Geometry Review
1. Basic Definitions and Concepts
Point: A location in space with no size or dimension.
Line: A straight path extending infinitely in both directions with no thickness.
Line Segment: A part of a line with two endpoints.
Ray: A part of a line that starts at one point and extends infinitely in one direction.
Plane: A flat, two-dimensional surface that extends infinitely in all directions.
Angle: Formed by two rays (or line segments) that share a common endpoint, known as
the vertex.
2. Types of Angles
Acute Angle: Less than 90 degrees.
Right Angle: Exactly 90 degrees.
Obtuse Angle: More than 90 degrees but less than 180 degrees.
Straight Angle: Exactly 180 degrees.
Complementary Angles: Two angles whose measures add up to 90 degrees.
Supplementary Angles: Two angles whose measures add up to 180 degrees.
3. Triangles
Classification by Sides:
o Equilateral Triangle: All three sides are equal.
o Isosceles Triangle: Two sides are equal.
o Scalene Triangle: All three sides are different lengths.
Classification by Angles:
o Acute Triangle: All angles are less than 90 degrees.
o Right Triangle: One angle is exactly 90 degrees.
o Obtuse Triangle: One angle is more than 90 degrees.
4. Triangle Properties
Pythagorean Theorem: In a right triangle, a2+b2=c2a^2 + b^2 = c^2a2+b2=c2 (where
ccc is the hypotenuse).
Sum of Interior Angles: The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is always 180
degrees.
Congruence: Triangles are congruent if all corresponding sides and angles are equal
(SAS, SSS, ASA, AAS, and HL for right triangles).
5. Quadrilaterals
Parallelogram: Opposite sides are parallel and equal.
Rectangle: Opposite sides are equal, and all angles are 90 degrees.
Square: All sides are equal, and all angles are 90 degrees.
Rhombus: All sides are equal, but angles are not necessarily 90 degrees.
Trapezoid: Only one pair of opposite sides are parallel.
6. Circles
Radius: A line segment from the center of the circle to any point on the circle.
Diameter: A line segment passing through the center, connecting two points on the circle
(twice the radius).
Circumference: The distance around the circle, C=2πrC = 2\pi rC=2πr.
Area: The space inside the circle, A=πr2A = \pi r^2A=πr2.
Chord: A line segment with both endpoints on the circle.
Arc: A part of the circumference.
Sector: A region bounded by two radii and the arc between them.
7. Polygons
Regular Polygon: All sides and angles are equal.
Irregular Polygon: Sides and angles are not equal.
Sum of Interior Angles: (n−2)×180(n-2) \times 180(n−2)×180 degrees, where nnn is the
number of sides.
Exterior Angles: The sum of the exterior angles of any polygon is always 360 degrees.
8. Solid Geometry
Prism: A solid with two parallel, congruent bases connected by rectangular faces.
Cylinder: A solid with two parallel circular bases connected by a curved surface.
Pyramid: A solid with a polygonal base and triangular faces that meet at a common
point (the apex).
Cone: A solid with a circular base and a curved surface that tapers to a point (the apex).
Sphere: A perfectly round solid where all points on the surface are equidistant from the
center.
9. Transformations
Translation: Sliding a shape without rotating or flipping it.
Rotation: Turning a shape around a fixed point.
Reflection: Flipping a shape over a line to produce a mirror image.
Dilation: Enlarging or reducing a shape proportionally.
10. Coordinate Geometry
Distance Formula: The distance between two points (x1,y1)(x_1, y_1)(x1,y1) and
(x2,y2)(x_2, y_2)(x2,y2) is (x2−x1)2+(y2−y1)2\sqrt{(x_2 - x_1)^2 + (y_2 - y_1)^2}(x2
−x1)2+(y2−y1)2.
Midpoint Formula: The midpoint of a line segment with endpoints (x1,y1)(x_1, y_1)(x1
,y1) and (x2,y2)(x_2, y_2)(x2,y2) is (x1+x22,y1+y22)\left(\frac{x_1 + x_2}{2}, \
frac{y_1 + y_2}{2}\right)(2x1+x2,2y1+y2).
Slope Formula: The slope of a line through points (x1,y1)(x_1, y_1)(x1,y1) and (x2,y2)
(x_2, y_2)(x2,y2) is y2−y1x2−x1\frac{y_2 - y_1}{x_2 - x_1}x2−x1y2−y1.
