Permissions it consist of there attributes:-

read - r :- 4

write - w :- 2

xecute - x :- 1

others - 0

blank - file

d - directory

l - softlink

*****

root directory permission = 755

7 - owner

5 - group owner

5 - others

******
root file permission = 644

6 - owner

4 - group owner

4 - others

*********

$ normal user directory permision =775

$ normal user file permission =644

**** 1 - symbolic link (file)

2 - symbolic link (directory) (default)

# mkdir /data

# ls -ld /data (permission check for directory)

# cd /data

# ls -a (symbolic link show )

. ..

. current directory (pwd)

.. one label back directory

# mkdir /data/a{1..5}

# touch /data/b{1..5}

# ll /data

# touch /tcs/a{1..5}

# ll /tcs

# ls -ld /tcs

# mkdir -p /data/a1/a2/a3/a4 (create parrent directory)

# ls -ld /data

# ll

# ls -R /data

# ls -lR /data

****** ls command

# l.

# ls -a

# ls -i

# ls -lrt

# ls -lrth

# ls -lSrh

# ls -lSh

***********************

# mkdir /php

# touch /php/a{1..5}

# ls -ld /php

# chmod 777 /php (directory rwx permission)

# ls -ld /php (check permission)

# chmod 770 /php (directory read ,write other permission )

# ls -ld /php

# ll /php

# chmod 777 /php

# ls -ld /php

# ll /php

# chmod -R 777 /php

# ls -ld /php

# chmod -R 770 /php

# ls -ld /php
#

******

# useradd rahul

# chown rahul /php ( ownership permission create for directory)

# ls -ld /php

# ll /php

# chown -R rahul /php

# ll /php

# groupadd tcs (create groupadd)

# useradd -G tcs u1 (add user to groupadd)

# useradd -G tcs u2 (add user to group)

# ls -ld /php

# chgrp tcs /php ( group ownership for directory)

# ls -ld /php

# chgrp -R tcs /php

# ll /php

# useradd rajjev

# usermod -G tcs rajeev

# chown -R rahul:tcs /php

# ls -ld /php

*******

ACL (access control list)

**** user based acl

# cp /etc/fstab /tmp (copy file to tmp)

# ll /tmp/fstab

# getfacl /tmp/fstab

# useradd harry

# useradd natasha

# useradd sarah

# setfacl -m u:harry:--- /tmp/fstab

# setfacl -m u:natasha:r-- /tmp/fstab

# setfacl -m u:sarah:rwx /tmp/fstab

# ll /tmp/fstab

# getfacl /tmp/fstab

# getfacl /tmp/fstab | grep mask

# getfacl /tmp/fstab | grep rwx

**** group based acl

# groupadd ibm1
# groupadd ibm2

# useradd -G ibm1 i1

# useradd -G ibm1 i2

# useradd -G ibm2 i5

# useradd -G ibm2 i6

# setfacl -m g:ibm1:--- /tmp/fstab

# setfacl -m g:ibm2:r-- /tmp/fstab

#getfacl /tmp/fstab

********** other based acl

# setfacl -m o:--- /tmp/fstab

# getfacl /tmp/fstab

# ll /tmp/fstab

******************************

******** how to remove acl any user

# setfacl -x u:harry /tmp/fstab

# getfacl /tmp/fstab

how to remove acl any group

# setfacl -x g:ibm1 /tmp/fstab

# getfacl /tmp/fstab

*********** how to all remove user nd group other acl

# setfacl --remove-all /tmp/fstab

# ll /tmp/fstab

# getfacl /tmp/fstab

# chmod 644 /tmp/fstab

Q1.

1. copy the file /etc/passwd into /tmp directory

2. set the permission 770

3. add a user > rahul

4. give owenership on /tmp/passwd file for rahul

5. useradd 1. user1 ---

user2 r--

user3 rwx

6. group wipro1 rwx

w1 (user)

w2

w3

7. remove the acl from only user3

****** chattr : change attribute

chatter mainlly used to apply very high level permision on any file or directory.

it is lso applicable super user (root)

attribute operator
a + (allow)

i i (remove)

a => allow only read,copy & append but not edit , delete, modify,rename & link move

i => read & copy but not append also

1st example:-

# echo "this is my test file " > linux

# cat linux

# lsattr linux (chek chattr)

# chattr +a linux

# cat linux

# lsattr linux

# cp linux /tmp

# echo "hello" > linux

# echo "hello" >> linux

# cat linux

# rm -rf linux

# mv linux krishna

# chattr -a linux

2nd example:-

# lsattr /etc/passwd

# chattr +i /etc/passwd (set chattr to /etc/passwd)

# lsattr /etc/passwd (check chattr to /etc/passwd)

# useraadd raj (not useradd)

# useradd raj2

# userdel -rf raj (no user delete)

# chattr -i /etc/passwd (remove chatter /etc/passwd)

# chattr +i /etc/shadow (set chattr shadow file )

# passwd (not change passwd root user)

# chattr -i /etc/shadow (remove chattr shadow file)

3rd step :-

# chattr -R +i /home

# ls /home

# su - alok

$ touch abc

$ exit

# chattr -R -i /home

4th step:-

******** how to apply chattr with any normal user account

command

execution rights

1. suid => super user id (u+s)

2. sudo

# which chattr

# ll /usr/bin/chattr

# chmod u+s /usr/bin/chattr

# ll /usr/bin/chattr
# useradd deepak

# su - deepak

$ echo "hello deepak " > abc

$ ls

$ chattr +i abc

$ lsattr abc

$ cat abc

$ rm -rf abc

$ exit

# rm -rf /home/deepak/abc

# lsattr /home/deepak/abc

# chattr -i /home/deepak/abc

# lsattr /home/deepak/abc

# rm -rf /home/deepak/abc

************* UMASK

umask basically defind the default permission of any users accounts data.

default umask of super user => 022

default umask of normal user => 002

root user umask

1.# directory => 777

-022

755

# file => 666

- 022

644
normal user umask

$ directory => 777

- 002

775

$ file => 666

-002

644

how to change umask value temprory

# umask (check umask)

# umask 222 (set umask)

# umask

# touch vipin

# mkdir /shyam

# ll vipin (chek umask file)

# ls -ld /shyam (check umask directory)

how to set permanent umask

# vim .bashrc

umask 222

wq!

