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Overcurrent Protection

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

243 views78 pages

Overcurrent Protection

Uploaded by

alamin shawon

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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

OVERCURRENT PROTECTION

Lectures prepared by:

Satyaki Banik
Adjunct Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, BUET
SUBSEQUENT MATERIALS TAKEN FROM
[1] Paithankar, Y. G., and Bhide, S. R. (2003). Fundamentals of Power System Protection.
Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.
[2] Blackburn, J., and Domin, T. (2006). Protective Relaying: Principles and Applications, Third
Edition. Protective Relaying: Principles and Applications, Third Edition.
[3] Hewitson, L. G., Brown, M., and Balakrishnan, R. (2005). “Practical Power Systems
Protection.” Newnes, Oxford; Burlington, MA.
[4] Mason, C. R. (1956). The art and science of protective relaying.
[5] Webpage: Non Indirectional Induction Overcurrent Relay - Construction & Working
[6] Network Protection & Automation Guide: Overcurrent Protection for Phase and Earth faults,
Schneider Electric, [Link]
Overcurrent_Protection_for_Phase_and_Earthfaults.pdf
[7] V. K. Mehta and R. Mehta, Principles of power system : (including generation, transmission,
distribution, switchgear and protection). New Delhi: S. Chand, 2005.

24-Jun-21 EEE 477 2

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF OC RELAYS
The output of the relay is a normally-open
contact, which changes over to closed state when
the relay trips
Two adjustments/settings are possible on the relay.
1. Time multiplier setting: The time setting
decides the operating time of the relay at a Block diagram of an overcurrent relay
given multiple of setting current.
2. Plug setting: The plug setting decides the
current required for the relay to pick up.

24-Jun-21 Ref: [1], [3] EEE 477 3

PLUG-SETTING MULTIPLIER (PSM)
The plug-setting multiplier, PSM, is defined as follows: Example:
Irelay Let us consider a 1.0 A relay (i.e. a
PSM= relay with current coil designed to
PS
carry 1.0 A on a continuous basis)
Irelay → current through the relay operating coil, Plug has been set at 0.5 A (= PS),
𝐏𝐒 → plug-setting of the relay. i.e. at 50%.
✓ PSM < 1→ means that normal load current is
Assume that, for a certain fault, the
flowing.
relay current is 5.0 A (= Irelay).
✓ PSM > 1→ the relay is supposed to pick up.
Higher values of PSM indicate how serious the The relay, therefore, is said to be
fault is. operating at a PSM of (5.0/0.5) =
10.
24-Jun-21 Ref: [1] EEE 477 4
TYPES OF OVERCURRENT
RELAYS

24-Jun-21 EEE 477 5

INSTANTANEOUS OC RELAY Operating torque on the armature ∝ square of the current.

❖ Instantaneous actually means no

intentional time delay.
❖ Howsoever fast we want the relay to
operate, it needs a certain minimum
amount of time.
❖ The operating time of an instantaneous
relay is of the order of a few milliseconds.
❖ Such a relay has only the pick-up
setting and does not have any time setting.
Construction and characteristics of an instantaneous attracted
armature type OC relay

24-Jun-21 Ref: [1] EEE 477 6

DEFINITE TIME OC RELAY
❖ A definite time over-current relay can be
adjusted to issue a trip output at a definite
(and adjustable) amount of time, after it
picks up.
❖ Thus, it has a time-setting adjustment
and a pick-up adjustment.

Characteristics of a definite time OC relay

24-Jun-21 Ref: [1] EEE 477 7

INVERSE TIME OVER-CURRENT RELAY
❖ Goes with the idea that the more severe a fault is, the
faster it should be cleared to avoid damage to the
apparatus
❖ This type of characteristic is naturally obtained from an
electromechanical relay.
❖ With the advent of microprocessor-based relays, it is now
possible to generate any imaginable time-current
characteristic
❖ However, in order to maintain compatibility with the very
large number of electromechanical relays, in service, certain
inverse time characteristics, described in the following slides,
have been standardized.

24-Jun-21 Ref: [1], [3] EEE 477 8

Time dial setting

ELECTRO-MECHANICAL (EM) OC RELAY

As the name implies, it is a relay Typical
monitoring the current, and has inverse electromechanical
characteristics with respect to the currents (EM) overcurrent
being monitored. relay
This (electromechanical) relay is without Plug
doubt one of the most popular relays setting
used on medium- and low-voltage systems
for many years.

