PE 101.

History and Physiological Foundations of Physical Education

Historical foundation of PE
*Ancient China and India
*Physical Activities in Athens and Sparta
*Greek philosopher in Physical Education who contributed to the worth of PE
*Roman Physical Activities
*Physical Education in the Philippines
- Pre-Spanish Period
- American Period
- Spanish Era Activities - Feast, fertility dance, moro-moro, santa cruzan
- Traditional Game - sipa, arnis

Man's biological Make-Up and Fitness

Psychological Aspect of Physical Education

Sociological Foundations of Physical Education

Guide Questions

1. Describe how PE education has evolved from early societies to the 20th Century.

- Very early societies would undoubtedly have been more concerned with survival than
education. Perhaps ‘education for survival’ would be a suitable term for the informal, but
very important, inculcation of skills and knowledge that enabled early man to live and
survive in a hostile environment. What more basic aim for education could there be than the
survival and propagation of the species? Imitation of adults by children, and indoctrination
into the ways of the culture were probably the main ways in which this informal education
occurred (Van Dalen and Bennett, 1971). Conformity with the group norms would have been
central to this process. Societies threatened by external influences do not tolerate eccentric
individuality. The limited education would therefore have taken the form of imposition of
control over the individual for the benefit of the group. The purpose of education was to
ensure the survival of the society and this was best served by ensuring that group members
were jointly responsible for that survival.
 2. What should be the purpose of physical education in the 21st Century?
[Link]
%20increases%20disease%2C%20inflammation,certainly%20stress%20(among
%20others).&text=Why%20physical%20education%20is%20so,no%20change%20in
%20academic%20performance.
This brief survey of some of the history of physical education was made to show how physical
education can be used to achieve different outcomes. These have invariably been linked very
closely with the demands and needs of society at the time. We have seen that from earliest times
education was used as a means of social control through the establishment of group norms and
that physical education was used for group survival and preparation for adulthood.
The Greeks used physical education either to develop the body as an equal partner to the mind, or
so that a failing body was not a hindrance to the mind. In some city-states fit youths were needed
for military service, while other city-states recognized an holistic purpose for education, using
physical education to provide citizens better able to take a useful place in society. The dichotomy
between education of the physical, using physical education for a single purpose, and education
through the physical, making use of multiple outcomes, was illustrated by the different
educational philosophies of Sparta and Athens. This dichotomy continues today.
The way that the Romans used physical education has many parallels today. Initially used to
provide soldiers for war, its purpose eventually became that of minimal fitness maintenance and
education for leisure. Concerns such as health of the population and continuing physical activity
are two items high on the physical education agenda today.
Copyright © 2000. Routledge. All rights reserved.

The reversion to Greek ideals during the Renaissance identified the development of the complete
person as a priority, and that encompassed physical development. Such fully educated people
were needed to be able to take their place in a polite, cultured society. As a component of a
complete education, physical education was serving the needs of society.
We have so far seen that physical education has been used for the purposes of survival, social
control, military fitness, health, holistic development and citizen education. This constitutes quite
an impressive accomplishment for a subject that many marginalize as just ‘playing games’. Many
of the benefits to individuals and to society in general are completely open and acknowledged.
But a critical analyst might well suggest ulterior and hidden motives for including physical
education as a component of education. This idea, of an ulterior and hidden curriculum, will be
explored later.

- Survival
- Social control
- Health
- Holistic Development
- Citizen Education
- Amusement
- Military Fitness
 2. When was the start of the decline of Physical education? What happens?
- Overall physical activity starts to decline already around the age of school entry. While
the proportion of physically inactive individuals rises with age there still are groups of
people who manage to increase their physical activity level in adulthood and old age.

4. Expound.
a. Education of the physical- a subject in school where students are taught a
curriculum developed to support students in growing as physically literate
people
b. Education through the physical- exercise, sports, games, fitness, etc.
Physical activity should occur throughout a lifespan. A combination of
strength and cardiovascular activity is great for health and disease prevention.
Cardiovascular activity is optimal when at moderate to vigorous intensities for
at least 30-60 minutes more days than not. There are specific
recommendations for different ages but this is just a brief summary.

5. How can physical education serve society in the 21st century?

- In my humble opinion, physical education is the ideal setting to support a 21st century learner.

