Millennium Christian High School of Cavite, Inc.

Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Foreign Literature

According to Barbara Lee Weade's (2014) study, "School and Work

Tardiness in High School Students in Rural Wisconsin," examines the reasons behind
the frequent tardiness of high school students in rural Wisconsin, both at school and
its workplaces. The essay explores the prevalence of tardiness, and its impact on
academic and work performance, and suggests possible strategies to address this
issue. Additionally, it discusses the unique challenges and circumstances faced by
students in rural areas compared to those in urban or suburban environments. (Weade,
2004)

According to James Swart (2014), his study explores the relationship between
stress levels and student tardiness, focusing specifically on engineering students. The
research investigates how stress influences students' punctuality and, subsequently,
their academic performance. By analyzing the data, Swart aims to shed light on the
impact of stress on student throughput rates, providing valuable insights for educators
and policymakers in addressing this issue within engineering education. (Rivard,
2013)

The study looks at how a special program helps students who are struggling in
high school. This program helps students be on time, come to school regularly, and do
better in their classes. By studying this program, Rivard wants to see if it really helps
these students do better in school. Her research shows that it does, which is good
news for students who need extra support. (Julia Rivard, 2021)
 Millennium Christian High School of Cavite, Inc. ii

The study investigates how students' relationships within their schools affect
their attendance, behavior, and academic success, focusing on factors like tardiness,
absences, disciplinary actions, and course failures. (Pristawa k. et al., 2021)

The study explores the perspectives of Swedish students, parents, and teachers
on school attendance, specifically emphasizing punctuality. It investigates reasons for
student tardiness, its impact on academic performance and the overall school
environment, as well as the roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders in
addressing this issue. (Warne M. et al.,2020)

This study examines differences in the factors leading to tardiness among male
and female learners in selected schools within Soshanguve Township, South Africa. It
explores the unique reasons for lateness for both genders, analyzing how cultural,
socio-economic, and individual factors affect punctuality differently. By focusing on
these differences, the research aims to provide insights into tailored interventions to
address tardiness and improve overall school attendance in the community. (Olowoyo
M. et al.,2021)

This paper looks at how eating breakfast together, like "Sabay-Kaon sa

Buntag," can help students with things like being late, missing school, not paying
attention, and feeling inactive. Studies from other countries show that eating breakfast
together can make students more likely to be on time, come to school more, and pay
attention better. When students eat breakfast together, they feel like they belong and
have a responsibility to each other, making it easier for them to focus and feel good in
school. So, having communal breakfasts at school could make students do better in
school and feel happier and healthier too. (Rodriguez N., et al,2021)
 Millennium Christian High School of Cavite, Inc. iii

Local Literature

Tardiness in schools is a major issue, affecting students and lecturers. Late

arrivals can lead to distractions and loss of concentration. Schools should implement
an effective tardy policy to reduce lateness and maintain punctuality. Punctual
students tend to have higher grades. Making students punctual, disciplined, and
regular prepares them for the workplace environment and helps them stay focused on
important discussions. Implementing an effective tardy policy can help reduce
tardiness and improve academic performance. (Nacional, 2020)

The researcher contends in this study that notwithstanding significant

administrative It appears that interventions are made to raise the standard of
instruction and learning. because those who arrive late receive relatively little
attention. Tardiness or being late has turned into a cancer that undermines significant
actions. This displays how a subset of students from Inayawan Senior High School
performed in an alternative course. Investigating the reasons for tardiness is the aim of
this study. among pupils in senior high school. Data were gathered using a qualitative
methodology from administrative improvement to learner behavioral change.
(Kangbataka, n.d.)

In many schools, tardiness is an issue. It might be seen as a personal risk for

bad conduct in the future that could result in eventual health issues, school dropout,
marginalization, and absenteeism. Another way to look at tardiness is from the
viewpoint of a larger social ecology of health. Being late for class is not a unique
occurrence, nor is it an issue that just affects students. According to Fuller, students
who are often late for class run the risk of developing bad habits that may affect their
academic performance (2013). Students who arrive late for class can cause
 Millennium Christian High School of Cavite, Inc. iv

disruptions for other students and disrupt the flow of the teacher's discussion. It is
important to note that tardiness has negative effects on the surrounding community as
well as the tardy students themselves. (Studocu, n.d.)

