COP TOPIC 1

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COP TOPIC2

2.1.1Networking concepts

Definition of a computer network

Computer network: A group of nodes that are connected so that they can communicate data with each
other and share resources.

The electronic equipment, devices, computers and or systems connected in a network are called network
nodes. They are points on the route that the data packets take to reach their destination. Each node has a
unique address so that the others can find it.

A node responds to these signals by creating, receiving, sending of storing data.

Network nodes are linked physically (with telephone lines, wires, cables, radio waves, infrared light
beams and/or satellites), or logically with protocols, for instance the Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP), Internet Protocol (IP) and File Transfer Protocol (FTP). Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)
converts voice data, so that voice communication is possible over the, internet.

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Computer networks are also found in many
homes, businesses and places of education.

The two main types of computer networks are:

- Local area networks (LANs)

Connects devices in a limited physical
area, such as a house, offices in a
building, or a building complex, for
instance, a college or hospital.

- Wide area networks (WANs). A LAN

A WAN
Connects devices in a larger network
over a larger area, such as government
buildings in a city, or different cities,
countries and continents. The World
Wide Web (WWW) is the largest
WAN.

A Virtual Private Network (VPN) links LANs

over the internet, which is less expensive than
setting up a WAN.

Using a network can have several advantages. Larger regional radio wave networks can form a Wireless
Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN). This technology makes Wi-Fi hotspots possible. Other advantages
generally include the following:

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 1. Different devices can be linked, which makes it easier for the user to receive, send, find, or
update data.
2. Networks can connect people in different rooms, office branches, geographical areas and
countries.
3. Users in a network can communicate easily communicate over long distances, which saves
time and money.
4. Employees can use the same software, internet connection, debase, storage, printer, hard drive
and/or server, which saves costs.
5. It is possible to buy one network licence for the software, instead of one for each user.
6. Data in a network is centralised and doesn't have to be duplicated for each user.
7. Employees can work together on the same project, from different places and at different
times.

Disadvantages may include the following:

1. It may be expensive to set up a network initially, especially the hardware needed.

2. Some networks need computer specialists to set them up and to maintain them.
3. Troubleshooting in a WAN may be difficult because of all the nodes involved over a large area.
4. Security against hacking and malware can be a problem. It is easy to secure a LAN, for instance
with one firewall and antivirus software. However, each of the many nodes of the smaller
networks that make up a WAN need security.
5. Good internet connectivity and bandwidth are needed, which can be costly and might not be
available in all areas.
6. Smaller networks may experience interference from other networks that depend on the same
radio frequencies.
7. The larger a network, the slower the data transfer between nodes might become.

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2.1.2 Networking hardware

a) USBs and hubs

A Universal Serial Bus (USB) device is inserted into a USB port on a PC or laptop. It is used to connect
a digital device (e.g. printer, camera or smartphone) to a computer. Smartphones and tablets use a
micro-USB.

b) Modems, routers, and servers

You can plug a cord from your computer directly into a modem. The modem should be plugged
into a telephone or fibre-optic line to connect you to the internet. Some 'modems' are a combination of
a modem and a router. A router connects a network of computers and devices to a modem, so that the
network can have internet access.

c) Cables and lines

Wired networks use cables to transmit data between computers and other devices.

The infrastructure of telephone lines is used for computer networks, such as digital subscriber lines
(DSL) and asymmetric digital subscriber lines (AIDSL). They allow you to connect to the internet
and use the phone with just one telephone line.

Ethernet is a wired network technology that is often used in homes, schools and offices. The
computer must have an ethernet port. An ethernet cable looks like a landline phone cord and is
connected to a telephone line or router It can be a twisted pair cable.

A cable modem works with coaxial cable lines to deliver baseband and broadband internet. These
are shielded cables, meaning they have one or more insulated conductors inside and a conductive layer
outside. They carry radio frequency signals effectively and are well-protected against interference from
other signals.

Glass fibres in fibre-optic cables transmit data in the form of light pulses at extremely fast speeds.
These cables can link computers in many buildings to a network. For example, city homes that are in a
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) can be linked to the internet with fibre-optic cables.

Fibre-optic networks operate at very high speeds. They are more resistant to interference from radio
frequencies and to electromagnetic interference from other cables or devices. Single-mode cables are
usually used for longer distances, and multimode cables for buildings.

d) Network adapters, switches and bridges

A network adapter is also called a network interface card (NIC) or network interface controller. It
connects a computer to a network or to the internet (eg. a home network). Most newer computers have
such a card built into the motherboard.

A wireless adapter responds to a certain Wi-Fi frequency and connects a computer to a wireless
network. Newer computers also have such an adapter built into them.

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A switch is a 'box' with ethernet ports. Switches are used to link computers, modems, and other
switches into a network. They organise the data traffic to and from each port so that each device in the
network has enough bandwidth.

A network bridge connects two separate computer networks, or two segments of one network. It
improves overall performance by filtering the data. The data is sent to a specific node and blocked from
others, which reduces the traffic in the network.

e) Waves, frequencies and clouds

Television remotes use infrared, which are light waves that humans cannot see.

You can also send data to another computer with infrared, but there must be line of sight. The
devices must be physically visible to each other.

Bluetooth is a wireless technology using low-power radio signals to send data between devices and
their peripherals. For example, you may have a wireless keyboard and mouse for your laptop or tablet; a
fitness watch syncing to a smartphone or a remote control opening a garage door. Bluctooth does not
require line of sight between a device and its peripheral.

Wi-Fi is another networking technology using electromagnetic waves at a certain frequency (radio
waves) to send signals between devices. You need a modem and often a router too. There are many Wi-
Fi hotspots around the country. You can also use a smartphone as a hotspot to connect devices in your
home or small office to the internet) Cell towers, repeaters and satellites

c) Cell towers, repeaters, and satellites

Mobile networks cover large areas. They need many cellular phone towers and radio frequencies to
operate. They send signal packets (with sound, text or data) to and from peoples devices. Each cell
tower has an antenna, receivers, and transmitters.

A repeater or signal booster increases the strength of a signal and resends it to the next antenna, so that
it travels further. Phone networks, radio stations and Wi-Fi networks may use repeaters. Digital repeaters
can also fix a distorted signal to some extent.

In satellite communication, electromagnetic waves carry data signals from an earth station to a
satellite above the earth (e g. voice, text or video), and down again to another earth station in the
coverage area of the satellite. The signals can travel very far in this way.

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2.1.3 An overview of the operation of networking hardware

This section looks at a network's architecture (design), topology arrangement) and layers (functioning).

a) Network architecture

A computer network's architecture, how it’s hardware, software protocols and transmission media
are organised and designed. Networks with the same architecture can be linked with bridges to
exchange data easily. Those with different architectures are linked with gateways that convert the
data before transmitting it.

b) Network topology

Each network also has a specific geometric topology. The names of the topologies refer to the physical
relationships between the devices in the network.

Here are examples:

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c) Network layers

A computer network operates in different layers, each with its own functions, some functions are present
from the beginning of the data transmission to the end.

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TOPIC 3

3.1 Computational thinking skills

Computational thinking: The approach we take when solving a problem by decomposing it into smaller
parts, recognizing patterns or similarities, abstracting details, and creating algorithms.

The computational process will take place within a given problem domain.

3.1.1 The correct order

If a programmer does not arrange the instructions to a computer in exactly the right order, the computer
program will not be successful. In computational thinking, order is important at various stages. For
example, you may have to:

• Arrange the smaller parts of the problem from most to least important, or from most to
least urgent, or from easiest to most difficult, and so on.
• Organise the information you collect about the problem or its parts.
• Organise your thoughts and words well when you communicate.
• Do mathematical calculations in the correct order of operation.
• Place objects in the correct order (e.g. the way you will need them in a procedure).
• Work out the steps of an algorithm logically and systematically.

3.1.2 Detailed steps

When you reach the algorithm stage of your planning, it is necessary to include as much relevant detail as
possible. You should try to think of everything that is involved with, or needed for, the specific issue.
Also think about anything that could go wrong.

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3.1.3 Patterns

Patterns are sequences or repetitions in things or events that we can compare with one another. For
example, we have weather patterns, traffic patterns, behaviour patterns, and so on.

Stage 2 of the computational thinking process is pattern recognition. This is where you note patterns,
trends, regularities (consistencies) or similarities (parallels) in the data, the problem or the desired
solution/s. You can also make connections with your experience of such data, or of similar problems.