# exit

# umask
remove permanent umask

# vim .bashrc

delete line umask 222

wq!

# exit

# umask

********* special permission

numaric code symbolic code

1. suid => set user id -> 4 -> u+s

2. sgid => set group id -> 2 -> g+s

3. sticky bit => sticky bit -> 1 -> o+t

commands file directory

suid yes no no

sgid no no yes

stikybit no no yes

suid u+s or 4
 # fdisk -l $ fdisk -l $ fdisk -l

yes no no

1st example:- SUID

# which fdisk

# fdisk -l

# which fdisk

# ll /usr/sbin/fdisk

# chmod 4755 /usr/sbin/fdisk (set suid)

OR

# chmod u+s /usr/sbin/fdisk

# ll /usr/sbin/fdisk

# useradd deepak

# su - deepak

$ fdisk -l

$ exit

# chmod u-s /usr/sbin/fdisk (remove suid)

OR

# chmod 0755 /usr/sbin/fdisk

2nd example:-

# which useradd

# ll /usr/sbin/useradd

# chmod 4755 /usr/sbin/useradd

# ll /usr/sbin/useradd

3rd example:-

# which su

# which passwd

# ll /usr/bin/passwd (all ready set suid)

# ll /usr/bin/su

# ll /usr/bin (chek suid)

# ll /usr/sbin

************ SGID => 2 OR g+s

1st example:-

# mkdir /java

# groupadd wipro

# ls -ld /java

# chgrp wipro /java

# ls -ld /java

# chmod 2777 /java (set sgid)

# ls -ld /java

# useradd u1

# useradd u2

# su - u1

$ cd /java

$ touch java1

$ ll

$ exit

# su - u2
$ cd /java

$ touch java2

$ ll

$ exit

# touch /java/java3

# ll /java

# chmod g-s /java (remove sgid)

# ls -ld /java

********** STICKYBIT => 1 OR o+t

# mkdir /fedora

# chmod 1777 /fedora (set sticky bit)

# ls -ld /fedora (check sticky bit)

# useradd sachin

# useradd soniya

# su - sachin

$ cd /fedora

$ echo "hello" > fedora1

$ ll

$ exit

# su - soniya

$ cd /fedora

$ ll
$ cat fedora1

$ rm -rf fedora1

$ cd

$ exit

# chmod 0755 /fedora (remove sticky bit)

# ls -ld /fedora

**** how to apply sgid and sticky bit

# chgrp wipro /fedora

# chmod 3777 /fedora

# ls -ld /fedora

# chmod 7777 /fedora (set suid ,sgid nd sticky bit) (not any meaning)

# ls -ld /fedora

# chmod u-s /fedora

# ls -ld /fedora

rwT

T (indetect to back not X )

# chmod o-x /fedora

# ls -ld /fedora

# chmod o+x /fedora

# ls -ld /fedora

# chmod g-x /fedora

# ls -ld /fedora

# chmod g+x /fedora

# ls -ld /fedora
*************************

how to recover any users profile files:-

# useradd raju

# su - raju

$ ls

$ ls -a

$ rm -rf .*

$ ls -a

$ exit

# su - raju

$ exit

# cd /etc/skel

# ls -a

# cp -af .[!.]* /home/raju

# su - raju

$ ls -a

$ exit

*************

how to add any users without any useradd command with create to directory for useradd :-

# cd /home

# ll
# mkdir network

# ll

# chmod 700 /home/network

# ll

# vim /etc/passwd

network:x:1020:1020::/home/network:/bin/bash

wq!

# vim /etc/group

network:x:1020:

wq!

# chown network /home/network

# chgrp network /home/network

# ll

# cp -af /etc/skel/.[!.]* /home/network

# cd

# id network

# passwd network

12345

12345

# su - network

$ pwd

$ exit
**************** SUDO (super user do)

1st example :- how to provide full rights

# useradd sachin

# passwd sachin

12345

12345

# vim /etc/ sudoers

98 line after entry

sachin ALL=(ALL) ALL

wq!

# su - sachin

$ sudo fdisk -l

sudo password : 12345

$ sudo useradd raj

$ sudo userdel raj

$ sudo systemctl restart crond

$ sudo -l (rights of list )

$ exit

******** how to provide some limted rights sudo

# which useradd
# which usermod

# vim /etc/sudoers

98 line after entry

sachin ALL=(ALL) /usr/sbin/useradd, /usr/sbin/usermod

wq!

# su -sachin

$ sudo -l

$ exit

********* how to allow all command except of given list

# which fdisk

# which userdel

# useradd alok

# passwd alok

123

# vim /etc/sudoers

98 line after entry

sachin ALL=(ALL) /usr/sbin/useradd, /usr/sbin/usermod

alok ALL=(ALL) ALL, !/usr/sbin/userdel, !/usr/sbin/fdisk

wq!
# su - alok

$ sudo useradd rajeev

$ sudo fdisk -l

$ sudo -l

$ exit

****** how to create sudo group

# groupad tcs

# useradd -G tcs t1

# useradd -G tcs t2

# passwd t1

123

# passwd t2

123

# vim /etc/sudoers

%tcs ALL=(ALL) ALL

wq!

