address.

5. What do you mean by web server?

ANS- A web server is software and hardware that uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
and other protocols to respond...
A web server is a computer that hosting one or more websites.

"Hosting" means that all the web pages and their supporting files are available on that
computer.

* The web server will send any web page from the website to any user's browser as per the
user request.

6. What is WWW?
Ans-It stands for World-Wide Web (also called WWW or W3) is a hypertext-based
information system.

13. What do you mean by ITS?

ITS stands for Federal Intelligent Transportation Systems, which is a collection of
technologies that integrate electronics and information into vehicles and
transportation systems.
ITS uses wired and wireless communications to create a broad range of
systems. The U.S. Department of Transportation is responsible for the ITS program.
14 What is COMA?
COMA stands for Cache-only memory access machines. A COMA machine includes
several processing nodes connected by an interconnection network.

Cache only memory architecture (COMA) is a computer memory

organization for use in multiprocessors.
15. What is WLL?
Wireless Local Loop (WLL) is a generic word for an access system that
connects users to the local telephone company's switch via wireless
links rather than traditional copper cables.

This system, also known as fixed wireless access (FWA).

Which is using analog or digital radio technology.

16. What is GSM?
GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile
network that is widely used by mobile phone.

GSM uses a variation of time division multiple access (TDMA) .

GSM is a second-generation of (2G) standard Technology.
17. Short notes
a) Ethernet
Ethernet is the traditional technology for connecting devices in a
wired local area network...

Ethernet is the most widely used LAN technology and is defined

under IEEE standards 802.3.

Ethernet is a one-to-one connection.

speeds of up to 10 Gigabits per second (Gbps) .

Ethernet network being 100 meters coverage area.
b) Token ring

Token Ring is a physical and data link layer of computer networks.

It is used to build a local area network.
It was introduced by IBM in 1984.

Token Ring was more complex than Ethernet,

c) FDDI

FDDI stands for Fiber Distributed Data Interface.

It offers a higher transmission capacity (up to 250 Gbps).

Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) is a set of ANSI and ISO

standards for data transmission on fiber optic lines in a local area
network(LAN).

Its data transformation speed upto 200kilometer.

(FDDI) design is as a high-speed network topology that uses optical fiber as the
medium for data transmission. which provides several advantages over
traditional copper wires.
d) Gateway access connection
Ans- A gateway is a network node used in telecommunications that connects two
networks with different transmission protocols together.

Gateways serve as an entry and exit point for a network as all data must pass
through or communicate with the gateway prior to being routed.

The primary advantage of using a gateway in personal or enterprise

scenarios is simplifying internet connectivity into one device.

The gateway is implemented at the edge of a network and manages all data
that is directed internally or externally from that network.
 Gateways are basically protocol converters, facilitating compatibility
between two protocols and operating on any layer of the open systems
interconnection (OSI) model.
e) Dial-up access connection
A dial-up connection is established when two or more communication
devices use a public switched telephone network (PSTN).

It is used to connect to an Internet service provider (ISP), corporate network,

or industrial network, using an analog telephone modem.
t is also known as level two connection.

It provides connection to internet through a dial up terminal connection.

A dial up connection is an internet connection that uses telephone lines.

* Using phones lines we dial into an ISP to connect to line.

When the line is connected to the internet, voice communication would not be

over it.
f)Direct access connection
Direct internet access is also known as Leased line connection. It is also
known as level- three connection.

Taking internet connection directly from an ISP as a leased line is called as

direct connection.

In direct connection data can be send or receive directly to and from

internet.

* Using leased line connection computer is directly connected to the internet

using high speed transmission line.

It is a secure and expensive internet connection.

f) Cable modem connection
* A cable modem is a type of Network Bridge and modem that provides
bidirectional da

communication through radio frequency channels in a HFC (Hybrid Fiber Cosz)

RFOG (Radio Frequency over Glass) infrastructure

* Cable modems are primarily used to deliver broadband internet access in the
form cable.

* Cable connections provide high speed data transfer downstream (from the
internet computer), but are slower when sending the data from computer to internet

* Transfer rates are affected by the number of subscribers online simultaneously. •

All connections originate on one line per street, so signals degrade as more
subscriber come online.
g) DSL
It stands for Digital Subscriber Line,

It is a broadband connection that transmits data over analog telephone lines.

* It provides both voice data and internet data transmission at a time using single
telephone
 line.

It divides the telephone line into 2 parts:- one part is used for voice data
transmission and other part is used for internet data transmission.

The data transmission speed is about 256 kbps to 40 Mbps. It is expensive.

h) ISDN
It stands for Integrated Service Digital Network.

It is also a broadband internet connection that uses analog telephone line to

transmit data digitally.

It also provides both voice transmission and data transmission at a time.

It is also used to connect one computer per line or multiple computers per line.

It is generally used to provide faster speed on data transmission.

i) Wireless connection
A connection that does not use any cable or wire to transmit internet data through
electro magnetic wave is called as wireless connection.

* It uses radio wave, micro wave, satellite, etc. for internet connectivity

It is used to connect a building or a campus, is called as WLAN

j) ISP
It stands for Internet Service Provider.

It is an organization or a telephone company that provides network service to the

users by taking some fee from the users.

""The world" was the first commercial ISP in 1989. "Telerama" was founded to be
the world's 3rd ISP in 1991.

An ISP buys upstream data from the upper layer ISP and provides downstream
data to the end users by taking some fee.
k) Internet protocol