Raw data has little meaning until you organise it and then interpret it. This means you have to extract
meaning from what you see. Are there patterns and trends? Are there exceptions to the 'rule'? What
conclusions can you draw from your findings?

Problems sometimes share characteristics. Some of their qualities can be exactly alike, or only more or
less the same. Noticing similarities among and within problems helps you to:

• Take more information into account.

• Be aware of exceptions to the rule.

• Build on proven findings.

• Learn from what worked well in similar situations.

• Avoid mistakes that were made previously.

Patterns, irregularities and similarities help us to think about what is likely or probable to happen next.

We cannot always predict an outcome accurately. This is because variables in the situation may change.
For example, economists may predict economic growth based on patterns they observe. However, an
unexpected large-scale event may change the circumstances.

There are many fields in which trends in the data are important. Software has been developed to respond
to such patterns. People (and machines) then base their decisions on the results.

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3.1.4 Algorithms

Definition of an algorithm:

Algorithm: A set of steps, instructions or rules a human, machine or computer should follow in
performing a task, such as doing a calculation or solving a problem.

The steps must meet certain criteria.

They should be:

• Based on available resources.

• Clear, accurate and well-defined.

• Able to produce the desired output.

• Finite, meaning that at some stage the process must come to an end.

• In the correct order. This makes the process more efficient, and saves time and costs.

Algorithms don't only belong to the world of computers, science, and mathematics.

Some algorithms are already prescribed for you. For example:

• To assemble a flat-packed table, follow the steps in the instruction leaflet.

• To open a Gmail account, follow the prompts on the screen.

• To set up a new computer, perform procedures in the correct order.

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3.1.5 A problem-solving technique

The steps of a basic, logical technique for solving almost any problem.

a) Step 1: Understand the problem

Write down the main issues and requirements of the problem. Find out what caused the problem; how
people became aware of it, what effect's the problem has had or could have; what the solution should do,
what has been tried before, etc. Represent the problem with a diagram, table, flowchart, description or
other method to show how you understand the issue.

b) Step 2: Identify the tools you need

c) Step 3: Do decomposition

d) Step 4: Do abstraction and pattern recognition

e) Step 5: Design the algorithm/s

f) Step 6: Take action

g) Step 7: Evaluate the results

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COP TOPIC 4

Internet and communication skills

4.1 Introduction to the History internet and the WWW

4.1.1 Understanding the terminology.

Definition of the internet

The internet: A global network consisting of interconnected computer networks using a variety of
communication protocols which allow text, audio and visual data to be transmitted between computers
that have internet access.

The computers in the internet network communicate with each other using computer rules called
protocols, such as the Internet Protocol (IP). Each computer, including devices like your smartphone, has
an IP address that is used in the background.

You will have heard the expressions 'being connected to the internet' and "being online”. Connectivity is
the ability to connect to a network or another computer or digital device. Computers and devices that are
connected can exchange information.

To access the internet, your computer must be connected to it through the paid services of an internet
service provider (ISP). Your computer also needs to be connected to the internet physically by means of a
modem. A modem makes it possible to transfer data.

You should also have enough bandwidth, which is provided by the ISP. Bandwidth is the range of
frequencies that are used to transmit data digitally. The connection will either be wired (e.g. a telephone
line or an ADSL line) or wireless (e.g. fibre-optic cables, LTE, 4G or 5G).

All computers and computer networks together create a huge digital information space called the World
Wide Web (WWW) or Web. This space gives users access to billions of images, documents, files, and
websites and to many social networks.

The internet is part of the WWW. It is the surface web' of the Web. There is also a 'hidden web, or deep
web, which cannot be reached or searched through ordinary search engines. This is where more protected
things are handled, such as online banking, web mail, and websites with restricted access, such as some
online newspapers. Even if you key in the web address of such a site, you won't 'get in, as there are
security measures in place.

The dark web is a small part of the deep web. Its content is accessed through networks that use the
internet to function and need special software or authorisation.

The dark web is known for illegal markets for drugs and guns, hacking, fraud, counterfeit money and fake
goods.

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All the websites on the internet need a unique web address so that web browsers can find them. Web
browsers and web servers are programs that communicate with each other over the internet using the
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). A typical web address therefore starts with [Link]

Definition of a web address

Web address: The location of a website, webpage or file (eg. a document, video or image) on the
internet. It is also called a URL.

Definition of a URL

Uniform Resource Locator (URL): The string of information showing the address of a website,
webpage or other content on the Web.

So, for example, [Link] is the web address of the University of Cape Town (uct), which is an
academic institution (ac) in South Africa (za).

The URL up to the domain extension (e.g. [Link]) will take you to the website on the
internet. The content on the website (text, images, videos, etc.) is found on different sections of the
website, called webpages. A longer URL with words after a single slash (e.g. [Link]/contact)
will take you to a webpage (e.g. 'Contact Us') on the site.

To set up a website on the Web, you need a web hosting service. This is because of the technical aspects
involved. You are then responsible for supplying the content that must appear on the webpages.

A web browser is an application program that allows you to browse the internet and access websites
through their web addresses.

When you key in a URL in a web browser, the browser sends a request over the internet to the web server.
It requests the home page of the website whose address you have keyed in. The web server is a program
that sends back the page in HTML format, which the web browser must interpret before it can be
displayed on your screen.

A search engine collects and stores an index of the locations of millions of websites.

This allows you to search for websites and webpages on the internet using keywords as search terms.
Examples of search engines are Google Search, Bing and Yahoo!. Other popular search engines in other
countries are Baidu in China and Yandex in Russia.

When you key in one or more search terms in a search box, the powerful search algorithms examine the
index of the search engine for any websites, documents or filenames containing that term. Within a matter
of split seconds, the search results are listed on your screen.

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Many features of useful tools and networks on the internet are free, although they may charge for
advanced access or services. Here are examples:

• Dropbox: Manage, store, and share documents in this online workspace.

• Gmail: Send and receive emails.

• Google Books: Read full-text books, previews and reviews.

Google Maps: Find a place (e.g. a business), see the map and get driving, walking or public transport
directions.

• Google Translate: Translate text from one language to another.

• LinkedIn: Advertise yourself professionally and join a community of people in your field of work or
expertise.

• Quora: Find answers on this question-and-answer website which is maintained

by internet users.

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4.1.2 Use a web browser and a URL

Web browsers are used on desktops, laptops, tablets and smartphones. Of all the browsers available, these
five are currently used the most: Internet Explorer/Microsoft Edge, Chrome, Opera, Firefox and Safari.
Chrome holds two-thirds of the market share, followed by Safari. (See Figures 4.1.6 and 4.1.7.)

To launch or start a web browser you have to be online, which means that your computer must be
connected to the internet. This connection is provided by your ISP.

There are many ISPs in South Africa, for instance Afrihost, MTN, Supersonic, Telkom Internet, Vodacom,
Vox, XDSL, etc.

In newer browsers, you don't have to key in the http:// part of the URL, or sometimes even the www. part.
However, you must always key in the correct domain name and extension.

If you are unsure of the full URL, key in the domain name (e.g. absa) and click the correct address
suggested by the browser.

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4.1.3 Use the internet safely

This section describes features of internet safety and security.

a) Passwords

You will have to register a password and/or a username in situations such as these:

• To use a bank site or app to manage your money.

• To open an online shopping account.

• To access your emails or documents on a network.

• To join a members-only group or website.

Passwords should be at least eight characters in length and consist of a mixture of letters, numbers and
symbols. Use different passwords for differen sites and devices.

Don't tell others what your passwords are.

b) Captcha

A captcha tests whether the activity on the webpage is that of a human or a program (which could be
malware). The acronym stands for 'completely automated public Turing test to tell computers and humans
apart:

Many captchas ask you to key in the numbers and/or letters you see in a distorted image on the screen.
Others ask you to identify objects in a group of pictures (e.g. you must indicate all the pictures showing a
car or a part of it).