# su - t1

$ sudo fdisk -l

passwd : 123

$ exit
******** contolling services

OR

Daemon

OR

units -> in rhel7

daemon => "init " or "systemd" program

OR till rhel-6 rhel-7

unit

init => pid 1

or

systemd

# pstree

server name daemon

ssh sshd

crontab crond

ntp chronyd

samba smb

mailserver postfix
rhel-6 rhel-7

parrent process parrent process

"int" "systemd"

pid = 1 pid= 1

commands

temporey permanent commands

"service" "chkconfig" t -- p

"systemctl"

# service sshd start/stop/restart/reload/status # systemctl start sshd

# chkconfig sshd on/off # systemctl enable sshd

# systemctl actions unitname .type

service path socket

# cat /etc/redhat-release

# cat /etc/system-release

# cat /etc/os-release

# pstree
# pidof systemd

# pstree | grep crond

# pstree | grep sshd

# pidof sshd

# systemctl status sshd

# systemctl is-active sshd (temprory active)

# systemctl is-enabled sshd (permanent enble)

# systemctl stop sshd (temprory stop)

# systemctl disable sshd (permanent disable)

# systemctl status sshd

# systemctl start sshd (temprory)

# systemctl enable sshd (permanent)

# systemctl list-units (temprory status of all service)

# systemctl list-units-files (permanent status of all service)

# systemctl list-units | grep crond

# systemctl list-units sshd

# systemctl list-units | grep -E 'sshd|crond'

# systemctl

# systemctl | grep crond

# systemctl list-units-files | grep crond

# systemctl list-units-files | grep sshd

# systemctl list-units --type=service

# systemctl list-units --type=path

# systemctl list-units --type=socket

# systemctl list-units --failed

# systemctl status iptables

# systemctl status firewalld

# systemctl mask iptables

# systemctl start iptables

# systemctl status iptables

# systemctl umask iptables

# systemctl start iptables

# systemctl enable iptables

# systemctl stop firewalld

# systemctl disable firewalld

# systemctel mask firewalld

# systemctl list-units | grep firewalld

# systemctl list-units-files | grep masked (check masked of service)

********** RUN Lebel

run level targets

init systemd

there are 7 type of run level :-

# init 0 => { poweroff }

# int 1 => ( single user mode or trubleshooting mode)

# init 2 => ( multi user mode but without network)

# init 3 => ( full multi user mode or text mode )

# init 4 => ( unused)

# init 5 => ( gui mode x-11 window)

# init 6 => ( reboot)

# runlevel (check runlevel mode )

# who -r

types of runlevel changeing method :-

tempory permanent

by using at the time of # vim /etc/inittab

"init" commnd machine boot up i[Link]initdefault

:wq!

# init 6

# runlevel

# who -r

# init 3

# runlevel

# init 5

# runlevel
# cat /etc/inittab

*****rhel 6

2 mode

1. rescue mode ( to recover any grub & kernel related issues)

2. emergency mode ( to recover any file system related issues)

rhel7

******* targets

there are only 4 types of targets

1. [Link] => init 5 (full multi user mode with gui+cli )

2. [Link] => init 3 ( full multi user mode with cli only )

3. [Link] => rescue mode

4 [Link] => emergency mode

# init 6

or

# systemcl reboot

# init 0

or

# systemctl poweroff

# init 1 => [Link]

# systemctl get-default

# systemctl isolate [Link] ( tempory cli text mode )

# systemctl isolate [Link] ( tempory gui mode)

# systemctl set-default [Link] ( permanent cli text mode )

# cat /etc/systemd/system/[Link] (targets file )

# systemctl reboot

# systemctl set-default [Link] ( permanent gui mode )

# systemctl get-default (check runlevel )

******* how to deactivate ctrl+alt+delete

# vim /usr/lib/systemd/system/[Link]

#requires=[Link]

wq!

********** how to break root password rhel7

1. reboot

press e to edit

2. linux 16 end line type [Link]

3. than ctrl+x

# mount -o remount rw /sysroot

# chroot /sysroot
# passwd

redhat

redhat

# getenforce

# touch /.autorelabel

# exit

# exit

******** how to apply user name and password on single user mode :-

# grub2-mkpasswd-pbkdf2

passwed: redhat123

than copy

# vim /etc/grub.d/40_custom

set superusers="deepak"

password_pbkdf2 deepak (paste password)

wq!

# grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/[Link]

# reboot

********* remove password single user mode

# vim /etc/grub.d/40_custom
delete edit line

:wq!

# grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/[Link]

******** how to install google chrome for redhat 7

**** how to create repodata manually

# rpm -qa createrepo

# cd /redhat/Packages

# rpm -ivh createrepo-

# createrepo -v /redhat

# ls /redhat

# yum clean all

# yum repolist

**********************************

how to used gpg key concept:-

# locate RPM

copy rpm gpg key

# cat /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release

# vim /etc/[Link].d/[Link]

[yum]

baseurl=[Link]

enabled=1

gpgcheck=1

gpgkey=[Link]

wq!

# yum clean all

# yum repolist

# yum install samba

************* how to configure yum client any give url:-

# cd /etc/[Link].d/[Link]

[yum]

baseurl=[Link]

enabled=1

gpgcheck=0

wq!

OR
# yum-config-manager --add-repo=[Link]

OR

# yum-config-manager --add-repo=[Link]

# yum clean all

# repolist

******** NTP configure cli

# vim /etc/[Link]

server [Link] iburst

wq!

# systemctl restart [Link]

# systemctl enable [Link]

# timedatectl

# nptdate -u [Link] (**********)

network file :-

# vim /etc/hosts

# vim /etc/hostname (permanent hostname set)

# cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scrits/ifcfg-static (network configuraion file)

# nmcli connection show

# nmcli connection add connection-name static ifname eno type ethernet autoconnet yes

ip4 '[Link]/24'

# nmcli connction show

without dns to ping machine name

# vim /etc/hosts

[Link] [Link] staion1 server1

[Link] [Link] station2 server2

wq!