Modern digital relays’ characteristics are

still mainly based on the torque
characteristic of this type of relay. Schematic diagram of the EM
overcurrent relay
24-Jun-21 Ref: [3] EEE 477 9
OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF EM RELAYS
➢ The current 𝐼1 from the line CTs, sets up a magnetic flux 𝐴 and also induces
a current 𝐼2 in the secondary winding which in turn sets up a flux in 𝐵
➢ Fluxes 𝐴 and 𝐵 are out of phase thus producing a torque in the disk
causing it to rotate Schematic diagram of the EM
➢ Now, speed is proportional to braking torque, and is proportional to overcurrent relay
driving torque
Therefore, speed is proportional to I².
distance
➢ Since, Since speed= → the time will be inversely proportionate
time
to 𝑰.
➢ This therefore gives an inverse characteristic known as IDMTL (Inverse
Definite Minimum Time Lag) relay
Characteristics curve of IDMTL relay
24-Jun-21 Ref: [3] EEE 477 10
A FEW INVERSE TIME-
CURRENT CURVES

24-Jun-21 EEE 477 11

A FEW INVERSE TIME-CURRENT CURVES
1. Inverse definite minimum time (IDMT) over-current relay
• Most widely used characteristic
• The characteristic is inverse in the initial part
• Assumes a definite minimum operating time as the current becomes very high
Reason: In electromechanical relays, the flux saturates at high values of current. The
relay operating torque ( ∝ square of the flux), does not increase substantially after
the saturation sets in → limitation of the electromechanical technology.

0.14 (TMS)
t op =
PSM 0.02 −1

24-Jun-21 Ref: [1] EEE 477 12

A FEW INVERSE TIME-CURRENT CURVES (CONTD.)
2. Very inverse time over-current relay
The inverseness of this characteristic is higher than that of the IDMT characteristic.
The mathematical relation between the current and the operating time:
13.5 (TMS)
t op =
PSM −1
2. Extremely inverse time over-current relay
The inverseness of this characteristic is higher than that of the very inverse
characteristic.
The mathematical relation between the current and the operating time:
80 (TMS)
t op =
PSM 𝟐 −1

24-Jun-21 Ref: [1] EEE 477 13

COMPARISON
IDMT
0.14 (TMS)
t op =
PSM 0.02 −1

Very inverse
13.5 (TMS)
t op =
PSM −1

Extremely inverse
80 (TMS)
t op =
PSM 𝟐 −1

24-Jun-21 Ref: [1] EEE 477 14

IMPLEMENTATION OF
OVER-CURRENT RELAY

24-Jun-21 EEE 477 15

IMPLEMENTATION OF OVER-CURRENT RELAY
USING INDUCTION DISK
Torque can be produced by two alternating fluxes acting
on a common metallic, but non-magnetic rotor.
The figure shows two alternating fluxes φ1 and φ2
having a phase difference of 𝜽 between them.

Operating principle of induction disk type relay

24-Jun-21 Ref: [1] EEE 477 16

IMPLEMENTATION OF OVER-CURRENT RELAY
USING INDUCTION DISK (CONTD.)

24-Jun-21 Ref: [1] EEE 477 17

IMPLEMENTATION OF OVER-CURRENT RELAY
USING INDUCTION DISK (CONTD.)

The following important conclusions can be drawn from the

above expression for torque:
1. Two alternating fluxes with a phase shift are needed for
torque production, i.e. a single alternating flux would not
produce torque.
2. Maximum torque is produced when two alternating fluxes
are shifted in phase by 90˚.
3. The resultant torque is steady, i.e. it is not a function of
time, as time t is not involved in the expression for torque.
24-Jun-21 Ref: [1] EEE 477 18
IMPLEMENTATION OF OVER-CURRENT RELAY
USING INDUCTION DISK (CONTD.)
▪ Two fluxes shifted in time phase are obtained
from the input current, by using a shading coil.
▪ The flux in the shaded coil lags the main flux.
▪ Deflecting torque, Tdeflecting : torque produced
by the interaction of the two fluxes, neglecting
saturation, is proportional to 𝐼 2 since each of the
flux is proportional to 𝐼.
▪ Controlling torque, Tcontrolling : The spiral
spring provides the control torque. Control torque ▪ Damping torque, Tdamping: The permanent
is directly proportional to the angle 𝛿, through magnet provides the damping torque, which is
which the back-stop has been retarded from the active only when the disc is in motion and is thus
trip position. proportional to the rate of change of angle 𝑑𝛿Τ𝑑𝑡.