Here, they are able to:

 Collaborate (with a partner, small group, large group and in a variety of settings)
 Take Risks (learn new skills, skill combinations, etc. that can directly impact their health
in a positive way)
 Think Creatively and Critically (in planning, participating, and evaluating practice and
performance)
 Communicate (Effectively using verbal and non-verbal communication skills in
authentic physically active settings)
 Demonstrate Civic Responsibility (for their health, for supporting the community in
healthy living initiatives, service learning options, etc.)

All content areas in school are important if we want to develop the whole child. I’m not going to
say that other subjects aren’t important - because they are. In fact, an upcoming blog is how to
integrate other content areas into physical education to support our wonderful classroom
colleague and our capable students. I’m simply pointing out that physical education is an ideal
location to foster 21st century learning - while also helping to reverse the insane amounts of
physical inactivity that exists in this 21st century society. In doing so, we’ll have students not
only prepared for the global community they are being raised in, they will be prepared to live life
to its fullest potential. (And...I didn’t even talk about how much money it would save taxpayers!)
I agree that learners should be developing the 21st century skills listed in this post. I also feel that
their physical literacy is every bit as important as the 21st century skills skills. Whether we
approach it from health prevention, economics, or happiness - the conclusion is the same.
Physical literacy matters....and, it is indeed developed in 21st century physical education spaces
that deliver innovative curriculum.
So there you have it, my two cents. Please add to the comments below to further strengthen this
conversation so that our amazing PE professional learning network via Twitter, etc. has more
information to share with their administration.

6. Why do we have to educate students about physical activity and sports? What are its
underlying historical, philosophical and theoretical underpinnings?

• Evidence suggests that increasing physical activity and physical fitness may
improve academic performance

7. Explain the importance of movement experiences in children?

-Movement in children can help increase memory, perception, language, attention, emotion
and decision making. Here are some easy ways to get your child moving
-It is important that all young children are physically active every day. In fact, physical
activity may play a bigger role in a child’s development than previously believed. Research
suggests that promoting movement and activity in young children can help increase memory,
perception, language, attention, emotion and even decision making. When language is combined
with movement, learning increases 90 percent. Movement has also been shown to help calm and
promote alertness in infants.
-By helping your child learn to move, you will not only help with their development, but you
will also make sure that they are staying healthy and active. Developing movement skills early
on can help promote a healthy lifestyle, learning and overall well-being.
8. When can we say that students are physically educated?
- Physically literate individuals have the knowledge, skills, and confidence to enjoy a lifetime
of healthful physical activity
- The goal of physical education should be to develop physically literate individuals.
Physically literate individuals have the knowledge, skills, and confidence to enjoy a lifetime
of healthful physical activity.
 1. The purpose of Physical Education
- Survival
- Social control
- Health
- Holistic Development
- Citizen Education
- Amusement
- Military Fitness

2. Which among the civilization is more like the present day in terms of sports? (Romans)
3. While the Greek teaches populace the life here on earth, Catholicism teaches _______
(afterlife)
4. Who followed the spartan ideals of education (Petrus Vergerius)
5. Who followed the Athenian ideals of education (Vittorino da Feltre)
6. Expound this….”the body needed to function adequately in order for the mind to operate
effectively”. Du

- In this view, the cultivation of the body was a means to an end; the end being the ability
of the mind to indulge in rational thought and intellectual enquiry. The other view was
that, because the human construction was dual in nature i.e. composed of mind and body,
it was desirable to develop each element of this dual construction to its full potential.
Neither element was predominant over the other, each being of equal importance.

PE 102 Organization, Administrations and Supervision in PE

Basic principles of Organization and Administration

The Role of Personnel Involved in School and College organization
Program Planning
Organization of Intramural Meet
Intramurals and Sports Guidelines
Study Material: This is the closest material I can give you to cover PE 102. This is the only
reference I will use for the questions.

[Link]
edit?usp=sharing

Guide questions;

1. Why should you study administration? Describe its implication to the betterment of
Physical Education and sports program implementation.
-Students might logically wonder why they should study administration. Most students are
probably more concerned about finding a position in the immediate future than about envisioning
administrative responsibilities. However, even in their first position, persons in physical
education or sport find themselves thrust into administrative situations. Some of the
administrative duties even first-year teachers or coaches could find themselves involved with are
listed in table 1.1.
The study of administration will include material related to interviewing persons for positions.
Obviously, the more familiar one is with the interviewing process, the more favorably one can
project oneself in job interviews. Education is a bureaucracy. The better the teacher's or coach's
understanding of the system from the administrative perspective, the more efficiently he or she
will be able to function within the system and in working with administrators. Although this text
primarily focuses on the administration of educational programs, keep in mind that a growing
number of administrative positions are available in health and fitness in public, private,
commercial, and industrial centers, as well as in recreation and professional sport.