# ping [Link]

# ping station1

# ping server1

# hostname -a (alias show)

# hostname -i

# hostname -d

# hostname -f

# hostname -s
***************************************************************

( server machine ip addrs configration )

# nmcli connecton add con-name ststic ifname eth0 type ethernet autoconnect yes ip4
'[Link]/24' gw4 [Link]

# nmcli connection show

# ifconfig

# ip route (gateway check)

how to add machine with any dns server

# nmcli connection modify static [Link] [Link]

# nmcli connection down static

# nmcli connetion up static

# ifconfig eth0

# ifconfig lo

# ifdown eth0

# ifup eth0

OR

ONLY LAB CONFIGURE DNS SERVER

# cat /etc/[Link]

# vim /etc/[Link] (dns server configuration file check )

search [Link]
nameserver [Link]

:wq!

# nmcli connection down static

# nmcli connection up

# nmcli device status

# nmcli device disconnet eth0

# nmcli device status

# nmcli device connect eh0

# nmcli device status

# ip addr

# ip a

# ip link

# ip add show eth0

# ethtool eth0 (link detected yes)

# traceroute [Link]

# route -n

# route

***********************************************************

how to change ip file method :-

# vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-static

IPADDR0=[Link]

wq!

# ifdown eth0

# ifup etho
# ifconfig eth0

# nmcli connetion show static (all parameter show)

# nmcli connection modify static [Link] '[Link]/24 [Link]'

# ifdown eth0

# ifup eth0

# ifconfig eth0

# nmcli connetion show --active

how to take ip by dhcp server :-

# nmcli connetion delete static

# nmcli connection show

# nmcli connetion add con-name dynamic ifname eth0 type ethernet autoconnet yes

# nmcli connetion show

# ifconfig eth0

# cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-dynamic

# nmcli connection show dynamic

# netstat -tunlp (all running port show)

# netstat -tunlp | grep sshd

# netstat -tunlp | grep 22

# netstat -tnlp (only tcp port show)

# netstat -unlp (only udp port show)

# netstat -unlp | grep -v udp6

# netstat -nr

# vim /etc/services (all service port nuber entry)

# cat /etc/services | grep rsync

# cat /etc/services | grep telnet

**************************************

** scp nd rsync both command used to copy any files from one machine nd onther machine

**

SCP

scp -r source dentination

OR

rsync -avH sourse dentination

# scp -r root@[Link]:/home /tmp

# ls /tmp

# scp -r root@[Link]:/etc/psswd /tmp

# rm -rf /etc/[Link]

# scp -r root@[Link]:/etc/[Link] /tmp

# scp -r root@[Link]:/etc/[Link] /etc

# ls /tmp

RSYNC

# mkdir /php

# mkdir /java

# touch /php/a{1..5}

# rsync -avH /php /java

# echo "hello" > /php/a1

# rsync -avH /php /java

# rsync -avH root@[Link]:/home /srv

# rsync -avH /etc root@[Link]:/tmp

********************************************

RAID

(Redundant arry of independent disk)

* Raid technology always used to provide high data writing scripting

with data securing.

*** Types of Raid

* Software Raid

* Hardware Raid
 ****** Types of Raid-level

1. Raid :- 0 (stripping without parity)

2. Raid :- 1 (mirror volume)

3. Raid :- 5 (stripping with parity)

Raid - 0 :- Requirement

* 2 hardisk

* same size

* same configuration

* no fault tolerance

* data writting is very fast

* usable size 100%

Raid - 1 :- mirror volume

* minmum 2 hardisk

* same size

* same configuration

* works on mirror concept

* data writting is slow as compare to raid 0

* usable size 50%

Raid - 5

* minumum 3 hardisk
* same size

* same configuration

* fault tolerance

* data writting speed is also fast

* single hardisk failure concept

* works on single parity concept

Parity ?

works on X - or operation

00=0

01=1

10=1

11=0

disk 1 = 1010110

disk2 = 1000101

parity ? = 1000101

80GB 80GB 80GB

240 - 80= 160 = 66% usable size

# fdisk -l

# rpm -qa mdadm

# fdisk /dev/vdb

:n

:p

:1

:enter

:+2GB

:n

:p

:2

:enter

:+2G

:n

:p

:3

:enter

:+2G

:p

:t

:1

:fd

:t
:2

:fd

:t

:3

:fd

:p (print)

:w (save)

# partprobe /dev/vdb

# mdadm -C /dev/md0 -a yes -l 5 -n 3 /dev/vdb{1,2,3}

# [Link] /dev/md0

# mkdir /raid

# mount /dev/md0 /raid

# vim /etc/fstab

/dev/md0 /raid xfs defaults 0 0

:wq!

# mount -a

# df -TH

# mdadm --detail /dev/md0 (check raid configuration level nd device active)

OR
# mdadm -D /dev/md0

# cat /proc/mdstat

***** permanet save raid this file :-

# mdadm --detail --scan >> /etc/[Link]

# cat /etc/[Link]

Write Data :-

# df -TH

# cp -rf /etc /raid

# df -TH

** how to perfrom hot swapable process.

# mdadm /dev/md0 -f /dev/vdb3

# cat /proc/mdstat

# mdadm --detail /dev/md0

# mdadm /dev/md0 -r /dev/vdb3

# cat /proc/mdstat

# mdadm /dev/md0

**** readd /dev/vdb3

# mdadm /dev/md0 -a /dev/vdb3

# mdadm --detail /dev/md0

# ls /raid

**** how to remove raid

# umount /raid

# mdadm --stop /dev/md0

# mdadm --assemble /dev/md0 (enable raid)

# mdadm --stop /dev/md0

# vim /etc/fstab

/dev/md0 /raid xfs defaults 0 0 (delete line)

:wq!

# mount -a

# df -TH

# vim /etc/[Link]

(delete entry)

:wq!