Lagat reports a persistent issue of students not staying in school for extended
periods, often dropping out or having tardiness. Reasons include lack of motivation,
disengagement with the curriculum, personal issues, and transportation difficulties.
Addressing these issues requires collaboration between the school and the
community. Source: Lagat, R. (2023). Increasing Attendance and Elevating Academic
Performance through Daily Sports Activities of Senior High School Students at Risk
of Dropping Outs (SARDOs) of San Luis National High School. Department of
Education. (Google Scholar, n.d.-b)

This study examines the challenges faced by Senior High School working
students, focusing on their academic performance and time management. Using a
qualitative case study and focus group discussion, the study found that while working
can provide benefits, it can distract students from their studies. The study found that
students often struggle with time management, leading to late submissions and
passing grades. (Paje, 2023)

As part of the MPNAG Senior High School community, a research project

called PROJECT TARDI (Time Articulated Reinforcement in Developing
Improvement) in Punctuality was conducted. The project aimed to address students'
tardiness and absenteeism by monitoring the attendance of the first period in all senior
high school sections. Students who earned five times tardy and five times absences
were given positive reinforcement. The purpose of the study was to instill the
importance of punctuality in senior high school students, as it is part of their
responsibility in fulfilling the right to education and quality education. To tackle the
problem, Project TARDI was implemented in three phases. The first phase included
TARDI Sweep and TARDI Room, which enforced consequences for students arriving
 Millennium Christian High School of Cavite, Inc. v

late to the first period. The second phase involved TARDI Letter and TARDI Forum,
which were implemented for students with five consecutive tardiness and absences.
(ResearchGate, n.d.)

Students in senior high school experience stress, boredom, anger, and anxiety
due to traffic congestion. Bumper to bumper traffic worsens the situation, according
to Naicem (2018) and Andrews (2015). Traffic congestion also leads to tardiness and
being late to school, as students wake up late and prepare for school due to traffic.
These issues contribute to their stress, anger, and anxiety levels. (Odlyzko, 2009)
 Millennium Christian High School of Cavite, Inc. vi

Foreign Studies

Tardiness has a negative impact on students' academic performance. Students

who are frequently tardy perform worse on standardized reading and math tests.
Additionally, students whose classmates have higher rates of tardiness also have
lower test scores, widening the achievement gap. Late-type students, who prefer to
sleep late, have lower grades for courses held at all different times of day, indicating a
selective learning disadvantage. Factors contributing to the academic disadvantage of
late-type students include inadequate sleep, circadian desynchrony, lower self-rated
health and mood, lower metacognitive self-regulation, and lower lecture attendance
Overall, tardiness negatively affects students' academic performance through various
mechanisms. (Rh, 2020)

Several studies have shown that school tardiness has a negative impact on
learning outcomes. By the mere nature of arriving late and missing school hours,
students receive fewer hours of instruction than students who are in class when the
bell sounds. But not only does a student who is consistently arriving late to school
establish bad punctuality habits, their tardiness also disrupts the learning of other
students in their classes. Dafiaghor (2011) reported in his research outcomes that the
tardiness rate was unable to mitigate by facilitating in accordance with free education
counseling together with student discipline, and truancy sweep through the
application of electronic systems. (Warne et al., 2020)

It is clear from literature that tardiness is a major problem. Not only do

students lose valuable educational instruction when they arrive late, but they disrupt
the educational environment and distract others who are in the class. Excessive
 Millennium Christian High School of Cavite, Inc. vii

student tardiness has a negative impact upon a student's future (Ried, 2000). Some of
the implications are academic failure, high school dropouts, emotional dependency,
drug dependency, fighting and bullying (Chang & Romero, 2008). In South Africa, as
reported by Nonkonana and Kwendu (2020), 20% of the South African learner’s
report to school when the school has already started. Recently, the South African
government lamented the adverse impact of perpetual late coming and learner
absenteeism on schooling (DBE, 2009). (Olowoyo et al., 2021)

Tardiness is defined as being late by adhering to an established time schedule.