24-Jun-21 Ref: [1] EEE 477 19

IMPLEMENTATION OF OVER-CURRENT RELAY
USING INDUCTION DISK (CONTD.)

24-Jun-21 Ref: [1] EEE 477 20

DEEPER UNDERSTANDING
ABOUT TMS AND PSM

24-Jun-21 EEE 477 21

INDUCTION TYPE NON-DIRECTIONAL
OVERCURRENT RELAY

❑The spindle of the disc carries moving

contacts.
❑when the disc rotates, the moving contacts
come in contact with fixed contacts → trip
circuit closes.
❑Angle for which the moving contacts
rotate can be adjusted from 0 to 360
degrees.

Schematic diagram of Induction type

non-directional overcurrent relay

24-Jun-21 Ref: [5] EEE 477 22

TIME MULTIPLIER SETTING (TMS) TMS adjusting dial

The time required for operation can be

changed by adjusting the initial location of
moving contacts w.r.t. fixed contacts with a
dial.
This dial is is called Time Multiplier Setting
(TMS) adjusting dial.
The dial is calibrated from 0 to 1 → 0 to
360 degrees.

TSM is used to calculate the actual time of

operation:
Multiply the time obtained from time-PSM
curve with TSM.
24-Jun-21 EEE 477 23
INDUCTION TYPE NON-DIRECTIONAL
OVERCURRENT RELAY

❑The primary is connected to the

secondary of C.T on the line to be
protected.
❑This winding is tapped at intervals.
❑The tappings are connected to plug
setting bridge.
❑With the help of this bridge, the number
of turns of the primary winding can be
adjusted.
❑There are usually seven sections of
tappings to have the overcurrent range Schematic diagram of Induction type
from 50% to 200% in steps of 25%. non-directional overcurrent relay

24-Jun-21 Ref: [5] EEE 477 24

INDUCTION TYPE NON-DIRECTIONAL
OVERCURRENT RELAY

❑The primary is connected to the

24-Jun-21 Ref: [5] EEE 477 25

INDUCTION TYPE NON-DIRECTIONAL
OVERCURRENT RELAY

❑The primary is connected to the

24-Jun-21 Ref: [5] EEE 477 26

INDUCTION TYPE NON-DIRECTIONAL
OVERCURRENT RELAY

❑The primary is connected to the

24-Jun-21 Ref: [5] EEE 477 27

INDUCTION TYPE NON-DIRECTIONAL
OVERCURRENT RELAY

❑The primary is connected to the

24-Jun-21 Ref: [5] EEE 477 28

WHAT DOES THE PLUG SETTING MEAN?
These values are percentages of the
current rating of the relay.
Thus, a relay current rating may be 10
A i.e. it can be connected to C.T. with
the secondary current rating of 10 A.
BUT, with 50% setting the relay will
start operating at 5A.

Pick-up current
= Rated secondary current of CT x %plug setting

24-Jun-21 Ref: [5] EEE 477 29

PLUG SETTING (CONTD.)

Pick-up current
= Rated secondary current of CT x %plug setting

Example:
150/5 A CT with plug setting 50%.
Therefore,
relay pick-up current = 0.5 x 5 = 2.5 A.

24-Jun-21 EEE 477 30

FORMULA FOR CALCULATING PSM
Let, TMS
CT ratio → x : y
Fault current in CT primary → 𝐼𝑓

PSM = no. of times the relay current is in excess of the

current setting
fault current in relay coil
= pick−up value
Fault current in CT primary ∗ yx
= Rated secondary current of CT ∗ %plug setting
y
𝐼𝑓 ∗ x
= y ∗ %PS
𝐼𝑓
∴ PSM = x ∗ %PS
24-Jun-21 Ref: [7] EEE 477 31
FACTORS INFLUENCING CHOICE OF PLUG SETTING
1. Load conditions: Must not trip for healthy conditions, i.e. full load and permissible
overloads, re-energization and starting surges
2. Load current redistribution after tripping
3. Fault currents: High fault currents can cause saturation of CTs. Choice of CT ratio
is important
4. CT performance: Magnetization curve. Its internal resistance
5. Relay burden: Increases at lower taps on electromechanical relays
6. Relay accuracy: Better at top end of curve. Attempt to use in tight grading
applications.