# fdisk /dev/fdb
:d

:1

:d

:2

:d

:3

:w

# partprobe /dev/vdb

** Partition

MBR Limit (master boot record)

primary partion extented partition (it is use to only

personal data)

it is use to data logical partiton

nd OS file it is sub part of extended

at a ime only one

primary partition

can be active

MBR 4 partion {including , primary & extended }

primary :- min 1

max :- 4

Extended :- min 0

max 1

hex code :-

primary , logical :- 83

extended :- 5

swap :- 82

lvm :- 8e

raid :- fd

# fdisk -l (to check disk status)

# fdisk /dev/sda

:n

:e

:enter

:enter

:p (print)

:n

:enter

:+2G

:p (print)
:w (save nd quiet)

# partprobe /dev/sda

# [Link] /dev/sda5 (partion format)

# mkdir /data

# mount /dev/sd5 /data (temprory mount data)

# df -h (data mount point check)

# ls /data

# vim /etc/fstab (permanent data mount)

/dev/sda5 /data xfs defaults 0 0

:wq!

defaults 0 0

0 :- dump value

0 :- fsck order

# mount -a
# df -TH

# du -sh /data ( file sizze check)

how to test partition :-

# cp -rf /etc /data

# du -sh /data

# df -TH

*****************************

# umount /data

# ls /data

# mount /dev/sd5 /data

# ls /data

**********************************

swap partion :-

# free -h (swap check)

# fdisk /dev/vdb

:n

:p

:1

:enter

:+1G

:p (print)
:

:t (code change)

:l (code list)

:82

:p (print)

:w (save)

# partprobe /dev/vdb

# mkswap /dev/vdb1 (to create the swap partion)

# swapon /dev/vdb1

# swap -s (all swap partion activate check )

# free -h

# vim /etc/fstab

/dev/vdb1 swap swap defaults 0 0

:wq!

# mount -a

OR

# cat /proc/swaps

# cat /proc/meminfo | grep -i swap

how to deactivate swap partion :-

# swapoff /dev/vdb1

# swapon -s

# swapoff -a (all swap off)

# swapon -a (all swap on)

# vim /etc/fstab

/dev/vdb1 swap swap defaults 0 0 (delete entry )

:wq!

# mount -a

# fdisk /dev/vdb

:d (delete)

:w

# partprobe /dev/vdb

****************************************************

Booting Process :-

1. Hardware boot

2. Bootloader
3. kernel

4. init or systemd

5. Login screen

1. Hardware Boot :-

* power on machine

* smpls will supply the :- power the all connecting devices.

* It provides Ac to Dc current.

* BIOS initilization.

* It performs the post operration. to check all hardware connectvity.

if all devices one ok then it given

* CMOS intilization. :-

It will find the OS Boot.

[Link]:- It is us to load OS booting files.

** types of bootloader

1. Lilo (linux loader) file:- (/etc/[Link]

2. grub file:- (/etc/[Link])

3. grub2 file:- (/etc/[Link])

(non visible stage)

* stage -1 :- MBR (Master boot record)

* stage -2 :- grub or grub2

MBR :- 512 bytes

446 64 2

primary boot partion table validtion code

grub2 :- load :- vmlinuz =3.10 (kernel)

load :- [Link] (initional ram disk ) (file)

1. MBR (crupt)

2. GRUB (crupt)

3. KERNEL (crupt)

4. [Link] (crupt)

5. Kernel painic error (crupt)

go to ( rescue mode) :- dvd used

3. Kernel :- It read the /etc/fstab file to mount all devices.

* first it will mount root "/" file system .

* After then it will mount all sub partiotion & network based

shared file system.

ctrl+d :- error

root paasword

4. init OR systemd :-

* It will start parent process "init" OR "systemd"

* It reads /etc/inittab OR

/etc/systemd/system/[Link]

to initilize the login enviroment.

* It will check all sservices status and will take the actions.

* It will run all command written in /etc/[Link]

5. Login screen :-

login:- root /etc/passwd

passwd :- redhat /etc/group

/etc/shadow

password policy

profile files intilization

*********** LVM **********

* logical volume management

data storage techniques :-

1. fixed size concept

2. not fixed size concept

what is physical volume:-

***********

# fdisk -l

# fdisk /dev/vdb

:n

:p

:1

: enter

:+1G

:p (print)

:n

:p

:enter

:+2G

:p (print)

:t

:1
:8e

:t

:2

:8e

:p (print)

:w (save)

# partprobe /dev/vdb

# pvcreate /dev/vdb1 /dev/vdb2

# pvdisplay

# pvs (to check all physical volume with status)

# vgcreate myvg1 /dev/vdb{1,2}

# vgdisplay

# vgs

# lvcreate -L +1G -n mylv1 /dev/myvg1

# lvcreate -L +500M -n mylv2 /dev/myvg1

# [Link] /dev/myvg1/mylv1

# mkfs.ext4 /dev/myvg1/mylv2

# mkdir /lvm1
# mkdir /lvm2

# mount /dev/myvg1/mylv1 /lvm1 (tempray mount)

# mount /dev/myvg1/mylv2 /lvm2

# vim /etc/fstab (permament mount)

/dev/myvg1/mylv1 /lvm1 xfs defaults 00

/dev/myvg1/mylv2 /lvm2 ext4 defaults 0 0

wq!