Common Administrative Duties of Many Teachers/Coaches

1. Directing intramurals or recreational sports
2. Managing swimming pool
3. Participating in parent conferences
4. Writing standard operating procedures or policy statements
5. Serving on committees
6. Writing curriculum revisions
7. Inventorying equipment
8. Ordering equipment
9. Inspecting facilities for safety
10. Supervising the maintenance or repair of equipment and facilities
11. Organizing or directing playdays, tournaments, meets, or public performances
12. Representing school at athletic meetings
13. Training student leaders
14. Advising sport clubs, or cheerleaders
15. Writing press releases and newsletters to sport Supporters
16. Speaking to service clubs, pep rallies, and through the media
17. Organizing, accounting, and directing ticket sales
18. Assisting in promotion of ticket sales or booster club revenues
19. Arranging for support services for contests such as food concessions, ticket takers, ushers
20. Scheduling classes, contests, and officials

2. Establish the need for an administrator to be guided by a philosophy, and the importance
of ethics in administrative decisions in physical education and sports
-"Without philosophy, coaches and physical educators are 'unguided missiles, states Earl
Zeigler (1980, p. 122). The sports administrator must develop a sound philosophy for
guidance in making difficult decisions. The following incidents describe situations in
which the philosophy (and thus value system) of the coach, teacher, or administrator will
dictate a course of action.
-ln general, the sport and physical education administrator following the pragmatic philosophy
would give the most support to team sports those that have spectator interest or allow students to
experience play. The pragmatic administrator would more likely support dance and rhythm
activities than the realist or idealist and would be inclined to follow a democratic style of
administration.
The key to the pragmatic administrator's actions would be "what works best." This practical
approach would determine policies for showering after physical education class, required
uniforms, grading, types of activities, degree of emphasis on interscholastic athletics, and types
of equipment and facilities. Activities of large groups in cooperative "play" would be supported.

Ethics relate to the study and standards of morality that individuals should follow.
Questions of values and concepts of right and wrong are weighted. Ethics tell people how
they ought to act. "There is a voice of moral and ethical examples among the participants
of the sport, including spectators, players, and those who manage and administer the
sport. . . sport managers need to develop ethical principles to... monitor their own
administrative actions in sport. managers must make concrete moral decisions, often
under circumstances that are unclear
 3. 3. What type of administrator are you? Describe qualities that you possess to define the
type of administrator you are.
-Most authorities support the use of the democratic form of administration in a de- mocratic
society. The creative ideas that a group of individuals can generate in a lively meeting will be far
greater than the same group might identify if they were all working independently. This process,
frequently described as "group dynamics," results in participatory governance. Other advantages
of democratic administration include these: (1) All staff have opportunities to determine their
own professional destiny; (2) young staff members gain experience in administrative matters
through committee work; (3) staff members who have had a voice in the planning of programs
will more likely support and work with substantial effort to make the programs effective;
planning; (4) esprit de corps develops as the group works together; and (5) weak or poorly
conceived policies or programs are not as likely to be implemented, because more group effort
precedes most decisions.

The democratic form of administration is by no means perfect, however. The most consistent
problem is its inefficiency. Democracy grinds fine but exceedingly slow. Institutions find
themselves proliferating the committee structure to the point that they must have a "committee
on committees" to keep track of them. At times, groups mire down in trivia or personal bias.
Frequently, so many compromises are required before a group reaches an agreement that the
result is unworkable. In general, democratic administration will perform to the level of ability of
the majority of the staff.

4. Which among the qualities and skills of a leader is more useful in your station? Expound
on each and be precise about its context.

-Enthusiasm, energy, and a positive attitude. One reason why coaches are selected so
frequently for various administrative positions is that they show enthusiasm in their
coaching. We have all been told, "Don't volunteer for anything." If you want to be
selected as an administrator, forget that advice and volunteer for everything.
Administrators are expected to be "human dynamos. " Senior administrators look for
teachers and coaches who show an insatiable appetite for work.

P.E. 103 – Coaching and Officiating Sports

Concept of officiating
Importance of officiating Sports
Qualities of an Officials

Principles of Coaching

1. Create your coaching philosophy.

A step-by-step example of a pathway to developing a coaching philosophy is below.