C) Layered authentication

Authentication or verification systems prevent people from posing as you and accessing your accounts or
data. The website or webpage will ask you to identify yourself before you can proceed. For example, you
might need to give two or more of these: a password; username; ID number; account number; PIN other
personal [Link] high-security systems have multiple layers of authentication. For example, to
enter the building. Lenny swipes his employee card and keys in a PIN. At the security desk, he looks into
a biometrical device that scans the retina of his eye. Then, to open the door of the boardroom, he places
his finger on a fingerprint scanner.

d) Information piracy

Piracy refers to the illegal use, copying or distribution of something that is copyrighted. The copyright of,
or the 'right to copy' any software, books, online articles, images, music, art, games, etc. belongs to the
person who created the material.

(See also Section 5.3.4.)

Piracy takes place, for example, when a person:

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• Downloads and uses content without permission (eg. images, books or movies).

• Buys goods which someone has copied from an original (e.g. a DVD).

• Copies goods which someone else has paid for (eg. a purchased software program).

• Passes off someone else's content as their own (eg. information). This is called plagiarism.

Criminal groups and individuals commit piracy for various reasons. They want to save money or make
money; they are lazy or unoriginal; they are unethical and don't fear the law. They may feel that the
software is too expensive, or that a few illegally copied DVDs won't harm anyone. Some people argue
that they are 'testing' the software or CD and will buy it if they like it. However, piracy is punishable by
law.

Information piracy not only steals the ideas and hard work of the original creators - such as artists,
authors, photographers, performers, designers and producers - but also robs them of their income. This
results in less tax paid to the government, which deprives the country of legal income.

e) Information privacy

Information privacy is about keeping a person's personal data private. Huge amounts of personal
information are constantly being collected. For example, our:

Data that is collected can be shared with others. For instance, a company might offer organisations money
for their clients' email addresses, so that the company can email promotions to their clients as part of its
marketing.

However, data sharing is not legal unless you give your consent for your information to be shared. People
must know which of their information is being collected, what it is used for, and why. And, if it is shared,
to whom and why. When you create an account online, sign up with a group or service, or download an
app, always read the Terms and Conditions and the Privacy Policy.

Companies that collect personal information should have a real purpose for doing so. They must try to
keep it safe from criminals (e.g. hackers). Cybercriminals usually want to use the information to gain
access to people's accounts, steal their identity, or resell the data to a buyer.

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4.1.4 Use a search engine

You can perform searches online to find information for personal, education, work or entertainment
purposes. There are different search engines, for example Google, Bing, and Yahoo!.

Search engines run on very fast, very large servers. They handle the search requests of many users at the
same time. A search engine finds what you are looking for by using its index of millions of websites. It
builds up this index with its software called web crawlers (also known as search engine bots or spiders').

The spiders' crawl the Web looking for new websites on servers They analyse each website (eg. its name,
type of content, how many pages it has, whether there are images and videos, etc.). They then add such
details to the index, and organise and rank the information.

So, when you key in search terms (e.g. 'how to change a tyre'), the search engine's algorithms can find
matching content very fast. The relevant search results are displayed. You can now click the links to go to
those websites’ and webpages.

When you launch a web browser (e.g. Microsoft Edge or Chrone), its search engine should be available
by default. However, do the following if the ab box at the top of the window stays blank, or if you want to
use another search engine:

• Capital letters: You don't have to use capital letters (e.g. souta africa).

• Punctuation: Punctuation (e.g. full stops or question marks) is unnecessary.

• Filler words: You can leave out words like the, a, an, of, in, about, my, them, etc.

• Questions: 'How to' questions are helpful (e.g. how to write a cover letter).

• Specific terms: Where possible, use specific rather than non-specific, generic words (e.g. fish eagle
instead of just bird).

• Fixed phrases: If you use double quotation marks around search terms, they become a fixed phrase (e.g.
"fish eagle"). The search engine will look for the phrase as a whole, and not the separate instances of
these words.

• More than one term: Use more than one search term to narrow down your search.

For example, if you want to read about tuberculosis in your province and key in TB, there will be millions
of search results. However, if you key in TB Gauteng, there will be fewer yet more relevant search
results.

• Spelling: Try to spell words correctly. However, the search engine software could correct your typing
error automatically or suggest alternative spellings.

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Search engines usually have an Advanced Search feature. Some have a button you click for this; for
others you need to go to a webpage (e.g. [Link]/advanced search). Specify search options such
as these and more in the dialog box:

• All these words / This exact word or phrase / Any of these words / None of these words.

• Language; or region (e.g. South Africa or New Zealand).

• The type of site or domain (e.g. org will prevent sites with .com, gov or .edu from appearing in the
search results).

• The terms can appear anywhere in the page, or only in the title, URL, etc.

• SafeSearch: Filter results of explicit or offensive content.

You can also use special search terms to activate online tools built into in the search engine. For example,
do you want to convert a price in dollars to rand? Are you looking for the definition of a word, or for its
synonyms? Do you need to know the distance between two places, or the time or weather in another town
or country?

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COP TOPIC 5

5.1.1 ICTs and our daily lives and homes

There are many digital devices, and apps for almost any topic. ICTs affect the way we:

• Communicate: We send text messages, emails, photos and video recordings to others. We make calls,
post comments and blogs, and regularly bring our social media up to date. Instant messaging and video
calls make our communication more personal over long distances.

• Work: We interact with colleagues, clients and service providers through the internet. We create
databases, hold presentations and do word processing. Many professionals work from home offices.
People can find jobs online.

• Do business: Websites allow us to buy and sell online, and pay for purchases with our smartphone or
credit card. We order food deliveries and make online bookings. Computerised cash registers and barcode
scanners save time for business owners.

• Travel: Digital maps and GPS have replaced printed maps. Apps show distances between destinations
and give us detailed directions. We get information on flights and train schedules, and about delays and
accidents. Driverless cars and trucks are being used.

• Learn: We can enrol for online courses and attend virtual study groups. Videos and tutorials teach us
how to do, make or fix things. We can ask experts questions and download e-books on any subject.

• Manage time: We organise our lives around digital alarm clocks and calendars, electronic diaries, and
apps for our to-do lists. Our smartwatches tell us the time, but also notify us of calls and messages on our
smartphones.

• Socialise: Our devices keep the details of our contacts within easy reach. We meet new people on social
media. We can join video calls, online groups and chatrooms to communicate with people who share the
same interests.

• Are entertained: TV and radio programmes are available for streaming or as podcasts. We watch music,
sport, nature, travel and funny videos on YouTube, or make our own. We rent or buy movies online to
watch at home.

• Find information: We check weather forecasts, read online reviews and watch videos on interesting
topics. Search engines find the information or images we look for. Apps bring news reports to our
attention.

• Handle finances: Online banking and ATMs save us time. Software keeps track of our budgets and
accounts, We transfer money using our devices, and can check the exchange rate and stock markets.

• Manage our health and fitness: We can follow exercise programmes on our phones or smartwatches.
Heart rate monitors and fitness trackers supply data on our activities and progress. Online articles on
health matters keep us informed.

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5.1.2 ICTs and our society

ICTs make office practice tasks easier and processes more accurate. They save time, costs and travel with,
for example devices such as computers, printers, scanners and barcode readers. We use software for word
processing, slide presentations, spreadsheets and databases. We create and interact with other
professionals by means of emails, text messages, websites and social media.

EFT payments, electronic payroll systems and accounting soft vare make it easier to handle finances.
Intranets, networks between branches, and sites for document or project sharing enable us to work
together in teams. Servers for networks and data backups and storage handle large volumes of data. We
also post job advertisements and hold online job interviews, meetings and skills training.

If used incorrectly or for the wrong reasons, ICTs in office practices can waste resources, make corruption
easier or result in job losses. People need to be trained to use the technology well, and it might need to be
updated and serviced regularly.

ICTs in education encourage reading, writing and research. They also help to make the task of teaching
and training easier, for instance by allowing you to upload and ho download relevant material, and watch
tutorials and educational and training videos." You can register online and complete courses, tests,
surveys an i questionnaires. ICTs make digital whiteboards and virtual classes possible. You can
communicate with your lecturer or study group online, find information and get exam results.

If not planned well or used correctly, ICTs in education could waste time and money.

The devices and data can be expensive and in some areas data connections are weak.

Students might not feel motivated to complete a course. Supervising practical work could be a problem.

The purpose of ICTs in healthcare and medicine is to assist healthcare providers and their patients. They
make it possible for people to read about symptoms and medications online, or consult a doctor online
(telemedicine) People can register at a hospital or clinic and be scannêd and tested with sophisticated
equipment. Patients can be treated using computerised equipment and receive computer-assisted
diagnoses based on tests and X-rays. ICTs also help medical staff to maintain patient and supplier records
and databases.