# mount -a

# df -h

# df -TH

# lvdisplay /dev/myvg1/mylv1

# du -sh /etc

# df -TH

# cp -rf /etc /lvm1

# cp -rf /etc /lvm2

# df -TH
how to extend LVM size :-

# vgs (to check used nd free space)

# df -TH

# lvextend -L +300M /dev/myvg1/mylv1

# xfs_growfs /dev/myvg1/mylv1

# df -TH

If file ext2 , ext3 , ext4 file system :-

# lvextend -L +200M /dev/myvg1/mylv2

# resize2fs /dev/myvg1/mylv2

# df - TH

how to lvresize :-

# df -TH

# lvresize -L 800M -r /dev/myvg1/mylv2

# df -TH
# lvresize -L 1500M -r /dev/myvg1/mylv1

# df -TH

how to reduce any lvm size :-

note:- xfs (not reduce only extend)

# lvresize -L 500M -r /dev/myvg1/mylv2

do you want to unmount y/n :- y

# df -TH

# vgs

how to extend volume group size :-

# fdisk /dev/vdb

:n

:p

:3

:enter
:+1G

:t

:3

:8e

:w

# partprobe /dev/vdb

# pvcreate /dev/vdb3

# pvs

# vgextend myvg1 /dev/vdb3

# vgs

******************************************

forcefully scan:-

# pvscan

# vgscan

# lvscan

bydefault block

1 PE = 4 MB

p :- phisical

e :- extent (chunk)

1 PE = minmum = 1 MB
 maximum = 128 MB

128 , 64 , 32 , 16 , 8 , 4 , 2 , 1

# ls /etc/lvm/archive (refrence point)

Permissions it cansist of there attributes:-

read - r :- 4

write - w :- 2

xecute - x :- 1

others - 0

blank - file

d - directory

l - softlink

*****

root directory permission = 755

7 - owner
5 - group owner

5 - others

******

root file permission = 644

6 - owner

4 - group owner

4 - others

*********

$ normal user directory permision =775

$ normal user file permission =644

**** 1 - symbolic link (file)

2 - symbolic link (directory) (default)

# mkdir /data

# ls -ld /data (permission check for directory)

# cd /data

# ls -a (symbolic link show )

. ..

. current directory (pwd)

.. one label back directory

# mkdir /data/a{1..5}

# touch /data/b{1..5}

# ll /data

# touch /tcs/a{1..5}

# ll /tcs
# ls -ld /tcs

# mkdir -p /data/a1/a2/a3/a4 (create parrent directory)

# ls -ld /data

# ll

# ls -R /data

# ls -lR /data

****** ls command

# l.

# ls -a

# ls -i

# ls -lrt

# ls -lrth

# ls -lSrh

# ls -lSh

***********************

# mkdir /php

# touch /php/a{1..5}

# ls -ld /php

# chmod 777 /php (directory rwx permission)

# ls -ld /php (check permission)

# chmod 770 /php (directory read ,write other permission )

# ls -ld /php

# ll /php

# chmod 777 /php

# ls -ld /php

# ll /php
# chmod -R 777 /php

# ls -ld /php

# chmod -R 770 /php

# ls -ld /php

******

# useradd rahul

# chown rahul /php ( ownership permission create for directory)

# ls -ld /php

# ll /php

# chown -R rahul /php

# ll /php

# groupadd tcs (create groupadd)

# useradd -G tcs u1 (add user to groupadd)

# useradd -G tcs u2 (add user to group)

# ls -ld /php

# chgrp tcs /php ( group ownership for directory)

# ls -ld /php

# chgrp -R tcs /php

# ll /php

# useradd rajjev

# usermod -G tcs rajeev

# chown -R rahul:tcs /php

# ls -ld /php
*******

ACL (access control list)

**** user based acl

# cp /etc/fstab /tmp (copy file to tmp)

# ll /tmp/fstab

# getfacl /tmp/fstab

# useradd harry

# useradd natasha

# useradd sarah

# setfacl -m u:harry:--- /tmp/fstab

# setfacl -m u:natasha:r-- /tmp/fstab

# setfacl -m u:sarah:rwx /tmp/fstab

# ll /tmp/fstab

# getfacl /tmp/fstab

# getfacl /tmp/fstab | grep mask

# getfacl /tmp/fstab | grep rwx

#
**** group based acl

# groupadd ibm1

# groupadd ibm2

# useradd -G ibm1 i1

# useradd -G ibm1 i2

# useradd -G ibm2 i5

# useradd -G ibm2 i6

# setfacl -m g:ibm1:--- /tmp/fstab

# setfacl -m g:ibm2:r-- /tmp/fstab

#getfacl /tmp/fstab

********** other based acl

# setfacl -m o:--- /tmp/fstab

# getfacl /tmp/fstab

# ll /tmp/fstab

******************************

******** how to remove acl any user

# setfacl -x u:harry /tmp/fstab

# getfacl /tmp/fstab

how to remove acl any group

# setfacl -x g:ibm1 /tmp/fstab

# getfacl /tmp/fstab

*********** how to all remove user nd group other acl

# setfacl --remove-all /tmp/fstab

# ll /tmp/fstab

# getfacl /tmp/fstab

# chmod 644 /tmp/fstab

Q1.

1. copy the file /etc/passwd into /tmp directory

2. set the permission 770

3. add a user > rahul

4. give owenership on /tmp/passwd file for rahul

5. useradd 1. user1 ---

user2 r--

user3 rwx

6. group wipro1 rwx

w1 (user)

w2

w3

7. remove the acl from only user3

****** chattr : change attribute

chatter mainlly used to apply very high level permision on any file or directory.

it is lso applicable super user (root)

attribute operator

a + (allow)

i i (remove)

a => allow only read,copy & append but not edit , delete, modify,rename & link move

i => read & copy but not append also

1st example:-

# echo "this is my test file " > linux

# cat linux

# lsattr linux (chek chattr)

# chattr +a linux

# cat linux

# lsattr linux

# cp linux /tmp

# echo "hello" > linux

# echo "hello" >> linux

# cat linux

# rm -rf linux

# mv linux krishna

# chattr -a linux

2nd example:-
# lsattr /etc/passwd

# chattr +i /etc/passwd (set chattr to /etc/passwd)

# lsattr /etc/passwd (check chattr to /etc/passwd)

# useraadd raj (not useradd)

# useradd raj2

# userdel -rf raj (no user delete)

# chattr -i /etc/passwd (remove chatter /etc/passwd)

# chattr +i /etc/shadow (set chattr shadow file )

# passwd (not change passwd root user)

# chattr -i /etc/shadow (remove chattr shadow file)

3rd step :-

# chattr -R +i /home

# ls /home

# su - alok

$ touch abc

$ exit

# chattr -R -i /home

4th step:-

******** how to apply chattr with any normal user account

command

execution rights

1. suid => super user id (u+s)