 1. Identify your values. List three or more specific values. For example: mutual respect,
organization, and integrity. 2. Develop a personal belief system by developing actions for each
value. Mutual respect — Always approach clients with unconditional positive regard.
Organization — Always be organized with meeting times, administration, and keeping track of
progress and discussions. Integrity — Always honor the trust and confidence of your clients. 3.
Build a mission statement from the answers to the second part on the path. To be a source of
open-minded support for clients as an organized, safe, and honest coach, providing collaborative
and creative space to explore personal growth

vision coaching is barely concerned with the amount of control exercised by a coach. Instead,
vision coaching is a coaching style based on futuristic ideas. In this coaching style, the coach
emphasises on visualising future outcomes and discovering strategies to achieve them.

Vision coaching encourages the individuals to visualise their ‘success’ eventually making it seem
achievable. It is popularly used in sports, where coaches encourage players to push themselves
by visualizing their winnings. But it is not just limited to sports, as people from all backgrounds
fantasize about their success.

2. Which quality/ties of an official is rooted in high moral standards?

Here are some instances of high moral standards:

 Do not commit murder

 Observe others’ property rights.
 Treat others the same way you would want to be treated
 Do not steal
 Maintain honesty and loyalty
 Be mindful of the things you say to others

3. What makes a great coach?

PE 104 Contemporary Issues of Physical Education

1. The contemporary problem in each list of recreation

a. CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS IN -Camping.
b. CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS IN - Watching movies
c. CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS IN- Surfing the Internet
d. CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS IN - Outdoor Sports
e. CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS IN - School Club

Recreation Through Adventure

CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS IN -Camping

Camping has a premise to be an adventurous and fun experience. From hiking,

swimming, building campfires, and the like, we all know that camping is enjoyable whether you
are solo or within a group. However, like other recreational activities, we can experience
problems in camping. Some of these are not novel but still, they are relevant to this day. To
categorize the ideas that I have found on the Internet, contemporary problems of camping can be
personal and environmental.

Personal contemporary problems of camping boil down to the preparedness of the

campers. According to Grand Valley State University: Recreation and Wellness in their
principles called Leave no Trace, it is important to plan and be ready. Whether it could be
unexpected bad weather, wild animal threats, getting lost, sickness, or injuries, it is important to
have all the necessary materials and resources when the need arises. Planning ensures the safety
of groups and individuals. This also increases self-confidence and opportunities for learning
more about nature.

Another personal problem also is if the people camping near you are loud. According to
Ben Esman in his article, 20 Common Problems Faced During Camping (And How to Prepare
for Them) dated April 12, 2022, it can be definitely frustrating to camp with loud neighboring
campers. Campers usually come out to the wilderness aiming to enjoy the peace, quiet, and
soothing sounds of nature. With loud campers, they can easily ruin the experience. It is important
to talk with them about how they are bothering you. However, if diplomacy does not work, try to
adjust and move out rather than forcing them to stop and intensify the conflict.

Environmental contemporary problems of camping are those done by campers that can
negatively affect the environment. One of these problems is being irresponsible about waste
disposal. This problem causes pollution and other negative implications for the campsite.
Vandalism is also a common problem. Some campers do not avoid damaging live trees and
plants and disturbing wildlife. In the article Values, Behavior, and Conflict in Modern Camping
Culture written by Roger Clark et al, research findings suggest that campers and managers must
have similar goals associated with camping even though they disagree about the activities in
attaining these goals. Managers and campers must be united in protecting and preserving the
campsite. After all, a good campsite isn’t built, it is found.
Diversion Through Entertainment
CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS IN - Watching movies

Watching movies is a fun recreational activity in which children and adults can enjoy
using their imagination and fantasy. Films occupy a significant portion of the media products
consumed by people. According to Forbes, the increase in access to media such as TV, the
Internet, and streaming platforms makes movies one of the leading entertainment industries
nowadays next to gaming. I am a movie enthusiast and watching movies is one of my favorite
recreational activities. Though most of us love to have this as our main recreational activity,
watching movies face contemporary problems. Here are some that I have found on the internet.

The first problem is that movies profess violence. We can’t deny that movies today are
more violent than ever before. Some movies show new ways of torture and physical abuse which
may inspire young minds to indulge in these acts. According to researchers in developmental
psychology, every violent TV show increases a little-bit the likelihood of a child growing up to
behave more aggressively. Additionally, a statistics study by New Scientist, 2007 concluded that
by the time the average child in the U.S. starts elementary school, he or she will have seen 8,000
murders and 100,00 acts of violence on TV.