If used incorrectly or for the wrong reasons, ICTs in healthcare could waste resources, create the wrong
statistics, and have unexpected or negative consequences for peoples health. Medical ICTs and their
software are expensive. Staff also need to be trained how to use them properly.

ICTs make a variety of government services and activities possible for civil servants and the public. For
example, as a citizen you can vote electronically, complete online forms for a passport or a visa, and
submit tax returns electronically. You can receive and pay municipal bills, interact on government
websites and anonymously tip off the police about a crime or potential crime. Some municipalities even
have a citizen app which you can use to give input into a draft budget or plan.

ICTs in government could unfortunately be used to spread propaganda, false news and inflated statistics.
Corrupt officials find ways to steal money. The privacy of citizens can be invaded. Errors in systems (e.g.
billing) can create frustration.

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ICTs are used in all areas of design, manufacturing, construction and engineering.

For example, there is software for computer-aided design, architecture and electronic circuits. Body
scanners, metal detectors and biometrics are used for access control.

Computerised production, packaging and warehousing make tasks easier. Traffic lights, trains or flights
are synchronised. Microchips for bank cards and goods promote security. Simulators are used to train
drivers, miners and pilots. Drones, robotics and 3D printers are being used for more and more purposes.

ICTs in these fields can be expensive and require specialist training. Unfortunately, they do not prevent
their users (eg. builders or architects) from making errors, which can be costly and even fatal. They could
also be used by criminals for the wrong reasons.

ICTs make communication possible worldwide in a variety of ways. For example, people and networks
rely on digital and electronic technology to send messages, emails, invoices, payments, CVs and
contracts. We talk over phones and webcams, on social media or with instant messaging. We use
interactive websites and complete online surveys. ICTs enable us to use ATMs and self-service machines
(e.g. to pay for parking or book show tickets). We track family members, orders, payments, parcels and
vehicles. We can create e-books, digital advertising, in-store TV and informative online articles, and use
business networking sites (e.g. LinkedIn).

Negative uses of communication ICTs include bullying, propaganda, slander, exposure to harmful
content, cybercrime and other criminal activities. Drivers may cause accidents while texting. Thieves
often target devices, and software piracy is a huge problem in various industries.

ICTs make news transmission and delivery possible. Individuals, organisers, leaders, municipalities and
government departments can let people krow of arrangements and reports through ICTs. News can spread
fast and wide, for example through digital mass media (eg. video clips and online press releases), news
apps (e.g. News24), internet radio and TV, and social media such as Twitter. Ordinary citizens can upload
and share newsworthy information, videos and photos.

Many newspapers and magazines are available only from their websites. There are networks of routers,
repeaters, cell towers and satellites worldwide. There are interpreters on TV for the hearing impaired.

The biggest problem with digital news is the speed at which damaging comments, harmful images or fake
news spread worldwide. For example, a tweet may go viral within a short time. It is impossible to recall
the message and reverse the negative effect it has had.

Video technology, digital video and television allow people to document events, be creative, offer
training, spread news and secure their property. For example, they. can do videoconferencing with their
clients or colleagues, and do presentations, for instance during a webinar. People can produce amateur
videos on their phones.

We watch movie trailers and other videos on YouTube or Vimeo. We can play video games and look
through virtual reality glasses. ICTs enable us to take virtual tours of homes and places (e.g. with Google
Street View), and to set up security systems with CCTV.

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The negative use of such ICTs includes abusing peoples right to privacy by recording them without their
permission, spreading offensive content, wasting hours on games, and spying on others with hidden
cameras.

Forensics uses scientific methods to find evidence that will help solve a crime case. Forensics experts use
devices and software to examine, among other things, substances (e.g. drugs) and objects (e.g. bullets,
guns and other weapons) at a crime scene. People's physical qualities are studied (e.g. DNA, fingerprints,
blood, hair or bite marks).

Forensics often involves investigating financial data (e.g. looking for theft, tax evasion, high pay-outs and
illegal accounting practices). Experts can examine computers and phones (e.g. looking for illegal internet
activity, stolen data and revealing messages), handwriting (eg. of blackmail demands, suicide notes and
ransom demands), as well as databases (e.g. those of an organisation, the police or a government
department).

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5.1.3 Mobile technologies and the emerging world ICTs also impact the emerging world.

ICT’s also impact the emerging world through mobile technologies. The term ‘emerging world' refers to
countries that have, or are, moving from a dictatorship to a democracy, or whose trade markets are
becoming more open and connected with other countries.

The emerging world includes some countries in Africa, Asia, South America and Eastern Europe. South
Africa is seen to be emerging, as are Egypt, Kenya, Nigeria and some other African countries.

In an emerging context, the main use of ITs is for communication purposes.

People use their phones for text messages, voice calls, video calls and social media (e.g. Instagram).
Entrepreneurs can contact buyers directly to sell their products or agricultural produce.

People often make money transfers over long distances to their relatives. They use their phones to get
wages and pay for goods without a credit card or a bank account.

They buy airtime, data or credits for prepaid phone cards.

Users browse the internet to find information, read the news, download useful apps and look for jobs.
They receive notifications on issues such as health, security and voting. Doctors have better access to
patient histories and test results.

Education is often assisted by online material, courses or videos. Places of learning can buy software at a
discount, or make use of free software. Students can register online, fill in forms, upload assignments and
get exam results.

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5.1.4 ICT-related crime

a) Internet predators

Internet predators hunt for and find their victims online. The victims can be individuals, groups,
companies or organisations.

• Cyberbullies: Some bullies send upsetting and hurtful messages to their victims.

Others spread personal information, false stories or humillating videos about their victims on social
media.

• Cyberstalkers: These people get all the information they can about their victims and monitor their every
move using social media. They thi eaten them in text messages or emails. They may lie about them on
social media or try to trap them for fraudulent or sexual purposes.

• Cyberterrorists: These criminals attack a large computer network through malware and hacking so that it
is severely disrupted. Real terrorists also use social media to recruit members, spread propaganda and
organise physical attacks.

b) Malware

c) Identity thieves

These criminals want your personal information so that they can impersonate you. For instance, they
might open an account or take out a loan in your name, or withdraw money from your bank account. They
disappear soon after that and you are left with the debt.

• Hacking: Hackers can access computers that are infected with malware. They look for personal
information they can use, such as your ID number or CV. Some of them damage websites too.

• Phishing: Criminals 'fish' for your personal details. For example, when you click an infected link in an
email or SMS, it may take you to a fake website (e.g. of a bank or company). When you log in, the
criminals get your password and PIN.

• Pharming: If hackers find the connection between a website and its server, they can redirect you to their
own fake website. Here they phish for your personal information.

• Skimming: A thin skimming device is inserted in the slot of a card machine. It reads your card
information from the magnetic strip at the back. The information is used to clone your card. A tiny camera
at an ATM with a skimming device might also take a photo of your PIN being keyed in. Microchips are
used in bank cards to prevent cloning-

• Impersonating: Hackers and stalkers also get to know ou from your social media conversations and
online habits, and then pose as you over the phone or online. For example, they could post untrue or
hateful comments under your name in a blog.

• Medical identity theft: A person accesses your medical records at a clinic or hospital, and uses the
information to get prescription drugs ander your name.

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• ID card theft: Criminals steal personal details from birth or death records online.

They then apply for a fake ID card based on a combination of the information.

d) Fraudsters

Fraud is an action that is intentionally dishonest, deceptive and misleading. A scam is a plan to make
money in a dishonest, illegal way. Internet fraudsters use scams to trick people, for example:

• Donation scams: Criminals pretend to be collecting money to help others in need, for example after a
flood.

• Money transfer scams: An email informs you that you have inherited money or won the lotto. If you
respond, they ask you for administrative fees, legal fees, your bank details, etc.

• Fake business opportunities: You have to buy a start-up kit or pay a registration fee, but you then never
hear from the company again.

• Fake prizes: An SMS or email says you have won a prize, but you haven't entered such a competition.
You are asked to pay an administrative fee and never get the expected prize.

• Fake vouchers: You are asked to send an advertisement to 10 of your friends to qualify for a shopping
voucher. However, the link is infected with malware.