2. sudo
# which chattr

# ll /usr/bin/chattr

# chmod u+s /usr/bin/chattr

# ll /usr/bin/chattr

# useradd deepak

# su - deepak

$ echo "hello deepak " > abc

$ ls

$ chattr +i abc

$ lsattr abc

$ cat abc

$ rm -rf abc

$ exit

# rm -rf /home/deepak/abc

# lsattr /home/deepak/abc

# chattr -i /home/deepak/abc

# lsattr /home/deepak/abc

# rm -rf /home/deepak/abc

************* UMASK

umask basically defind the default permission of any users accounts data.

default umask of super user => 022

default umask of normal user => 002

root user umask

1.# directory => 777

-022

755
# file => 666

- 022

644

normal user umask

$ directory => 777

- 002

775

$ file => 666

-002

644

how to change umask value temprory

# umask (check umask)

# umask 222 (set umask)

# umask

# touch vipin

# mkdir /shyam

# ll vipin (chek umask file)

# ls -ld /shyam (check umask directory)

how to set permanent umask

# vim .bashrc

umask 222
wq!

# exit

# umask

remove permanent umask

# vim .bashrc

delete line umask 222

wq!

# exit

# umask

********* special permission

numaric code symbolic code

1. suid => set user id -> 4 -> u+s

2. sgid => set group id -> 2 -> g+s

3. sticky bit => sticky bit -> 1 -> o+t

commands file directory

suid yes no no

sgid no no yes

stikybit no no yes
 suid u+s or 4

# fdisk -l $ fdisk -l $ fdisk -l

yes no no

1st example:- SUID

# which fdisk

# fdisk -l

# which fdisk

# ll /usr/sbin/fdisk

# chmod 4755 /usr/sbin/fdisk (set suid)

OR

# chmod u+s /usr/sbin/fdisk

# ll /usr/sbin/fdisk

# useradd deepak

# su - deepak

$ fdisk -l

$ exit

# chmod u-s /usr/sbin/fdisk (remove suid)

OR

# chmod 0755 /usr/sbin/fdisk

2nd example:-
# which useradd

# ll /usr/sbin/useradd

# chmod 4755 /usr/sbin/useradd

# ll /usr/sbin/useradd

3rd example:-

# which su

# which passwd

# ll /usr/bin/passwd (all ready set suid)

# ll /usr/bin/su

# ll /usr/bin (chek suid)

# ll /usr/sbin

************ SGID => 2 OR g+s

1st example:-

# mkdir /java

# groupadd wipro

# ls -ld /java

# chgrp wipro /java

# ls -ld /java

# chmod 2777 /java (set sgid)

# ls -ld /java

# useradd u1

# useradd u2

# su - u1

$ cd /java

$ touch java1
$ ll

$ exit

# su - u2

$ cd /java

$ touch java2

$ ll

$ exit

# touch /java/java3

# ll /java

# chmod g-s /java (remove sgid)

# ls -ld /java

********** STICKYBIT => 1 OR o+t

# mkdir /fedora

# chmod 1777 /fedora (set sticky bit)

# ls -ld /fedora (check sticky bit)

# useradd sachin

# useradd soniya

# su - sachin

$ cd /fedora

$ echo "hello" > fedora1

$ ll

$ exit
# su - soniya

$ cd /fedora

$ ll

$ cat fedora1

$ rm -rf fedora1

$ cd

$ exit

# chmod 0755 /fedora (remove sticky bit)

# ls -ld /fedora

**** how to apply sgid and sticky bit

# chgrp wipro /fedora

# chmod 3777 /fedora

# ls -ld /fedora

# chmod 7777 /fedora (set suid ,sgid nd sticky bit) (not any meaning)

# ls -ld /fedora

# chmod u-s /fedora

# ls -ld /fedora

rwT

T (indetect to back not X )

# chmod o-x /fedora

# ls -ld /fedora

# chmod o+x /fedora

# ls -ld /fedora

# chmod g-x /fedora

# ls -ld /fedora
# chmod g+x /fedora

# ls -ld /fedora

*************************

how to recover any users profile files:-

# useradd raju

# su - raju

$ ls

$ ls -a

$ rm -rf .*

$ ls -a

$ exit

# su - raju

$ exit

# cd /etc/skel

# ls -a

# cp -af .[!.]* /home/raju

# su - raju

$ ls -a

$ exit

*************

how to add any users without any useradd command with create to directory for useradd :-

# cd /home
# ll

# mkdir network

# ll

# chmod 700 /home/network

# ll

# vim /etc/passwd

network:x:1020:1020::/home/network:/bin/bash

wq!

# vim /etc/group

network:x:1020:

wq!

# chown network /home/network

# chgrp network /home/network

# ll

# cp -af /etc/skel/.[!.]* /home/network

# cd

# id network

# passwd network

12345

12345

# su - network
$ pwd

$ exit

**************** SUDO (super user do)

1st example :- how to provide full rights

# useradd sachin

# passwd sachin

12345

12345

# vim /etc/ sudoers

98 line after entry

sachin ALL=(ALL) ALL

wq!

# su - sachin

$ sudo fdisk -l

sudo password : 12345

$ sudo useradd raj

$ sudo userdel raj

$ sudo systemctl restart crond

$ sudo -l (rights of list )

$ exit
******** how to provide some limted rights sudo

# which useradd

# which usermod

# vim /etc/sudoers

98 line after entry

sachin ALL=(ALL) /usr/sbin/useradd, /usr/sbin/usermod

wq!

