Thermodynamics vs.
Heat Transfer
Thermodynamics is concerned
with the amount of heat transfer
as a system undergoes a process
from one equilibrium state to
another,
Thermodynamics gives no
indication about how long the
process takes,
Heat Transfer determines how
fast heat can be transferred to or
from a system and thus the times
of cooling or heating.
Spring 2003 ECE309: Chapter 8 1
Heat Transfer Mechanisms
Conduction:
∆T dT
Q& cond = kA or Q& cond = −kA (W)
∆x dx
Convection:
Q& convvection = hA (Ts − T∞ ) (W)
Radiation:
Q& rad = εσA(Ts4 − Tsurr
4
) (W)
Spring 2003 ECE309: Chapter 8 2
1
Example
Determine the rate of heat transfer
between the plates per unit surface
area assuming the gap between the
plates is
1. filled with atmospheric air,
2. evacuated,
3. filled with urethane insulation, and
4. filled with superinsulation with k =
0.00002 W/m.°C.
Spring 2003 ECE309: Chapter 8 3
Steady Heat Conduction in Plane Walls
Energy Balance:
rate of
rate of rate of
change of the
heat transfer −
heat trans fer =
into the wall out of the wall energy content
of the wall
dE
Q& in − Q& out = wall
dt
dT
Q& cond ,wall = −kA (W)
dx
T −T
Q& cond ,wall = kA 1 2 (W)
L
Spring 2003 ECE309: Chapter 8 4
2
Thermal Resistance
T −T T −T
Q& cond ,wall = 1 2 (W) Q& conv = s ∞ (W)
Rwall Rconv
L 1
Rwall = (°C/W) Rconv = (°C/W)
kA hA
T − Tsurr
Q& rad = εσA(Ts4 − Tsurr
4
) = hrad A(Ts − Tsurr ) = s (W)
Rrad
1
Rrad = (K/W)
hrad A
hrad = εσA(Ts2 − Tsurr
2
)(Ts − Tsurr ) (W/(m 2 .K))
Spring 2003 ECE309: Chapter 8 5
Thermal Resistance Network
T −T
Q& = ∞1 ∞ 2 (W)
Rtotal
1 L 1
Rtotal = Rconv,1 + Rwall + Rconv, 2 = + + (°C/W)
h1 A kA h2 A
Spring 2003 ECE309: Chapter 8 6
3
Mutilayer Plane Wall
T −T
Q& = ∞1 ∞ 2
Rtotal
Rtotal = Rconv ,1 + Rwall ,1 + Rwall , 2 + Rconv ,2
1 L L 1
= + 1 + 2 +
h1 A k1 A k1 A h2 A
Spring 2003 ECE309: Chapter 8 7
Thermal Contact Resistance
Perfect Thermal Contact Actual Thermal Contact
The thermal resistance due to the roughness at the
contact areas is called thermal contact resistance.
Spring 2003 ECE309: Chapter 8 8
4
Example
Given:
W = 1.5 m,
H = 0.8 m,
k = 0.78 W/m.°C,
Calculate:
1. Steady rate of heat transfer
through this glass window and,
2. Temperature of the inner
surface.
Spring 2003 ECE309: Chapter 8 9
Heat Conduction in Cylinders & Spheres
T −T
Q& Cond = 1 2
Rth
ln( r2 / r1 ) r2 − r1
Rth,cyl = Rth,sph =
2πkL 4πr1r2 k
Spring 2003 ECE309: Chapter 8 10
5
Example
Given:
k = 15 W/(m.°C),
T∞1 = 0 °C, T∞2 = 22 °C,
h1 = 80, h2 = 10W/(m2.°C),
Latent heat of fusion = hif = 333.7 kJ/kg.
Determine:
(a) Rate of heat transfer,
(b) Amount of ice at 0 °C that melts
during a 24-h period.
Spring 2003 ECE309: Chapter 8 11
Critical Radius of Insulation, rcr
d Q&
T −T =0
Q& = 1 ∞ ⇒ dr
Rins + Rconv
k 2k
rcr ,cylinder = (m) rcr ,sphere =
h h
k: Thermal conductivity of insulation
h: Ambient heat transfer coefficient
Spring 2003 ECE309: Chapter 8 12
6
Heat Generation in a Solid
Q& = g&V = hA(Ts − T∞ )
g&V
Ts = T∞ +
hA
g& : Heat generation / unit volume, (W/m3)
Spring 2003 ECE309: Chapter 8 13
Example
Given:
2-kW resistance heater wire,
k = 15 W/(m.°C),
D = 4 mm,
L = 0.5 m,
Ts = 105 °C,
Calculate: Centerline temperature.
Spring 2003 ECE309: Chapter 8 14
7
Heat Transfer from Finned Surfaces
Ab = w × t
Q& conv = ∫ h (T − T∞ ) dA Arec. fin = 2 × w × L + w × t Apin fin = πDL + πD 2 / 4
L
Spring 2003 ECE309: Chapter 8 15
Fin Efficiency, ηfin
Q& Actual heat transfer rate from the fin
η fin = & fin =
Q fin,max Ideal (maximum) heat transfer rate from the fin
Spring 2003 ECE309: Chapter 8 16
8
Fin Effectiveness, εfin
Thermal conductivity of the fin material
should be as high as [Link] most
widely used fins are made of
aluminum.
The ratio of the perimeter to the cross-
sectional area of the fin, p/Ac, should
be as high as possible.
The use of fins is most effective in
applications that involve low Q&
ε fin = & fin
convection heat transfer coefficient Qno fin
(gases not liquids).
Spring 2003 ECE309: Chapter 8 17
Example
Given
Case-to-ambient thermal
resistance = 20 °C/W,
Maximum power rating = 10W,
Maximum allowable
temperature = 85 °C,
Ambient temperature = 25 °C.
Determine:
Power at which this transistor
can be operated safely.
Spring 2003 ECE309: Chapter 8 18
