ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING/TEL20104 EXPERIMENT 2

Name: NANTHAKUMAARAN A/L SELVAM

ID: 012020021224
SUBJECT: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
CODE: TEL20104
LECTURER: SIR. MUHAMMAD ALI TOFIGH
LAB 2: Half Wave Rectification
 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING/TEL20104 EXPERIMENT 2

Lab report 2

Title

Half Wave Rectification

Objectives

• Explain Rectification
• Explain Half Wave Rectification
• Explain Half Wave Rectification: For Positive Half Cycle
• Explain Half Wave Rectification: For Negative Half Cycle

Theory

Rectification

A rectifier is a device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC), a process known
as rectification. Rectifiers are essentially of two types – a half wave rectifier and a full wave rectifier.

Half Wave Rectification

 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING/TEL20104 EXPERIMENT 2

On the positive cycle the diode is forward biased and on the negative cycle the diode is reverse
biased. By using a diode we have converted an AC source into a pulsating DC source. In summary we
have ‘rectified’ the AC signal.

The simplest kind of rectifier circuit is the half-wave rectifier. The half-wave rectifier is a circuit that
allows only part of an input signal to pass. The circuit is simply the combination of a single diode in
series with a resistor, where the resistor is acting as a load.

Half Wave Rectifiers – Waveforms

The output DC voltage of a half wave rectifier can be calculated with the following two ideal
equations.

$$V_{peak}=V_{rms} \times √2$$

$$V_{dc}=\frac{V_{peak}}{Π}$$
 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING/TEL20104 EXPERIMENT 2

Half Wave Rectification: For Positive Half Cycle

Diode is forward biased, acts as a short circuit, passes the waveform through.

For positive half cycle: $$V_I - V_b - I \times r_d - I \times R=0$$ where,

\(V_I\) is the input voltage,

\(V_b\) is barrier potential,

\(r_d\) is diode resistance,

\(I\) is total current,

\(R\) is resistance

$$I=\frac{V_I - V_b}{r_d + R}$$

$$V_O = I \times R$$

$$V_O =\frac{V_I - V_b}{r_d + R} \times R$$

For \(r_d\)<< \(R\),

$$V_O = V_I- V_b$$

\(V_b\) is 0.3 for Germanium ,

\(V_b\) is 0.7 for Silicon

For \(V_I\)<\(V_b\),

The diode will remain [Link] Output voltage will be,

$$V_O =0$$

For \(V_I\)>\(V_b\),

The diode will be [Link] Output voltage will be,

$$V_O = V_I- V_b$$

 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING/TEL20104 EXPERIMENT 2

Half Wave Rectification: For Negative Half Cycle

Diode is reverse biased, acts as a open circuit, does not pass the waveform through.

For negative half cycle:

$$V_O=0 \quad Since, \quad I =0$$

Half wave Rectification: For an Ideal Diode

For Ideal Diode,

$$V_b = 0$$

For positive half cycle,

$$V_O = V_I$$

For negative half cycle,

$$V_O = 0$$

Average output voltage

$$V_O=V_m \times \sin wt \quad for \quad 0 \leq wt \leq \pi$$

$$V_O=0 \quad for \quad \pi \leq wt \leq 2 \pi$$

$$V_{av}=\frac{V_m}{\pi} =0.318V_m$$

RMS load voltage

$$V_{rms}=I_{rms} \times R = \frac {V_m}{2}$$

Average load current

$$I_{av}=\frac{V_{av}}{R} =\frac{\frac{V_m}{\pi}}{R}$$
 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING/TEL20104 EXPERIMENT 2

$$I_{av}=\frac{V_{m}}{\pi \times R}=\frac{I_m}{\pi}$$

RMS load current

$$I_{rms}=\frac {I_m}{2}$$

Form factor: It is defined as the ratio of rms load voltage and average load voltage.

$$F.F= \frac{V_{rms}}{V_{av}}$$

$$F.F= \frac{\frac{V_{m}}{2}}{\frac{V_{av}}{2}}=\frac{\pi}{2}=1.57$$

\(F.F \geq 1\)

\(rms \geq av\)

Ripple Factor

$$\gamma=√({F.F}^2-1 \times 100\%$$

$$\gamma=√({1.57}^2-1) \times 100\%=1.21\%$$

Efficiency: It is defined as ratio of dc power available at the load to the input ac power.

$$n\%=\frac{P_{load}}{P_{in}} \times 100\%$$

$$n\%=\frac {{I_{dc}^2} \times R}{{I_{rms}^2} \times R}\times 100\%$$

$$n\%=\frac{\frac {I_{m}^2}{\pi^2}}{\frac{I_{m}^2}{4}}\times 100\%=\frac{4}{\pi^2}\times 100\%

=40.56 \%$$

Peak Inverse Voltage

For rectifier applications, peak inverse voltage (PIV) or peak reverse voltage (PRV) is the maximum
value of reverse voltage which occurs at the peak of the input cycle when the diode is reverse-
biased. The portion of the sinusoidal waveform which repeats or duplicates itself is known as the
cycle. The part of the cycle above the horizontal axis is called the positive half-cycle, the part of the
cycle below the horizontal axis is called the negative half cycle. With reference to the amplitude of
the cycle, the peak inverse voltage is specified as the maximum negative value of the sine-wave
within a cycle's negative half cycle.

$$ PIV=V$$

$$ -V_m +V=0 \Rightarrow V=V_m$$

$$PIV \geq V_m$$

 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING/TEL20104 EXPERIMENT 2

Procedure
1. Set the resistor \(R_L\).
2. Click on 'ON' button to start the experiment.
3. Click on 'Sine Wave' button to generate input waveform.
4. Click on 'Oscilloscope' button to get the rectified output.
5. Vary the Amplitude, Frequency, volt/div using the controllers.
6. Click on "Dual" button to observe both the waveform.
7. Channel 1 shows the input sine waveform, Channel 2 shows the output rectified waveform.
8. Calculate the Ripple Factor. Theoretical Ripple Factor= 1.21.

Result

Value of RL is 200 ohms

 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING/TEL20104 EXPERIMENT 2

Value of RL is 400 ohms

 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING/TEL20104 EXPERIMENT 2

Value of RL is 600 ohms

 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING/TEL20104 EXPERIMENT 2

Value of RL is 800 ohms

 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING/TEL20104 EXPERIMENT 2

Value of RL is 1000 ohms

 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING/TEL20104 EXPERIMENT 2

Discussion
Quiz

Conclusion

By this experiment we know about the function of the rectifier more detailly; the function of the
rectifier is to covert the AC to DC with the help of diodes. And also, we learn the sin wave from the
half wave rectifier and how to calculate peak current value from the oscilloscope output. This
experiment helps us to recall the technics to use the oscilloscope virtually.