• Romance scams: Someone you meet on a dating site later asks you for money to visit you, but they
never show up.

• Need help scams: An email from someone you know states that he or she desperately needs money after
an accident or hijacking. However, their computer is infected and the virus is sending the fake message to
all their contacts.

• False promises: Advertisements online offer guaranteed credit loans, jere-approved' credit cards and
'fail-safe methods. They can be infected links, or scams that are after your money.

• Poor-quality goods: Products like creams, diet pills or medicines are offered at discounted prices, but
they are fake and may not contain the special ingredient they are being praised for.

• Infected products: Antivirus software or computer solutions' may be offered free or for sale, but are
infected to gain access to your computer.

• Computer technician scams: A person phones, claiming to be from a well-known computer company
and says they need to fix a 'problem' on your computer.

However, they just want access to your computer through the software that they send you, or they want
you to send them money (eg. buy prepaid data).

Fake investments: These opportunities promise high returns on your investment, but the 'company' or the
funds simply don't exist.

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• Fake cryptocurrency sales: These companies don't exist, but pose as successful and genuine buyers and
sellers of Bitcoins.

5.1.5 ICTs and the workplace

ICTs, especially wireless technology and portable devices such as lap lops, smartphones, tablets and
scanners, have changed where and how many people work.

a) Mobile offices

Salespeople, marketers, entrepreneurs and people on business trips diten work away from a central office.
Some can connect wirelessly to the computer network of the company through their laptop, tablet or
phone. Others use the Wi-Fi service of a hotel, airport or cybercafé.

A mobile office can also be set up in a moveable "building, such as a shipping container or a vehicle (e.g.
a bus used by news reporters). It is set up for a temporary purpose, for instance during a trade exhibition
or the construction of a building. The term 'mobile office can also refer to a virtual office.

b) Virtual offices

A business (especially a small business) can rent a physical street address' from an established company,
instead of setting up its own office/s in one place. The business gets access to the established company's
software and other services through the internet, but no actual physical office space.

These businesspeople usually work from home. They use the official business address in their
correspondence. Some companies also provide them with a postal address and a telephone number.
Virtual offices save people the expenses of renting a real office, buying furniture and equipment, hiring
staff, and paying for municipal services and insurance. They also don't have to travel to work.

c) Decentralisation of labour

Computer networks make it possible for employees of a business, company or organisation to work from
different locations and at different times. They don't have to be in a central office all the time, or don't
only work normal business hours on weekdays.

Such employees stay in contact with the company through the internet. For example, they send emails and
use Skype or Zoom for video calls and virtual meetings. A computer specialist can assist them using Team
Viewer.

Teams can work on the same project through a networking site such as Dropbox.

Microsoft Teams, which is available in Microsoft 365, allows colleagues to communicate with each other.
They can also collaborate on projects, use the same software and hold video meetings.

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d) Office automation

ICTs make many manual tasks easier or have replaced them altogether.

For example:

• Your 'filing system' is on your computer, which makes automatic backups.

• Your calls and emails are forwarded to your different devices.

• You use templates to create documents and spreadsheets.

• In an office, an automatic answering service directs callers to the right department.

• Employees swipe job cards to get access to the building and to keep track of the hours they work.

• Office workers send documents to a central printer that can automatically fold and punch the printouts.

What is 'green computing"? The colour green represents growth in nature, for instance green grass, plants
and leaves. The word 'green' is used to describe products and processes that are eco-friendly and less
damaging to the environment. It has become important to design, manufacture, use and dispose of
anything (including computers and ICT devices) in an environmentally responsible way.

Definition of green computing

Green computing: The design, manufacture, use and disposal of ICT devices and resources in an eco-
friendly and environmentally responsible way to reduce their impact on the natural environment.

Green computing, or 'green IT, has three main goals: We should reduce the use of hazardous materials
when manufacturing ICT devices and components. We should reduce the use of energy when using ICT
devices and components. We should also reduce the harmful effect on the environment when ICT devices
are discarded.

And what is 'e-waste'? Every year, people dispose of millions of tons of electronic devices such as
computers, mobile phones, printers, TV sets, copiers and charging cables. Thousands of electrical
appliances such as old microwaves, stoves, washing machines and fridges are also thrown away.

Definition of e-waste

Electronic waste, or e-waste: Electronic and electrical devices that are no longer used and are discarded.

Worldwide, the amount of e-waste is increasing as more people buy phones and devices. In South Africa,
for example, about 10% of our municipal solid waste is e-waste. Unfortunately, only 12% of our e-waste

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is currently recycled. People often don't know where to drop off their old devices or used batteries. Many
are also unaware of the dangers of e-waste.

The natural environment is made up of the air, water, atmosphere, soil, micro-organisms, ecosystems,
plants and all living creatures (eg. insects, birds and animals).

All human activity has an effect on the environment, whether it is beneficial or harmful to the
environment.

Any product, process or service has an ecological footprint and a carbon footprint.

• An ecological footprint refers to the impact humans make on ecosystems in nature.

• A carbon footprint refers to the amount of greenhouse gases that are released while products are
manufactured, transported or used.

Green computing aims to reduce both the ecological and the carbon footprint of ICT devices and
components. Designers may try to make them more energy efficient, so that less electricity is used.
Electricity generated from fossil fuels (coal) is not a sustainable energy source.

The materials used to manufacture ICT devices contain hazardous substances. This is especially so for
monitors, plastic coverings, cables, batteries, printed circuit boards and other components. If they end up
in the environment, they cause serious pollution and create effects that cannot be reversed.

Many materials in ICT devices and components are not biodegradable. This means they won't break up
and 'dissolve' without harming the environment. They simply lie in landfills. As the plastic or batteries
slowly decompose, poisonous substances are released into the soil.

Computers, toner cartridges and batteries contain toxic substances such as cadmium, lead, chromium,
lithium and mercury. These chemicals (called heavy metals) may end up in the soil or groundwater, or in
the air if they are burned. They build up in soil and water. They poison plants, fish, birds and animals, as
well as small organisms that enter the food chain.

Air and groundwater that are polluted in this way may cause breathing difficulties, coughing, hormonal
disorders, skin and lung diseases, kidney failure, tremors and convulsions, and other health issues.

Recycling is seen as part of the solution to e-waste. During recycling, waste materials are separated and
used to create other items, for example plastic bags and furniture, paper bags and boxes, and aluminium,
glass and metal products.

The problem with e-plastics, however, is that the hard plastic used in computer, monitor and TV cases is
made from a combination of materials. It is difficult to separate these into the type of plastic that can be
used again in other products. It is also not cost-effective to do so. For this reason, plastic recycling
factories often refuse to accept e-plastics from the waste collectors.

5.2.2 Reducing the environmental impact of ICTs

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We can all reduce the negative impact of computers and other devices on the environment.

a) Energy use

An important goal is energy conservation. You can conserve energy (save electricity) in these ways:

• Use a laptop rather than a desktop. Laptops use electricity only while charging, whereas desktops need
electricity all the time.

• Reduce the brightness on your screen. This saves energy.

• Set your devices to go into power-saving mode after 5-10 mir utes of not being used.

• Switch off devices such as scanners, printers and speakers until you need them.

• Switch off and unplug devices overnight.

• Don't leave lights on inside a building at night, or during the day while a room is not being used.

• Set up well-planned, well-organised networks and workstations.

• Use devices (e.g. servers) and components (e.g. CPUs) that have been designed to be energy efficient.

• Service devices regularly so that they can last longer.

• Use renewable sources of energy, where possible.

• Use rechargeable batteries, to extend the life of the batteries.

b) Recycling

Set out bins for recycling different materials, and educate your family or staff.

• Find out what the municipal regulations are for disposing e-waste in your area.

• Find out about national legislation on dumping e-waste at lar fill sites.

• Ask your local recycling company which e-waste they collect

• Also find out which general waste they do not recycle (e.g. toothpaste tubes).

• Recycle wastepaper, and cardboard and plastic packaging.

• Recycle plastic, iron, aluminium and copper parts of devices you have taken apart.

• Metal components can be sold as scrap metal.

• Some hard drives and circuit boards can be used as spare parts.

• Find out whether suppliers will take back used components (eg. cartridges).

• Donate old devices that still work to charities or second-hand shops.