The root cause of tardiness is laziness, lack of interest in academic work, fear of
failure, and poor study habits which cause to students delay their work. Studying
tardiness of students in school is to understand the factors contributing to tardiness
and its impact on academic performance, behavior and overall being. According to
Harrman (2007) students tardiness occurs at a rate of 3.3% to 9.5% each day. Student
tardiness is a key factor in determining if a child will become at risk (Greenfield,
2002). Without intervention, tardy behaviors often result in serious emotional and
social problems (Harrman, 2007).

Hamilton County Junior/Senior High School requires visitors to obtain a

visitor's badge in the Main Office for a safe and orderly environment. Access is
through the main east entrance, with all other entrance doors locked from 8:15 am to
3:02 pm. Visitors must sign in with staff, provide their visit reason, and return the
badge. (Counts, 1926)
 Millennium Christian High School of Cavite, Inc. viii

Local Studies

The problem statement, conceptual framework importance, study scope, and

word definitions are written in this chapter, which serves as the study's backdrop. The
study investigates the main causes that have prevented 10-Rizal, a second-year
student, from arriving on time for class. doing less work because of late reporting
because, for example, the student's academic performance may suffer, and some
pupils may not excel in subjects like math or science. Most junior high school
students sleep through the night because, according to our Nangka High School
pupils, tardiness has an impact on both grades and the academic program. Numerous
other methods exist for joy after school activities, such as web boarding, reading, or
watching Korean dramas, by giving up those negative habits. It will also, naturally,
boost a student's attendance at school. To understand why so few students at Nangka
High School arrive late for class, the researcher is interested in learning more about
tardiness, specifically from the students themselves. We also want to address this
issue by offering some advice and suggestions that students can implement to break
the bad habit of being tardy. (Lacsinto, 2018)

The purpose of the study is to determine the major reasons behind the
academic time lags that San Antonio de Padua College HUMSS students reported for
the 2016–2017 academic year. After identifying and noting the reasons behind and
effects of tardiness, it offered some recommendations for how to avoid it in the future.
Thirty (30) people participated in this trial as subjects. The primary causes of
underachievement among CHC students include lifestyle, low self-esteem, and lack of
focus. Low self-esteem is another factor that could contribute to a student's tardiness.
The results and their interpretation are presented in the study in question. It illustrates
 Millennium Christian High School of Cavite, Inc. ix

how San Antonio de Padua College processes HUMSS students as Not all the time,
but occasionally, it did happen. presents a person's conduct in relation to the
respondents' study. This was demonstrated by the factors that caused the latecomers,
as reported by Grade 11 HUMSS students at San Antonio de Padua College. Low
self-esteem received an overall mean of 3. The combined mean of the Grade 11
HUMSS students' additional delay point of view and 20, which is defined as
"sometimes" on a scale, equals 2. 59, another value on the scale that is "rarely."
(Asajar, 2018)

Being prompt is one of those qualities that makes someone truly deserving of
respect. If every citizen who assumes this obligation practices the virtue of this task,
the time and money invested will often be far less. Being on time will possess all the
necessary skills and support every constructive action that exists in every aspect.
Although it wasn't always as recognized as it is now when productivity and safety are
at odds, it was nonetheless very necessary in some circumstances. The purpose of this
study is to identify the factors that contribute to their everyday practice's difficulties
during school hours. Being somewhat negligent, running late, and the most popular
transgressor when it comes to attending courses in, I have consistently been late for
the flag ceremonies on several days. I have also been late for first period in the
afternoon class session and for both the morning and afternoon recess periods. They
have a delay in attending to this when they temporarily alter their block allocation and
other activities to partake in outdoor activities. There was evidence that students
disliked studying science and math subjects, which could be related to their intense
interest in such subjects. The hostility is only on one side and has nothing to do with
the actual problem. Additionally, some pupils commented favorably on the work of
their teacher. though there's a chance that this has no bearing whatsoever on how well
they do in school. (Salva, 2017)
 Millennium Christian High School of Cavite, Inc. x

