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High School Geometry Notes

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16 views

High School Geometry Notes

Uploaded by

Craig Conway
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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High School Geometry Notes

Chapter: Basics of Geometry

Introduction to Geometry:

●​ Geometry is the branch of mathematics that studies shapes, sizes, and properties of
figures and spaces.
●​ It is used in real-life applications such as architecture, engineering, art, and navigation.

Basic Terms and Definitions:

1.​ Point:​

○​ A point is an exact location in space with no length, width, or depth. It is usually


represented by a dot.
2.​ Line:​

○​ A line is a straight path that extends infinitely in both directions. It has no


thickness and is determined by two points.
○​ A line is named by two points on the line (e.g., line AB).
3.​ Line Segment:​

○​ A line segment is part of a line that has two endpoints.


○​ It is named by its two endpoints (e.g., segment AB).
4.​ Ray:​

○​ A ray is a part of a line that starts at one point (called the endpoint) and extends
infinitely in one direction.
5.​ Angle:​

○​ An angle is formed by two rays that share a common endpoint (vertex).


○​ Angles are measured in degrees (°).
○​ Types of angles:
■​ Acute: Less than 90°.
■​ Right: Exactly 90°.
■​ Obtuse: Greater than 90° but less than 180°.
■​ Straight: Exactly 180°.

Basic Geometric Shapes:

1.​ Triangle:​

○​ A triangle is a polygon with three sides and three angles.


○​ Types of triangles:
■​ Equilateral: All sides and angles are equal.
■​ Isosceles: Two sides are equal in length.
■​ Scalene: All sides and angles are different.
○​ The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is always 180°.
2.​ Quadrilateral:​

○​ A quadrilateral is a polygon with four sides and four angles.


○​ Types of quadrilaterals:
■​ Square: All sides are equal, and all angles are 90°.
■​ Rectangle: Opposite sides are equal, and all angles are 90°.
■​ Parallelogram: Opposite sides are equal and parallel.
■​ Rhombus: All sides are equal, and opposite angles are equal.
■​ Trapezoid: Only one pair of opposite sides is parallel.
3.​ Circle:​

○​ A circle is a set of points that are equidistant from a central point.


○​ Key terms related to circles:
■​ Radius: The distance from the center of the circle to any point on the
circle.
■​ Diameter: The distance across the circle through its center (diameter = 2
× radius).
■​ Circumference: The perimeter of the circle (C = 2πr, where r is the
radius).

Geometric Postulates and Theorems:

1.​ Parallel Postulate:​

○​ Through a point not on a line, there is exactly one line parallel to the given line.
2.​ Pythagorean Theorem:​

○​ In a right triangle, the square of the length of the hypotenuse (the side opposite
the right angle) is equal to the sum of the squares of the lengths of the other two
sides.
○​ Formula: a2+b2=c2a^2 + b^2 = c^2 (where a and b are the legs, and c is the
hypotenuse).
3.​ Angle Sum Theorem:​

○​ The sum of the interior angles of any triangle is 180°.

Area and Perimeter Formulas:

1.​ Perimeter:​

○​ The perimeter of a polygon is the sum of the lengths of its sides.


■​ Square: P = 4s (where s is the side length).
■​ Rectangle: P = 2l + 2w (where l is the length and w is the width).
■​ Triangle: P = a + b + c (where a, b, and c are the sides).
2.​ Area:​

○​ The area of a polygon is the amount of space inside it.


■​ Square: A = s².
■​ Rectangle: A = l × w.
■​ Triangle: A = ½ × base × height.
■​ Circle: A = πr².

Conclusion:

●​ Geometry is essential for understanding the relationships between shapes, sizes, and
spaces.
●​ It helps develop problem-solving and spatial reasoning skills.
●​ Mastering geometric principles is fundamental for higher-level math and practical
applications in everyday life.
●​

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