The second problem is that movies can establish false notions. There are movies that
portray certain subjects or themes in a way that is far from reality. It can also be a source of
misinformation which could lead viewers away from facts for the sake of entertainment.

The third problem is that movies can portray adultery and premature sex. It appears that it
has become a norm to have such scenes to attract viewers and increase selling points. There are
teenage movies that often show things like virginity, sexual escapades, fantasies, etc. According
to the study conducted by Rand Corporation, they have concluded that those who saw the most
necking, flirting, touching, sexual conversation and sex scenes on TV were twice as likely to
become pregnant or make their partner pregnant than those who saw the least.
 The last problem that I have found is that movies are addicting. Movie addiction can
affect our mental and physical health. Movie addicts pay more attention to movies than any other
thing. This will lead others to have an unhealthy lifestyle and become couch potatoes.

Watching movies have these disadvantages or problems but this does not mean that we
have to eradicate this as our reactional activity. After all, it is our responsibility to look for
ourselves about everything we are getting.
Recreation for Amusement
CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS IN- Surfing the Internet

We considered the Internet to be a vast source of information and entertainment. Lots of

us use the Internet to check the latest trends, schedule leisure activities, communicate and follow
other people’s lives. Surfing the internet is one of the most popular activities that internet users
do online. According to statistics, thirty percent (30%) of internet users go online and surf any
given day just for fun or to pass the time. Though surfing the Internet is beneficial, it doesn’t
mean that there are no problems in using this as a recreational activity. Based on my research,
here are some of the contemporary problems of surfing the Internet.

The first problem is that surfing the Internet is an addictive, time-wasting, and
distraction-causing activity. Internet addicts can spend more of their precious time on the Internet
rather than doing something productive.

Next is that the Internet can be used as a channel for bullies, trolls, stalkers, hackers, and
crime. Cyberbullying is rapidly increasing over the years. While surfing the internet, there are
instances where you can be tracked by Internet hackers and steal your personal information.
According to 2021 Cyber Security Statistics, 164.6 million records were exposed in 2018. There
is also 300,00 new malware created every day. This malware steals personal records and hacks
personal data.

Other problems are health issues and obesity. Surfing the internet frequently and
spending too much time on a computer can lead to an unhealthy lifestyle. According to Aris
Mosley, MD in her article entitled, The Negative Effects of Screen Time for Adults and Children,
too much screen time can lead to obesity, sleep problems, chronic neck and back problems,
depression, anxiety, and lower test scores in children. To avoid all of these, children should limit
their screen time to 1 to 2 hours per day. Adults should also try to limit their screen time outside
their working hours.

Lastly, surfing the internet can cause you to buy things you don’t need. The Internet
provides convenience for consumers to make purchases without putting much thought into
whether they should. According to the study by Anja Achtziger et al, Debt out of control: The
links between self-control, compulsive buying, and real debts, compulsive buying was positively
related to debts. They have also found out that in online shopping, there was a gender effect on
compulsive buying: women were more prone to compulsive buying than men.

To conclude, surfing the Internet as a recreational activity has lots of benefits since this
holds lots of information and entertainment. However, let us practice self-control and put into
consideration the problems that have been mentioned. Do not forget to always think before you
click.

Sports to Recreate
CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS IN - Outdoor Sports

Sport is one of the major contributors to one’s physical and social development. Outdoor
sports as a recreational activity help individuals to have lower blood pressure, fight obesity,
improve mental health, and reduce stress. According to research, individuals who are engaged in
outdoor sports activities, tend to have greater environmental awareness in their lives. In terms of
contemporary problems, outdoor sports’ advantages far outweigh their negative implications.
Here are some that I have found in my research.

The first problem is that outdoor sports expose you to natural elements. Unprecedented
weather conditions such as rain, strong winds, and intense heat can affect the experience. If you
are living in a city or a highly-populated area, you are also exposed to air pollutants and possible
allergens.

The COVID-19 pandemic limited physical contact and recreational activities like outdoor
sports which may increase the spread and risk of the virus. According to the United Nations
Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the pandemic prevents many individuals from
actively participating in regular individual or group sporting or physical activities outside of their
homes. With such conditions, some tend to be less physically active, have longer screen time,
irregular sleep patterns as well as worse diets, resulting in weight gain and loss of physical
fitness.