It doesn't matter how many students show up for class; what matters is
whether they arrive on time and stay for the entire scheduled class period. After
attending numerous lectures for a time, students may learn that the opening few
minutes of the presentation are devoted to a very lengthy definition, following which
there are no further productive actions. Being late for class has a detrimental impact
on students as well as others. It is a known truth that kids with consistent attendance
have an extremely high likelihood of receiving good grades. Students that attend class
can complete their academic assignments on time and with excellence. The tardy
pupils will also arrive. one more, and they'll be a single source of disturbance for the
class of students. This confirms that there hasn’t been much research on students'
tardiness for class. According to some researchers, students who arrive late for class
receive lower grades; this suggests that sleeping late is the primary explanation.
concludes that going forward, further research will be done on students who arrive
late for class at Larkana subdivision schools. As a result, a series of questions known
as the quantitative approach will be used to conduct this investigation. The data would
thus indicate the percentage of students who arrive late for class in the Larkana
subdivision schools. (Saba, 2016)

This action research specifically aims to reduce student tardiness as success is

attained. program of intervention (SSIP). In addition to being one of the problems
schools faces right now, transportation is one illustration of it. Being late is a problem
regardless of whether it is the fault of an individual or a teacher. It typically manifests
itself in two ways: first, by arriving late for appointments or other events, and second,
by failing to complete work on time without providing an explanation. taking the bus,
traveling in pairs, and occasionally being late for class the entire school day. Make
your own path to achievement. Should the sluggishness in schools continue,
additional negative consequences may also occur. quickly outweigh the advantages of
schooling. One could view the root cause and consequence of corruption as a
widespread crisis in government. They arrive late, but they miss a crucial instructional
zone, which lowers their grade. may perform poorly in classes. Salabaca Community
 Millennium Christian High School of Cavite, Inc. xi

High School, Other Bienvenido T. pupils seventeen (17). Sultan Kudarat took the
longest to complete the praxis at Meñ Peru; it took 20 hours. The pupils in the chosen
group were those who were expected to produce more. Parents of students have
reported instances of late arrivals during the months of August and September of this
school year. 2022–2023. Every Wednesday after class for three days a week, the
students had a 30-minute counseling session. afternoon. SSI is reported to have been
going to enhance academic performance and reduce the number of pupils who arrive
late for class. execution. based on p-value = 0. I believe that we should be concerned
about this 000. It is significantly less than alpha 0. 02. Siri starts by telling us
everything there is to know about the sea, from tiny phytoplankton to enormous krill.
By using quantifiable measures, SSIP lowers the percentage of pupils that arrive late
to school. It is suggested that adult learners of Spanish acquire the language through
immersion, with the instructor teaching the class entirely in Spanish with no
translations into other languages. It is important to recognize the part that parents and
teachers play in helping students meet their academic objectives since they can create
a milestone or rapid issues. occurs to the students. The fact that it serves as a gauge of
such individuals' efficacy demonstrates their engagement in such challenging issues.
Their treatment by parents and teachers was influenced by this, as it formed the basis
of their knowledge. (Sorzano, 2023)

We must thus study tardiness to better understand its causes and preventative
measures, particularly about students in schools. Individuals who are unable to
complete tasks on time may become sluggish and take life more seriously, which can
negatively impact their academic performance and relationships with peers.
Additionally, tardy students may not participate in class discussions, which further
undermines their ability to learn, make friends, and perform well. Although turning in
work beyond the deadline is another indication of tardiness, students are still ignorant
of the effects tardiness would have on their academic achievement. Accordingly, the
researchers' goal in this study is to be identifying the various causes of tardiness and
 Millennium Christian High School of Cavite, Inc. xii

ways to prevent it in general, the study's primary goal is to fully understand the
connection between tardiness and academic achievement of La Verdad Christian
School senior high school students AY: First two years, 2016-2017. (Beltran, 2017)

