College of Engineering

Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan

In partial fulfillment of the requirements in

ECE 12 Electronics 1:
Electronic Devices and Circuits

LABORATORY REPORT COMPILATION

Submitted to:
Dareal Alann B Garcia, EcE
Electronics Engineering Department

Submitted by:
Valde, Armand Anthony Jr., R.
BS Electronics Engineering 2
Contents:
0. Format
1. Experiment 0: Ohm’s Law
2. Experiment 1: PN Diode i-v curve
3. Experiment 2: Half Wave Rectifier
4. Experiment 3: Full Wave Rectifier (CT)
5. Experiment 4: Full Wave Rectifier ( Bridge)
6. Experiment 5: Clipper Circuit
7. Experiment 6: Clamper Circuit
8. Experiment 7: Zener Diode Regulator
9. Experiment 8: Common Emitter Amplifier
Format:
I. Objective/s:

II. Context

III. Circuit

IV. Measured Data

a. Voltages/Currents (when applicable)
b. Signal Waveforms (when applicable)
c. Calculations (when applicable)
V. Observations

VI. Conclusion
Experiment 0: Ohm’s Law
I. Objective/s:
The purpose of this activity is to demonstrate Ohm’s Law with a
simple electronic circuit and introduce the learner with the LTspice
software environment.
II. Context
According to Ohm's law, the current flowing through a conductor
between two places is proportional to the voltage across the
conductor. Expressed in I = V/R
III. Circuit

IV. Measured Data

a. Voltages/Currents

V. Observations
In this simulation, there are two circuit that was given a resistor-
diode and a diode-resistor configuration. As observed, both may be
different from each other yet both yielded the same value for
each’s current. This can be proven with the use of KCL:

5V – (R)(I) – 0.7V = 0
VI. Conclusion
Using the formulated formula, it yields a current value of 9.14mA.
Current in series will always be inversely proportional to the total
resistance of a loop. Consecutively, the total voltage is directionally
proportional to the current. As seen the experiment, the current
remained the same
Experiment 1: PN Diode-iv Curve
I. Objective/s:
The purpose of this activity is to investigate the current vs. voltage
characteristics of a PN junction diode.
II. Context
PN Junction diodes are used to direct currents in a specific
direction dependent on the biasing of the diode.
III. Circuit

IV. Measured Data

Current in Diode

Voltage After Resistor and Across Diode

PN Diode-iv Curve

V. Observations
Due to the software not detecting any voltage after it goes
through the diode, this can be caused by how the diode is biased.
The diode needing 0.7V or higher resulted a 0V reading. The fact
that the voltage oscillated from -3V to 3V whereas it approaches
0.7 V it sorts of discharges back.
VI. Conclusion
In this experiment, it can be observed that the Kirchhoff’s current
law works it intended purpose of trimming the voltage through
the diode. The IV curve across the diode observed in this lab is a
representation of the diode principle, which states that current
must pass through the diode at a specific forward voltage.
Experiment 2: Half Wave Rectifier
I. Objective/s:
The Purpose of this activity is to investigate the use of a diode as a
half wave rectifier.
II. Context
The output of a half wave rectifier is only half of an AC voltage
waveform. Only a single diode is required to build the half wave
rectifier circuit.
III. Circuit

IV. Measured Data

Source Waveform (Green) vs Rectified Wave (Blue)

𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑉𝑚 = 2.44𝑉

𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑉𝑜
= 0.318 × 𝑉𝑚
= 0.318 × 0.244
= 0.776𝑉

V. Observations
The wavelengths of the source and rectified waveforms are identical.
Although the voltages are different, both waveforms create throughs
at the same time. Before passing the diode, the voltage waveform
oscillates entirely between -3V and 3V AC. The voltage passed the
diode's waveform then oscillates mainly between 0 and 2.44 volts.
VI. Conclusion
The experiment successfully portrayed how a diode works on AC
where it only allows a single side of the wave to go through in regard
to its bias.
Experiment 3: Full Wave Rectifier (CT)
I. Objective/s:
The purpose of this activity is to investigate the use of
two diodes as a full wave rectifier.
II. Context
The negative component of an AC input wave is converted into a
positive DC voltage in full wave rectification. Only two diodes are
used in the CT Full Wave Rectifier.
III. Circuit

IV. Measured Data

Input Signal (Green) vs Rectified Signal (Blue)
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑉𝑚 = 2.44𝑉
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑉𝑜
= 0.636 × 𝑉𝑚
= 0.636 × 0.244
= 1.553𝑉

V. Observations
The input waveform has twice the period of the rectified
waveform, and the rectified waveform has twice the frequency of
the input waveform. It oscillates continuously from -3V to 3V in the
input signal, whereas it oscillates from 0V to 2.44V in the rectified
signal.
VI. Conclusion
This experiment proved that using two diodes can yield twice the
output voltage in a full wave rectification circuit compared to a half
wave rectifier.
Experiment 4: Full Wave Rectifier ( Bridge )
I. Objective/s:
The purpose of this activity is to investigate the use of four diodes
as a bridge rectifier.
II. Context
A full wave bridge rectifier is a circuit that converts both halves of
an AC supply wave into functional DC voltage. This circuit uses four
diodes in a bridge configuration.
III. Circuit

IV. Measured Data

Input Signal (Red) vs (+) Half Cycle (Green) vs (-) Half Cycle (Pink)

Source Voltage Signal (Pink) vs Rectified Waveform (Green)

 𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑉𝑚 = 1.902𝑉
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑉𝑜
= 0.636 × 𝑉𝑚
= 0.636 × 1.902
= 1.209𝑉

V. Observations
Given the fact that the rectified waveform has approximately twice
frequency of the source waveform, the generated voltage has
twice the period of the rectified waveform. The input signal
oscillates between -3 and 3 volts, whereas the negative half cycle
oscillates between 0.6 and -2.4 volts and the positive half cycle
oscillates between -0.6 and 2.4 volts. The rectified waveform
oscillates between 0 and 1.902 volts.
VI. Conclusion
The experiment portrayed how a full wave bridge rectifier with 4
diodes with an AC input can be converted into a DC voltage.
Experiment 5: Clipper Circuit
I. Objective/s:
The purpose of this activity is to investigate the use of diode as an
amplitude limiting or clipper circuit.
II. Context
Clipper circuits are meant to clip off or eliminate certain sections of
an input signal without distorting the remaining waveform.
III. Circuit

IV. Measured Data

Input Signal Voltage Waveform and Signal Voltage Waveform
at point +2

Output Signal w/ 10v DC source

Output Signal (Green) vs Voltage Signal Across Resistor (Pink)

V. Observations
The AC Input voltage at the initial point fluctuates between -3 and
3 volts. The AC voltage signal oscillates from 500mV to -500mV at a
secondary point which is past the 10k ohms load resistor. As a
result, the voltage signal across the resistor as the voltage
difference between the points oscillates between -2.5V and 2.5V. At
both crest and through, the waveform across the resistor seems to
be truncated by 0.5V. The output voltage across the load resistor
also appeared to be causing some distortion. All of this can be seen
when the DC supply, V2, is at 0V, effectively shorted.
VI. Conclusion
This experiment shows how a diode placed in a clipper circuit may
be used to limit the amplitude of any input voltage. It can be
deduced that the output of this clipper circuit is largely influenced
by the value of the DC source rather than the incoming AC input.
Experiment 6: Clamper Circuit
I. Objective/s:
The purpose of this activity is to investigate AC coupling and the
use of diode as a DC restoration circuit.
II. Context
DC restorers are another name for clamper circuits. The applied
waveforms are shifted over or below the DC reference voltage
using clamper circuits.
III. Circuit

IV. Measured Data

Output Waveform (Green) vs Supplied AC Waveform (Pink)

Voltage Across Capacitor

 V. Observations
The input waveform oscillating from 1V to -1V has a shifted down
output waveform now oscillating 460mV to -1540mV in this
specific circuit. The nature of this shift in the waveform appears to
be completely attributable to the diode's biasing, which is in
reverse bias from the DC source. When the diode is connected to
the DC source in forward bias, the output waveform shifts
upwards.

The output voltage is calculated in parallel with both the diode and
the resistor, but since the resistor was not present in this circuit, it
can be assumed it has infinite resistance, leaving an open circuit
that basically eliminates itself from the circuit.
VI. Conclusion
Clamper circuits work as DC restorers by moving an Ac signal up or
down based on the diode's biasing. As a result, instead of 0V, the
oscillating waveform now has a usable average voltage value that
acts like a DC signal. The shift is achievable because of the
capacitor in the circuit, which performs an AC coupling that
decides whether the output waveform moves up or down
depending on the diode's biasing.
Experiment 7: Zener Diode Regulator
I. Objective/s:
The purpose of this activity is to investigate the Zener diode as
voltage regulator.
II. Context
A Zener diode voltage regulator is very much an electrical circuit
that maintains a constant DC output voltage using a Zener diode.
III. Circuit

IV. Measured Data

Current Across the Zener Diode

Voltage at point +1

Comparison of both Graph

 V. Observations
The load resistance is variable in this circuit, while the input voltage
is fixed. If the load resistance is kept above a certain level, the output
volt stays the same.

As long as the current Iz remains in the break down region, the

voltage across the zener remains constant at its breakdown voltage
Vz. When the input voltage remains within a minimum and
maximum voltage range, a regulated DC output voltage Vo=Vz is
obtained across Rl.
VI. Conclusion
In this experiment, it proves that the Zener diode enables for a
simple, low-cost voltage regulator due to its particular reverse
breakdown voltage. Fine control of the voltage and supply current
can be achieved when the proper resistor is used.
Experiment 8: Common Emitter Amplifier
VII. Objective/s:
The purpose of this activity is to investigate the basics of the
common emitter configuration of the BJT.
VIII. Context
The common emitter amplifier is a voltage amplifier that consists of
three basic single-stage bipolar junction transistors.
IX. Circuit

X. Measured Data
Voltage comparison between points +1 (Green) and +2 (Blue)

XI. Observations
The forward bias across the emitter-base junction grows throughout
the upper half cycle when a signal is applied across this junction. This
boosts the collector current by increasing the flow of electrons from
the emitter to the collector via the base. More voltage drops across
the collector load resistor RC as the collector current increases. The
forward bias voltage across the emitter-base junction is reduced by
the negative half cycle. The collector current in the whole collector
resistor Rc reduces as the collector-base voltage lowers. As a result,
the collector resistor appears across the amplified load resistor.
 XII. Conclusion
This experiment proves that the common emitter amplifier is a
voltage amplifier that consists of three basic single-stage bipolar
junction transistors. The base terminal provides the amplifier's input,
the collector terminal provides the output, and the emitter terminal
is shared by both terminals.