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• Find out where you can drop off used batteries (e.g. bins at Pick n Pay). Don't just throw them away
with your rubbish. Batteries contain some substances that can be extracted during recycling. Some are
used to make new batteries. Other substances, such as lead, are harmful to living beings and the
environment.

c) Resources

Be aware of your and others' use of resources.

• Don't print a whole document every time. Print only those pages that you need.

• Try to use your printer as little as possible. Rather save documents such as invoices, statements,
important emails, etc. to an external hard drive or cloud storage for safekeeping.

• Proofread a document on computer first and make the corrections before printing out a copy.

• Reuse old printouts as note paper, or for printing on the other side of the page.

• Refill toner and ink cartridges.

• Try to upgrade an older model (e.g. install a new RAM chip instead of buying a whole new desktop).

• Where possible, try to have defective devices (eg. a printer) repaired instead of buying new ones.

• Use networks and virtual technology to limit the number of devices you have to buy to set up a home
office, for example.

• Use cloud computing to share resources, such as storage (see Section 5.3.1).

• Ask a computer technician to set up a virtual machine on your computer. For example, if you need to
work with two different operating systems, both can be housed on the same computer instead of buying
two seperate PCs.

• Save petrol and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by shopping online and holding video meetings,
instead of driving to a central location.

5.3.1 Cloud computing

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Cloud computing means using services that a service provider makes available over the internet (the
'cloud'). These may include operating systems and software, servers, virtual machines, backups, data
storage, databases, data analysis and data recovery.

If you subscribe to a public cloud service, you are allowed to use the provider's software, server and data
storage. You also don't have to buy or update the software you are 'renting: The service saves you money,
electricity and maintenance.

A private cloud service belongs to one company or organisation. The services on the cloud are available
to its network of employees and branches. A company can also pay a provider from outside to host the
cloud service for the company.

The cloud computing services below all allow you to save to the cloud. You can also choose to share
specific files with users. These users (e.g. your colleagues, family members or friends) can view your
photos and videos and edit or comment on your documents.

• OneDrive: This cloud hosting service is free if you have a Microsoft account.

It allows you 5 GB of storage space. Access your files through File Explorer in Windows 10, or the
OneDrive app on your phone.

• Dropbox: The basic features of this cloud storage service are also free. Use it on your computer or
phone. You must choose which files to store, and you can share a folder with colleagues or friends.

• Google Drive: This cloud storage service is free up to 15 GB of storage space.

Access your files from your computer, tablet or phone.

• Google Docs: This is a cloud word processing service. Create, edit and format your documents online
and access them from any device.

• Google Sheets: This cloud-based service is free for personal use. You can create, edit and share
spreadsheets, and add many kinds of charts and graphs.

• Google Slides: This online service for creating slide presentations is also part of Google's 'G Suite,
which is free for personal use. If you use any of the services in the suite for a business, you need to open a
G Suite account.

The search engine Google Search is usually just called Google. It is the most popular search engine on the
Web. You can do searches on your computer, tablet or phone. The brand name has become a verb too,
where you google something on the internet.

5.3.2 Operating online.

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Using ICTs in our daily lives includes sending messages and finding information.

Sometimes we also shop, bank and learn online.

a) Online shopping

It might not always be possible to get an item, such as a toner cartridge for your printer, in your local
shops. You can order products easily if they are advertised online on a trusted website, especially if the
supplier is based in South Africa.

1. Google the item (e.g. jerseys johannesburg) or store (e.g. woelworths). Click the most relevant link
among the search results to go to the wetsite.

2. On the home page of the website, click a tab or link such as Our products' or

'Categories' and choose the relevant section. Or, use the website's search bar to find the item.

3. Browse the relevant section/s. If there are many items, narrow down your search to a specific brand
name, size, colour, price range, book author, car model, etc.

4. If you find an item you like, think about it carefully. For instance:

4.1 Use the magnifying glass feature to view the product close-up.

4.2 Read the customer reviews where other shoppers describe their experience of the product.

4.3 Study the websites measurement chart if you are buying clothing or shoes.

4.4 You might also want to compare prices and reviews on other websites.

5. If you are satisfied with the item and price, open an account on the website to register as a customer.
Give your personal details accurately You will choose or get a password to sign into the website, and
perhaps a discount as a first-hme shopper. However, you won't be given any credit.

6. Go to the item again and click the 'Add to Cart button. You can return to the

'shop' and add more items.

7. Click the Cart button to view the items you chose.

7.1 Delete any you are unsure of.

7.2 Check the quantity of each item.

7.3 Look at the amounts and decide whether you can afford this.

8. Click 'Checkout' to place your order. Give your delivery address (a street address or a collection point)
and choose the method of delivery (e.g. to a counter or to your door). Click 'Next'

9. Indicate how you are paying (e.g. with a credit card, an EFT a bank deposit or a PayPal account).
Confirm your order.

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10. You will receive an email stating that your payment was sucressful. Note the order number, as you
might need it for any queries afterwards.

11. When you receive the delivery, you need to sign the couriers form or digital device to prove that you
have received the parcel.

12. Unwrap the item carefully. You might have to return it with the original wrapping.

Also, check that the correct amount reflects on your bank statement.

b) Online banking

Managing your money online saves time, as you don't have to phone or go to the bank every time you do
a transaction. You can check balances, transfer money between your accounts, get statements, and buy
data, airtime and electricity for prepaid meters.

1. With some apps, such as Absa's ChatBanking, for example, you can use WhatsApp or Facebook
Messenger as a platform for your banking and register an account online.

2. You might prefer to open a bank account at a local branch. (See Example 3.1.4 in Unit 3.1 for the
documents needed. Add a payslip, if you are employed.)

3. Let the teller know that you would like to use online banking services. He or she might have to help
you to set it up.

4. Do your banking on your bank's website or their app on your phone. The app has the advantage that
you can access the bank anywhere you are.

5. To sign in to your account online, key in your username or email address carefully. Also key in your
PIN. Don't share these details with anyone!

6. Create beneficiaries by entering their banking details on the relevant webpage. The bank will send a
one-time pin or one-time password (OTP) to your phone. Key in this number to confirm that it is you
creating the beneficiary.

7. Always double-check amounts when making payments. An email or SMS will notify you that the
transaction has been successful. Log off properly from the bank's website; don't just leave the site.

c) Online education

Millions of webpages, PDFs, tutorials, videos and blogs on the internet cover a variety of topics in
different ways. Many formal courses and materials are also free of charge.

You only need to register online.

• Informal: Self-help programmes, DIX instructions, discussions on hobbies and interests, motivational
material, money-saving tips, maintenance tips, financial advice, free short enrichment courses, language
programmes, cooking courses and so on are offered free of charge.

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• Formal: Online short courses, refresher courses, skills courses, certificate courses and degree
programmes by colleges and universities, study helps and school curriculum programmes (e.g. ACE).
Assistance to learners includes online lessons (e.g. Vodacom e-school), practice software (e.g. IXL) and
open textbooks.

• Professional: Institutions such as Coursera, OpenCourseWare, and MIT Open

Courseware offers professional courses for free.

5.3.3 Safety and respect online

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The internet gives you many opportunities and access to information. Unfortunately, criminals can also
use the internet to intimidate, harm or defraud you or steal from you. They want your personal
information and/or money, or lo damage your reputation. Here are tips to protect yourself online,

a) Internet and social media safety

• Ignore unasked-for offers of free vouchers, gifts, prizes, horoscopes, technical support, etc. There are
usually conditions attached or harmful motives.

• Ignore headings, photos or advertisements that make you curious or shock you.

Many links to such material are infected with malware.

• Don't click links in advertisements. Rather google to find out more about the product, service or subject.

• When on a website, hold the cursor over the browser tab. Check whether the URL that appears in a
floating box is the same as the one in the address bar.

• Don't respond to emails, SMSs or calls from names and numbers you don't know.

Even if you know the sender but the message looks unusual, rather phone the person to check.

• Don't trust even official-looking emails (eg. from your bank) ard don't click on any links in them. If they
request information, phone your bank. Use the fraud number available on the bank's official website.
Don't use the number in an email.

• If you have to pay someone and they email you their banking details, phone them to confirm these. Do
so even if the details are on the invoice they sent you.

• Think twice before filling in personal information on an online questionnaire or form (unless it is for an
official reason, such as a course registration).