Moreover, persistent tardiness creates a systemic problem that requires

attention when no steps are taken to rectify it. Pilgirm (2013). I would rather not be in
the circumstance of being late, as I am aware that it entails being imperfectly timely
and arriving at a location more than two hours late. There are various ways in which
an organization's workouts might affect its employees' ability to work
([Link]). The difficulty here is determining the extent of tardiness, as
being late clearly has consequences. What's the senior high school experience like at
Atene de Zamboanga University? To resolve this matter, the administrative personnel
at the secondary school level will enforce disciplinary actions inside the school and
furnish the pupils with a schedule. making sure they complete their duties effectively.
They ought to abide by the policies and procedures of the institution here as well. A
study will be conducted on these matters, including the frequency of their tardiness to
class, the reasons behind it, and the effects such actions will have on the students
should they persist in doing so. The number of senior high school (SHS) students at
Ateneo de Zamboanga University who arrive late for class is one of the goals of this
study, among other things. (Tawasil, 2017)

Reference list

Lacsinto, J. (2018). The Problem and its background. [Link].

[Link]

Asajar, M. (2018). FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE TARDINESS AS

PERCEIVED BY GRADE 11-HUMSS OF SAN ANTONIO DE PADUA COLLEGE
in partial of fulfillment of the requirements for the Senior High School
[Link].[Link]
 Millennium Christian High School of Cavite, Inc. xiii

THAT_CONTRIBUTE_TO_THE_TARDINESS_AS_PERCEIVED_BY_GRADE_1
1_HUMSS_OF_SAN_ANTONIO_DE_PADUA_COLLEGE_In_Partial_Of_Fulfillm
ent_Of_the_Requirements_for_the_Senior_High_School_HUMSS_Track

Salva, J. (2017). Action Research on Tardiness DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

REGION XII KIDAPAWAN CITY SCHOOLS DIVISION KIDAPAWAN CITY
NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL Roxas St., Kidapawan City DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH ON TARDINESS OF STUDENTS IN GRADE X PHOENIX
[Link].[Link]
h_on_Tardiness_DEPARTMENT_OF_EDUCATION_REGION_XII_KIDAPAWAN
_CITY_SCHOOLS_DIVISION_KIDAPAWAN_CITY_NATIONAL_HIGH_SCHO
OL_Roxas_St_Kidapawan_City_DESCRIPTIVE_RESEARCH_ON_TARDINESS_
OF_STUDENTS_IN_GRADE_X_PHOENIX_SECTION

Saba, N. (2016). Class Tardiness- Complete research [Link].

[Link].[Link]
_Research_Proposal_docx

Sorzano, J. (2023). Reducing student’s tardiness through SSIP (Students

Success Intervention Program). Social Science Research Network.
[Link]

Beltran, D. (2017). TARDINESS IN RELATION TO THE ACADEMIC

PERFORMANCE OF THE SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS OF LA
VERDAD CHRISTIAN SCHOOL AY la verdad Christian School.
[Link].
[Link]
ADEMIC_PERFORMANCE_OF_THE_SENIOR_HIGH_SCHOOL_STUDENTS_O
F_LA_VERDAD_CHRISTIAN_SCHOOL_AY_La_Verdad_Christian_School?
rhid=28239640867&swp=rr-rw-wc-36250240
 Millennium Christian High School of Cavite, Inc. xiv

Tawasil, F. (2017). THE PERCENTAGE OF ADZU GRADE 11 STUDENTS

WHO COMES TO CLASS LATE AND THE EFFECTS OF TARDINESS TO
THEIR
[Link].[Link]
971/
THE_PERCENTAGE_OF_ADZU_GRADE_11_STUDENTS_WHO_COMES_TO_
CLASS_LATE_AND_THE_EFFECTS_OF_TARDINESS_TO_THEIR_ACADEMI
C_PERFORMANCE
Millennium Christian High School of Cavite, Inc. xv