24-Jun-21 Ref: [3] EEE 477 32

NUMERICAL EXAMPLE: 01
Problem statement:
An IDMT overcurrent relay is used to protect a feeder through 500/1 A CT. The relay
has a plug setting of 125% and TMS = 0.3.
Find the time of operation of the relay if a fault current of 5000A flows through the
feeder. Make use of the following characteristics.

PSM 2 3 5 8 10 15
Time for 10 6 4.5 3.2 3 2.5
TMS = 1.0

24-Jun-21 Ref: [7] EEE 477 33

NUMERICAL EXAMPLE: 01 (CONTD.)
Solution:

24-Jun-21 EEE 477 34

NUMERICAL EXAMPLE: 02
Problem statement:
Referring to the Figure, fault current is 2000 A. Relay 1 set on 100%, CT ratio 200/1
A. Relay 2 set on 125%, CT ratio 200/1 A. For discrimination, the time gradient
margin between the relays is 0.5 sec.
Determine the time of operation of the two relays, assuming that both the relays have
the characteristic as shown in the following table and Relay 1 has a TMS of 0.2.
Also, determine the TMS of Relay 2.

PSM 2 3.6 5 8 10 15
Time for 10 6 3.9 3.15 2.8 2.2
TMS = 1.0

24-Jun-21 Ref: [7] EEE 477 35

NUMERICAL EXAMPLE: 02 (CONTD.)
Solution:

24-Jun-21 EEE 477 36

NUMERICAL EXAMPLE: 02 (CONTD.)
Solution:

24-Jun-21 EEE 477 37

NUMERICAL EXAMPLE: 03
Problem statement:
A 20MVA transformer which is used to provide at 30% overload feeds a 11-kV
busbar through a circuit breaker. The transformer circuit breaker is equipped with a
1000/5A CT and the feeder circuit breaker with 400/5A CT. Both the CTs are
connected to IDMT relays having the following characteristics.
PSM 2 3 5 10 15 20
Time for TMS = 1.0 10 6 4.1 3 2.5 2.2

The relay on the feeder circuit breaker has 125% plug setting and a TMS of 0.3. If a
fault current of 5000A flows from transformer to the feeder, determine –
1. Operating time of the feeder relay
2. Suggest suitable plug setting and TMS of the transformer relay to ensure
adequate discrimination of 0.5s between the transformer relay and feeder relay.
24-Jun-21 Ref: [7] EEE 477 38
APPLICATION OF
DTOC AND IDMT
OVERCURRENT RELAYS

24-Jun-21 EEE 477 39

APPLICATION OF DEFINITE TIME OC RELAYS
PROTECTION OF A DISTRIBUTION FEEDER
The protection problem can be stated
as follows:

Given the magnitudes of all the loads

and the fault currents at all the buses,
how to set the DTOC relays at buses A
and B so that the entire feeder gets over-
current protection arranged as primary
and back-up protection.

24-Jun-21 Ref: [1] EEE 477 40

APPLICATION OF DEFINITE TIME OC RELAYS
PROTECTION OF A DISTRIBUTION FEEDER
Steps in designing the over-current
protection:
1. Choose CT ratios
▪ Primary current = max. load current
▪ Secondary current = relay current
rating
2. Relay setting
▪ PSM: select the pick-up value
▪ TMS: set the operating time

24-Jun-21 Ref: [1] EEE 477 41

SETTING THE PICK-UP VALUE
PLUG SETTING
The relay should allow normal
load as well as a certain
degree of overload to be
supplied. Thus, the pick-up
value of the relay should be
more than the allowable
maximum load.
Also, the relay should be
sensitive enough to respond to
the smallest fault. Thus, the
pick-up value should be less
than the smallest fault
current.

24-Jun-21 Ref: [1] EEE 477 42

Overshoot time is defined as the time for
which the relay mechanism continues to move
SETTING THE OPERATING TIME (because of the moment of inertia), even
after the operating coil has been de-
energized.