• Update your security software regularly. It should include a firewall, block threats as you browse the
internet, and warn you when a website is unsafe.

• Change your passwords every 1-3 months, using strong passwords.

When using a social media platform, you must make sure that your personal information and identity stay
safe. Here are things you should and shouldn't do:

• Don't publish any of this information in the social media: your D number, full birth date (e.g. 14 May
2002), phone number, home address, bank account details or any passwords.

• Apply the given privacy settings, for example 'Friends Only' car view your content.

• Use strong passwords. See Section 4.1.3 a in Unit 4.1.

• Set up a firewall, install good antivirus software and run security scans regularly.

• Don't use links in emails or tweets to go to websites. Key in the URL on the browser.

38
• Don't share information that makes it easy for someone to work out where you travel to regularly.

• Ignore messages claiming you have won a prize, or that your device is infected.

• Don't just add anybody to your list of contacts or friends. It is best to respond only to someone who is
introduced to you by a real friend or colleague.

b) Online harassment

When someone harasses you physically or online, they pester you. This may cause annoyance, irritation,
frustration, anxiety, fear, humiliation, stress, intense emotional distress and even physical harm.

Cyber abusers intimidate and attack people on social media; in text messages, emails and phone calls; in
blogs and articles; and in the comments section under blogs, news articles, book reviews and videos, and
on Twitter.

They do it to look for attention, hurt peoples feelings, start arguments, spread propaganda, start trouble,
take revenge, express jealousy or hatred, or act out fantasies.

Many victims may not immediately realise that they are being targeted online.

To avoid being harassed, think carefully before you comment on a blog, tweet or video. Don't make
comments that could be seen as racist or slander. Also don't take embarrassing, intimate or rude photos or
videos of yourself. They can turn up anywhere again.

c) Cyberbullying and cyberstalking

Just as there may be bullies and stalkers at a school or college, there are those who use digital technology
to harass others. The problem is the same, except that they reach into victims' private lives and homes on
their devices. For example, cyberbullies may:

• Send upsetting, humiliating, hurtful or rude messages or photos to your phone.

• Post these on social media, where they can be read by your friends, colleagues and strangers.

• Poke fun at you online in an embarrassing meme or video.

• Distribute an intimate or a manipulated photo of you.

• Spread false stories about you online.

• Forward private information about you to other users on a social media platform.

Cyberstalkers may target an individual, group or company as follo vs:

• Monitor their every move on social media (e.g. Facebook).

• Threaten them in text messages or emails.

• Influence others against them.

39
• Make false statements about them in the media.

• Damage their websites and computers through malware.

• Try to trap them for sexual purposes.

• Blackmail them or demand ranson money.

d) Cybercrime

Cybercriminals use a computer, or target a computer, device or network to carry out illegal activities
related to money, politics or personal reasons. You learnt about cybercrime in:

- Table 1.4.1 in Unit 1,4: Types of malware (e.g. viruses) that cybercriminals use.

- Section 4.1.3 in Unit 4.1: Safety measures to take when online.

- Section 4.1.3 d in Unit 4.1: Information piracy.

- Section 5.1.4 in Unit 5.1: Threats, including identity theft, hacking, phishing and fraudulent scams.

- Section 5.3.3 a in this unit: Preventing cybercrime on your social media platform.

- Section 5.3.3 b in this unit: Online harassment and how to deal with it.

More forms of cybercrime include, among others:

• Vandalisation: Hackers damage or destroy websites they break into.

• Malvertising: Infected advertisements infect devices, or redirect users to fake sites.

• Salami slicing: Money is stolen from your account in small amounts, so that you aren't aware of it.

• Botners. bornerders attack computer networks by sending malware or spam to them.

• Denial-of-service (DoS): These attacks are carried out by flooding a server or service provider with
tweets, emails, etc. so that it cannot do its work.

• Cyberextortion: Hackers demand money to prevent an attack by them.

• Cyberespionage: Hackers gain access to a company or government department's data, which often
includes confidential or sensitive information

e) Netiquette

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Netiquette ('internet etiquette') refers to your manners and social behaviour online.

Here are some points of advice:

• Use good grammar and punctuation, and don't use capital letters only (remember, this is seen as
shouting).

• Don't use swearwords or terms that could upset people (eg. racist or offensive).

• When commenting on a tweet, blog or video, stick to the topic.

• Reread your messages or comments before posting them. Make sure you won't be misunderstood and
that your tone is neutral.

• Avoid emotional outbursts. Reread your post before sending it and tone down your language.

• Be respectful and polite, and treat others how you want to be treated.

• Don't respond to trolls; they enjoy upsetting others!

• Don't misuse the comments section under personal blogs to advertise your business.

• Value others' time. Don't send a stream of tweets or posts, only that which will add value to people's
lives.

• Check all the facts before passing on information or advice.

• Don't stalk people by sending them repeated requests which they ignore.

• Keep private things private, such as your personal hygiene or sexual activity.

f) Self-image online

Your self-image is based on how you see yourself, what you believe about yourself, and how you think
others see you. It involves your personality, abililies, interests, skills, beliefs and history.

How you present yourself on the internet reflects your self-image. It will be seen in your choice of words
in messages and emails; your profiles; your photos; the links you forward and things you like; your
favourite websites, topics, movies and music; your comments online, and so on.

Some people create fake online identities and hide their true selves. For example, they may choose exotic-
sounding names; use photos of models for their profiles; manipulate their own photos; and try to look and
sound rich, pobular, clever, fashionable and successful.

You should present yourself online realistically. Show good qualities such as being organised, friendly,
mature and balanced with trusted friends. Lies, fake achievements and exaggerations will be caught out
and will also attract people who aren't really suited to you.

Don't add 'friends' whom you don't know. Also, protect your reputation. Even your

'anonymous' activity on the internet can be traced back to the IP address on your phone or computer.

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There is software available that people (an use to put together a profile on you from your different social
media platforms, the websites you visit, your subscriptions, and the comments and likes' you make. Your
future employer might evaluate your online presence in this way. They will want to know the real you.

g) Awareness of your digital footprint

The term 'digital footprint' can refer to three things: your data usage, the trail of information you leave
behind on the internet, and your identity and self-image online.

As someone put it, "We all have personal brands and most of us have already left a digital footprint,
whether we like it or not." (Amy Jo Martin)

Social networking uses data, which you buy from a service provider. Limit your data usage where
possible. This will help to use less fossil fuel and reduce the impact on the environment. Also see the
power-saving tips at Section 5.2.2 a in Unit 5.2.

Sour digna fognin con also veer to the trail afinuemation you leave online. All your sanches, vetste sis,
unlaus and downtals, mensages cals, emuls biogs Ios, snus unites, comments, dicked links, onlive ens and
accounts are recorded.

Your actinty is picket up, recanted and sued by service previers, search engines (eg Googl), contier and
special satvare. A carikie is a smail test file that an internet some sents to yur web anowner Eney dime
you access that server, the browser sends the monage hack to it. In ths way it can lentily your presence.

Bren Lyou deere a phat ar a pust, it is still an the devices al peopie wine have Tarandst the image, tvoet,
etc. to athers. Tris also an the databases af the service puroriters, and can stray there or many years.

Rere are some ways to manage your digital triprint:

• We the priay settings an social pattons ike Pazoos and Ewitter

• Best the Punay Policy and the Terns ant Carditions afa service praviter:

* Duntsign up far 100 many newsteters an arete accounts all over. Think about

Your digital footprint can also refer to the 'trail of information' you leave online. All your searches,
website visits, uploads and downloads, messages, calls, emails, blogs, likes, status updates, comments,
clicked links, online forms and accounts are recorded.

Your activity is picked up, recorded and stored by service providers, search engines (e.g. Google), cookies
and special software. A cookie is a small text file that an internet server sends to your web browser. Every
time you access that server, the browser sends the message back to it. In this way it can identify your
presence.

Even if you delete a photo or a post, it is still on the devices of people who have forwarded the image,
tweet, etc. to others. It is also on the databases of the service providers, and can stay there for many years.

Here are some ways to manage your digital footprint:

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• Use the privacy settings on social platforms like Facebook and Iwitter.

• Read the Privacy Policy, and the Terms and Conditions, of a service provider.

• Don't sign up for too many newsletters or create accounts all over. Think about each one.

• Delete accounts you no longer use.