Luckily nowadays, the COVID-19 pandemic has slowly flattened the curve. As our
community are not in quarantine anymore and is under low alert levels, outdoor sports are
allowed with underlying health protocols and conditions.

Club to Recreate
CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS IN - School Club
 It is encouraged in schools that students are to engage in extracurricular activities. These
activities help the learners to develop their social aspects and their well-being as a whole. School
clubs help the learners to engage in a healthy social life. There, they can develop their leadership
skills and interact with learners that have the same interest as them. Though school club is
beneficial for learners to develop holistically (Jackson and Laanan 2010), it also has its own
contemporary problems. In the qualitative research conducted by Murat Keçe in October 2015
entitled Difficulties Faced in Social Club Activities: A Qualitative Study Based on Teacher
Opinions, he identified problems in school clubs.

The first problem is that not all students and teachers think that there is a need for social
clubs. According to the study, he found out that one out of three teachers claimed that clubs
aren’t necessary to develop interactions. One respondent claimed that clubs are a waste of time
and they were only established because these are mandatory. These ideas were countered
however by other respondents who claimed that school clubs help students discover their field of
interest and develop their skills by taking part in the activities offered by the clubs.

The second problem is the inadequacy of physical conditions and overcrowded school
clubs. The study found that inadequate materials lose students’ interest causing other students to
perceive club meetings as slavery. Some schools also do not have proper infrastructures to meet
the needs of school clubs.

The third problem indicated is the lack of teacher training. According to the study, there
are school club advisors who do not have sufficient knowledge about how to operate clubs and
therefore needed to be trained in this matter. To quote one of the respondents, “Kids will believe
as much as their teachers believe. If a teacher doesn’t believe in what he’s doing, children will
think that what they’re doing is unnecessary and won’t even attempt to learn
the skill being taught.”

The last problem indicated is time inadequacy. The teachers who participated in the study
stated that the total time allotted for classes is not sufficient for club activities. Although teachers
emphasized that club activities did not use the entire time allotted, they also expressed that the
time allocated for club activities should be increased.

These problems mentioned in the study need to be put into consideration by teachers. We
need to be aware of these for us to come up with a timely and relevant solution. School clubs are
important to develop our learners holistically. Let us create a school club where they can enjoy
and learn from it.
Guide questions:

1. The worldwide survey on physical education revealed that there is an inadequacy of

INSET/CPD for Physical Education Teachers. In your own observation, why is this so
and how do you think universities and colleges enhance graduate school education to
improve the value of physical education teachers’ professional growth? Specify the
knowledge, skills, and values PE teachers should acquire.

- It is also important to recognise that teachers have different experience levels and starting
points. A professional development plan should provide support to all, regardless of where
they are on their teaching journey.

From our own research, we know that learning about teaching methodology is a key
training need for lots of teachers. However, as suggested above, some teachers may prefer
to engage in subject-specific training. There may be ways to adapt the development
programme to better suit the needs of the teachers.

We’ve seen how important it is for schools to invest in developing their teachers, however
it takes time and commitment to embed a development culture in a school. If you’d like
support and guidance, take a look at our professional development opportunities .

2. In the Philippines, time allotment for physical education runs from 45-60 minutes per
week, in spite of data showing the immensity of benefits of physical activities for
children. Based on your exposure to PE instructions in school, what can be other ways to
increase time for children to participate in physical activities? Describe how you want to
implement these activities.
 - Let us talk about skill ability issues. We all know that according to Howard Gardner,
there is a concept that we called multiple intelligences. Each student has their dominant
intelligence and has limitations from the others. In terms of physical activities, bodily-
kinesthetic intelligence is one of the prerequisite skills needed to perform well in class.
Let us not forget that there are students that are not gifted with this intelligence that is
why we need to know them and give appropriate tasks that fitted for their level.