A relay must get an adequate

chance to protect the zone
under its primary protection.
Only if the primary protection
does not clear the fault, the
back-up protection should
initiate tripping.
We must allow for the
overshoot of the primary
relay, so that there is proper
coordination between the
primary and the back-up.
24-Jun-21 Ref: [1] EEE 477 43
WHAT IS OVERSHOOT?
When the relay is de-energized, operation may continue for a little longer until any
stored energy has been dissipated. For example –
▪ induction disc relays will have stored kinetic energy in the motion of the disc;
▪ static relay circuits may have energy stored in capacitors.
Relay design is directed to minimizing and absorbing these energies, but some
allowance is usually necessary.
The overshoot time is defined as the difference between the operating time of a relay
at a specified value of input current and the maximum duration of input current, which
when suddenly reduced below the relay operating level, is insufficient to cause relay
operation.
Electromechanical relays will have a larger overshoot time than numerical relays.
24-Jun-21 EEE 477 44
CONFIGURING THE DTOC RELAY
Steps:
1. Start the setting from the tail end of the
feeder system.
2. The relay, which is at the end of the
radial feeder, can be made to operate
without any delay, as it does not have
to coordinate with any other relay.
3. Let us assume that the operating time of
𝑅𝐵 is set to 0.1s.
4. Thus, relay 𝑅𝐴 should wait for 0.1s, a
time equal to the operating time of
circuit at bus B (𝑇𝐶𝐵,𝐵 ) plus overshoot
time of relay A (𝑇𝑂𝑆,𝐴 ).

24-Jun-21 Ref: [1] EEE 477 45

CONFIGURING THE DTOC RELAY (CONTD.)
Hence,

Assuming 𝑻𝑪𝑩,𝑩 = 0.5 s and 𝑻𝑶𝑺,𝑨 = 0.2 s,

24-Jun-21 Ref: [1] EEE 477 46

CONFIGURING THE DTOC RELAY (CONTD.)
SELECTIVE TIME INTERVAL (STI) / TIME GRADED MARGIN
The time step between the operating
times of the two relays, which is equal to
the sum of the operating time of the circuit
breaker at B and the overshoot time of
relay A, is essential for maintaining
selectivity between relays at A and B.
Hence this interval is referred to as the
selective time interval (STI) or time
graded margin.

∴ 𝑺𝑻𝑰 = 𝑇𝐶𝐵,𝐵 + 𝑇𝑂𝑆,𝐴 = 0.7 𝑠

24-Jun-21 Ref: [1] EEE 477 47

CONFIGURING THE DTOC RELAY (CONTD.)
SELECTIVE TIME INTERVAL (STI) / TIME GRADED MARGIN
The grading margin depends on a number At one time 0.5 s was a normal grading
of factors: margin.
1. the fault current interrupting time of With faster modern circuit breakers and a
the circuit breaker lower relay overshoot time, 0.4 s is
reasonable, while under the best conditions
2. relay timing errors even lower intervals may be practical.
3. the overshoot time of the relay
4. CT errors
5. final margin on completion of
operation

24-Jun-21 Ref: [6] EEE 477 48

CONFIGURING THE DTOC RELAY
SETTINGS

24-Jun-21 Ref: [1] EEE 477 49

SHORTCOMINGS OF
THE DTOC RELAY
It can be seen from this figure that
as the fault moves towards the
source, the fault currents become
larger, and the fault clearing time
also becomes longer.
This is because the relays nearer the
source are deliberately delayed so
that they are selective with relays
downstream. Thus, the relay nearest
to the source is the slowest.
This is not desirable.

24-Jun-21 Ref: [1] EEE 477 50

It can be shown that a significant
improvement in fault clearing time, as
we move towards the source, is
SOLUTION?
obtained if we use the Inverse
Definite Minimum Time (IDMT)
relays.

24-Jun-21 EEE 477 51

APPLICATION OF IDMT OC RELAYS
PROTECTION OF A DISTRIBUTION FEEDER
✓ The purpose of relay 𝑅𝐵 is to provide
primary protection to line BC.
✓ The purpose of relay 𝑅𝐴 is to provide
primary protection to line AB and back-
up to line BC.
Steps:
1. Choose CT ratios
▪ Primary current = max. load current
▪ Secondary current = relay current rating
2. Relay setting
▪ PSM: select the pick-up value
▪ TMS: set the operating time