• When you install software, look at the permissions it wants. (For example, is it really necessary to give
the program access to your location and your camera?)

• Before installing software, read the Licence Agreement.

• Avoid 'aimless' browsing where you read anything of interest at the moment.

• Use an operating system that protects the privacy of users as far as possible (e.g.

Firefox).

• If possible, use a VPN to connect to the internet.

• Don't just allow a website to send cookies to your device. Read their Cookie Policy.

5.3.4 Rules and regulations

There are rules, regulations and legislation dealing with how we should handle other people's work,
information and reputation.

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a) Copyright and plagiarism

You were introduced to copyright issues in Section 4.1.3 d in Unit 4.1 on piracy, including that of
information and software. Copyright is the exclusive and legal rights that the creators of original work (a
book, movie, music, art, photo, software, original information, research, etc.) have to use, copy and
distribute their work.

Copyright holders control how the work may be used and copied. For example, only they may produce a
CD of their music, a movie of their book, a DVD of their software, a print of their artwork, or a web
article or textbook on their information. Also, only they may give others the right to do so.

The symbol © is used to show that a book, movie, etc. is protected by copyright. The copyright owners
hold copyright because the work is their intellectual property.

An original, creative idea that exists in writing or a diagram is someone's intellectual property.

Copyright prevents other people from copying and using your idea or work, and especially from making
money from it. Plagiarism is when someone uses your idea, words or part of your work (whether it is
copyrighted or not) and pretends it is their own. For example, They plagiarise sentences or a diagram
from your original text in their essay or book. Or, they take parts of your research and pretend it is their
own in an academic article.

Plagiarism is unethical and a form of theft. People who infringe intellectual property or copyright can be
sued and taken to court. They will also be disciplined by their academic institutions.

Copyright expires after a number of years, for example 50 years, or 'life of the author plus 70 years, or
120 years. If not renewed (eg. by a company or publisher), the work can become part of the public
domain. Anyone can use these works without asking permission. However, they can never pretend that it
is theirs; that would be plagiarism.

The World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) celebrates World Intellectual Property Day on 26
April. Different countries each have their own legislation for copyright. You need to take this into account
if you publish an article or book in the notional market. Here are examples of different types of copyright:

b) Permissions

The creator or owner of a copyrighted work can give you the legal right to use the whole or parts of their
work, under specific terms and conditions. Copyright protects how their work is used, who uses it, the
purpose for using it, and the income the owner gets from it.

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To copy someone's work in any way (e.g, quote a passage from their book or use their song), you usually
need to ask for, and get, permission in writing from the copyright holder. The copyright holder could be
an author, artist, publisher recording company, photographic studio, etc.

They need to know who you are (eg. a publisher), what you will be using their material for (eg. in a
textbook), how much of it you want to use le.g, 700 words) and the term of use (e.g. in 3 000 books, or
for the next five years).

Some clyright holders will give you permission for free, but most charge a fee. You can also buy a licence
(e.g. to produce a movie from someone's book) or transfer the rights of your work to someone in a
contract (eg. to use your music in their play).

The works of classical writers (e.g. Shakespeare), composers (e.g. Bach) and artists (e.g. Rembrandt) are
in the public domain. People can quote, play, reprint and rearrange them without asking permission, but
they must acknowledge them as the original creators. The government's documents and statistics are in
public domain.

Photographers and authors can also donate their work to the public domain.

Under fair use regulations, you can use small amounts of a copyrighted work in reviews, news reports,
education and research, for example to make a point. You don't have to ask for permission to do so, but
you must quote the source in full (see Section 5.3.4 d).

Works under a Creative Commons (CC) licence are still copyrighted, but easier to use legally and for free.
For example, under an Attribution CC licence, you are free to use the work on your commercial or non-
commercial CD, website or book without asking permission, as long as you reference it. Other CC
licences are stricter.

c) Digital content usage rights

Original work can also be in a digital format, for example, photos, videos, music CDs, DVDs and
software. A digital rights management (DRM) system is technology that is used to copy-protect the work.

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For example, you won't be able to copy some videos on the internet or even play them without having
media usage rights

DRM physically prevents unauthorised copying, usually through algorithms and encryption. It also gives
the information on licencing so that royalties (e.g. in the music industry) can be paid to the artists. Here
are examples of DIRM systems:

• Product key: A long number that you key in to activate a software installation.

• Limited installation: You can install software only as many times as the licence allows.

• Copying restriction: Many e-books cannot be copied, changed or printed. You can only read them on
your device.

• Regional blocks: Some videos on the internet don't play for South African users.

You might see a message like this: "This video is not available in your country?" The owner of the video
has set these limitations. For example, a video or movie uploaded to YouTube by a large company in the
USA might only be available to viewers in that country.

in the text if there isn't a full bibliography at the end of your article, book or blog.

It you have used several sources as reference works for your writing, compile a bibliography. You can
then refer to sources throughout the text in a much shorter form, while giving full details in the
bibliography.

• If you have taken a quotation, graph, table, photo, etc, from a source, acknowledge It directly after or
below the material in the main text, Give only the abbreviated name (e.g. Khumalo et al.), the year and
the page number.

e) Regulatory bills

Regulatory bills are laws that regulate (control) activities or processes. This section looks at South African
legislation dealing with information and harassment.

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South African Protection of State Information Act

This piece of legislation, formerly called the Protection of Information Act, was revised and passed again
in 2013. Its purpose is to regulate how government information is classified, protected and spread. The
Act has been criticised by human rights activists, for instance for the heavy jail terms for people who
disclose classified information.

Electronic Communications and Transactions Act

The ECT Act was enacted in 2002 and applies to emails, SMSs and other means of communication
through the internet. For example, electronic documents and e-signatures (even just your name keyed in at
the end of an email or a scan of your signature) can be used as legal documents. The Act also regulates
issues such as e-registered post, e-filing, consumer protection, spam, the protection of personal
information and critical data, and the administration of domain names.

Chapter XIII deals with cybercrime. Unauthorised access to and capture of data, such as with hacking,
denial-of-service attacks, viruses, etc. are criminal offences. So, too, are computer-related extortion,
forgery and fraud.

Regulation of Interception of Communications and Provision of Communication-related

Information Act (RICA)

This Act was passed in 2002 and came into effect in 2005. It regulates the 'capture' and monitoring of
electronic and paper-based communications. Listening to, or recording the communications of others is
unlawful except in certain spec al cases. For example, the person doing the recording, etc. must be part of
the communication (eg. in a meeting), or must have permission in writing from the person whose data
will be intercepted. To comply with RICA, mobile phone owners have to register with their service
providers.

Protection from Harassment Act

This Act was passed in 2011 and came into effect in 2013. It cleatly defines harassment, as well as sexual
harassment. The Act provides for protection orders to be issued to assist victims of harassment. Harassers
may be arrested and jailed if they ignore a protection order against them. People making any false
accusations of harassment can also be fined or imprisoned for up to five years.

Definitions

Information and communication technology (ICT): All technologies that allow digital information to
be accessed, processed, manipulated, transmitted, received and/or stored.

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Information: Any information that has meaning for the person reading/hearing it. Information that is
entered into a computer is usually called data.

Communication: The exchanging (Send & receive) of information

Information processing: When a computer or other digital device handles, changes, manipulates and
creates electronic information.

Information processing cycle: The order of steps or events that takes place to process digital
information, namely input, processing, output and storage (IPOS)

RAM: Random Access Memory

CPU: Central Processing Unit

Mainframe Computer: A large computer that supports a lot of workstations

Terminals: A device for entering and displaying data, they are connected to a server.

Computer network: A group of nodes that are connected so that they can communicate data with each
other and share resources.

Algorithm: A set of steps, instructions or rules a human, machine or computer should follow in
performing a task, such as doing a calculation or solving a problem.

The internet: A global network consisting of interconnected computer networks using a variety of
communication protocols which allow text, audio and visual data to be transmitted between computers
that have internet access.

Web address: The location of a website, webpage or file (eg. a document, video or image) on the
internet. It is also called a URL.

Uniform Resource Locator (URL): The string of information showing the address of a website,
webpage or other content on the Web.

Green computing: The design, manufacture, use and disposal of ICT devices and resources in an eco-
friendly and environmentally responsible way to reduce their impact on the natural environment.

Electronic waste, or e-waste: Electronic and electrical devices that are no longer used and are discarded.

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