Other factors to consider are the motivation of the students, because some students may
have filters when it comes to physical activities, we also have confidence and experience

Now going back to the first situation to ponder, our role as a teacher to address this issue
is that we have to know our students. Encourage and motivate them. Make use of the
three different curriculums mentioned and give them varied physical activities. We have
to give the students the freedom to choose their roles as well as what is expected of them

3. What are the quality physical education indicators? How will this model be used in the
Philippine context (pg 98.) (World-wide Survey of School Physical Education)
- For the development of a Physical Education Basic Needs Model, the Survey
questionnaire sought data on a range of items relevant to establishing what the ‘Basic
Needs’ are to sustain a quality assured inclusive PE curriculum in a policy to practice
infrastructural framework: national/regional governmental level policy strategies;
curricular aims and activities, essential resources (financial, teaching and support
personnel, material including facilities, equipment and teaching/learning aids),
curriculum time allocation, school-outside of school community agency partnerships and
professional associations inter alia (refer figure 1)

PE 105 Anatomy, Kinesiology, and Therapeutic Exercise

MUSCULAR SYSTEMS
*Functions
*Type of muscles
MAJOR MUSCLE GROUPS
*Functions
*other muscles
MUSCLE TESTING
THERAPEUTIC EXERCISE

Guide questions:

1. How does skeletal muscle adapt to strength training?

- Robinson et al. assessed the effects of three different exercise modalities on skeletal muscle
adaptations in young and older adults. While all enhanced insulin sensitivity, only HIIT and
combined training improved aerobic capacity, associated with enhanced translation of
mitochondrial proteins. HIIT effectively improved cardio-metabolic health parameters in aging
adults.

Highlights

 High-intensity interval training improved age-related decline in muscle mitochondria

 Training adaptations occurred with increased gene transcripts and ribosome proteins

 Changes to RNA with training had little overlap with corresponding protein abundance

 Enhanced ribosomal abundance and protein synthesis explain gains in mitochondria

2. What are the 4 major functional characteristics of skeletal muscle?

3. What makes a muscle contract and relax?

- Muscle contraction is described by the sliding filament model of contraction. ACh is the
neurotransmitter that binds at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) to trigger
depolarization, and an action potential travels along the sarcolemma to trigger calcium
release from SR. The actin sites are exposed after Ca++ enters the sarcoplasm from its SR
storage to activate the troponin-tropomyosin complex so that the tropomyosin shifts away
 from the sites. The cross-bridging of myposin heads docking into actin-binding sites is
followed by the “power stroke”—the sliding of the thin filaments by thick filaments. The
power strokes are powered by ATP. Ultimately, the sarcomeres, myofibrils, and muscle
fibers shorten to produce movement.
- Relaxing skeletal muscle fibers, and ultimately, the skeletal muscle, begins with the
motor neuron, which stops releasing its chemical signal, ACh, into the synapse at the
NMJ. The muscle fiber will repolarize, which closes the gates in the SR where Ca++ was
being released. ATP-driven pumps will move Ca++ out of the sarcoplasm back into the
SR. This results in the “reshielding” of the actin-binding sites on the thin filaments.
Without the ability to form cross-bridges between the thin and thick filaments, the muscle
fiber loses its tension and relaxes.
4. When can exercise becomes therapeutic?
• - THERAPEUTIC EXERCISES ARE DIFFERENT FROM WHAT MOST PEOPLE
THINK OF EXERCISE. THERAPEUTIC EXERCISES ARE SPECIFIC EXERCISES
MEANT FOR CORRECTING SPECIFIC PROBLEMS. THE FOCUS OF
THERAPEUTIC EXERCISES IS ON REGAINING FLEXIBILITY, STRENGTH AND
ENDURANCE RELATED TO SPECIFIC PHYSICAL PROBLEMS

-THERAPEUTIC EXERCISE IS THE SYSTEMATIC AND PLANNED

PERFORMANCE OF BODY MOVEMENTS OR EXERCISES WHICH AIMS TO
IMPROVE AND RESTORE PHYSICAL FUNCTION. EXERCISE IS DEFINED AS
“ACTIVITY THAT IS PERFORMED OR PRACTICED TO DEVELOP OR IMPROVE
A SPECIFIC FUNCTION OR SKILL TO DEVELOP AND MAINTAIN PHYSICAL
FITNESS

5. Cite an example of a therapeutic exercise. Expound how this exercise benefits the
body.

- There are different types of physical therapy exercises that may be prescribed for you
depending on your specific condition. These exercises may include:

 exercises to improve strength

 exercises to improve range of motion
 flexibility exercises
 balance and proprioception exercises
 functional mobility exercises
 cardiorespiratory exercises
 exercises for vertigo and dizziness

A physical therapy exercise program should be tailored for your specific needs. For example, if
you are having difficulty walking after a total knee replacement surgery, your physical therapist
may assess your quadriceps function and prescribe specific exercises to help improve the
strength of this muscle group