# su -sachin

$ sudo -l

$ exit

********* how to allow all command except of given list

# which fdisk

# which userdel

# useradd alok

# passwd alok

123

# vim /etc/sudoers

98 line after entry

sachin ALL=(ALL) /usr/sbin/useradd, /usr/sbin/usermod

alok ALL=(ALL) ALL, !/usr/sbin/userdel, !/usr/sbin/fdisk

wq!

# su - alok

$ sudo useradd rajeev

$ sudo fdisk -l

$ sudo -l

$ exit

****** how to create sudo group

# groupad tcs

# useradd -G tcs t1

# useradd -G tcs t2

# passwd t1

123

# passwd t2

123

# vim /etc/sudoers

%tcs ALL=(ALL) ALL

wq!

# su - t1

$ sudo fdisk -l
passwd : 123

$ exit

******** contolling services

OR

Daemon

OR

units -> in rhel7

daemon => "init " or "systemd" program

OR till rhel-6 rhel-7

unit

init => pid 1

or

systemd

# pstree

server name daemon

ssh sshd

crontab crond

ntp chronyd

samba smb

mailserver postfix
rhel-6 rhel-7

parrent process parrent process

"int" "systemd"

pid = 1 pid= 1

commands

temporey permanent commands

"service" "chkconfig" t -- p

"systemctl"

# service sshd start/stop/restart/reload/status # systemctl start sshd

# chkconfig sshd on/off # systemctl enable sshd

# systemctl actions unitname .type

service path socket

# cat /etc/redhat-release

# cat /etc/system-release
# cat /etc/os-release

# pstree

# pidof systemd

# pstree | grep crond

# pstree | grep sshd

# pidof sshd

# systemctl status sshd

# systemctl is-active sshd (temprory active)

# systemctl is-enabled sshd (permanent enble)

# systemctl stop sshd (temprory stop)

# systemctl disable sshd (permanent disable)

# systemctl status sshd

# systemctl start sshd (temprory)

# systemctl enable sshd (permanent)

# systemctl list-units (temprory status of all service)

# systemctl list-units-files (permanent status of all service)

# systemctl list-units | grep crond

# systemctl list-units sshd

# systemctl list-units | grep -E 'sshd|crond'

# systemctl

# systemctl | grep crond

# systemctl list-units-files | grep crond

# systemctl list-units-files | grep sshd

# systemctl list-units --type=service

# systemctl list-units --type=path

# systemctl list-units --type=socket

# systemctl list-units --failed

# systemctl status iptables

# systemctl status firewalld

# systemctl mask iptables

# systemctl start iptables

# systemctl status iptables

# systemctl umask iptables

# systemctl start iptables

# systemctl enable iptables

# systemctl stop firewalld

# systemctl disable firewalld

# systemctel mask firewalld

# systemctl list-units | grep firewalld

# systemctl list-units-files | grep masked (check masked of service)

********** RUN Lebel

run level targets

init systemd
there are 7 type of run level :-

# init 0 => { poweroff }

# int 1 => ( single user mode or trubleshooting mode)

# init 2 => ( multi user mode but without network)

# init 3 => ( full multi user mode or text mode )

# init 4 => ( unused)

# init 5 => ( gui mode x-11 window)

# init 6 => ( reboot)

# runlevel (check runlevel mode )

# who -r

types of runlevel changeing method :-

tempory permanent

by using at the time of # vim /etc/inittab

"init" commnd machine boot up i[Link]initdefault

:wq!

# init 6

# runlevel

# who -r

# init 3
# runlevel

# init 5

# runlevel

# cat /etc/inittab

*****rhel 6

2 mode

1. rescue mode ( to recover any grub & kernel related issues)

2. emergency mode ( to recover any file system related issues)

rhel7

******* targets

there are only 4 types of targets

1. [Link] => init 5 (full multi user mode with gui+cli )

2. [Link] => init 3 ( full multi user mode with cli only )

3. [Link] => rescue mode

4 [Link] => emergency mode

# init 6

or

# systemcl reboot

# init 0

or

# systemctl poweroff

# init 1 => [Link]

# systemctl get-default

# systemctl isolate [Link] ( tempory cli text mode )

# systemctl isolate [Link] ( tempory gui mode)

# systemctl set-default [Link] ( permanent cli text mode )

# cat /etc/systemd/system/[Link] (targets file )

# systemctl reboot

# systemctl set-default [Link] ( permanent gui mode )

# systemctl get-default (check runlevel )

******* how to deactivate ctrl+alt+delete

# vim /usr/lib/systemd/system/[Link]

#requires=[Link]

wq!

********** how to break root password rhel7

1. reboot

press e to edit

2. linux 16 end line type [Link]

3. than ctrl+x

# mount -o remount rw /sysroot

# chroot /sysroot

# passwd

redhat

redhat

# getenforce

# touch /.autorelabel

# exit

# exit

******** how to apply user name and password on single user mode :-

# grub2-mkpasswd-pbkdf2

passwed: redhat123

than copy

# vim /etc/grub.d/40_custom

set superusers="deepak"

password_pbkdf2 deepak (paste password)

wq!

# grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/[Link]

# reboot
********* remove password single user mode

# vim /etc/grub.d/40_custom

delete edit line

:wq!

# grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/[Link]

******** how to install google chrome for redhat 7

**** how to create repodata manually

# rpm -qa createrepo

# cd /redhat/Packages

# rpm -ivh createrepo-

# createrepo -v /redhat

# ls /redhat

# yum clean all

# yum repolist

**********************************

how to used gpg key concept:-

# locate RPM

copy rpm gpg key

# cat /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release

# vim /etc/[Link].d/[Link]

[yum]

baseurl=[Link]

enabled=1

gpgcheck=1

gpgkey=[Link]

wq!

# yum clean all

# yum repolist

# yum install samba

************* how to configure yum client any give url:-

# cd /etc/[Link].d/[Link]

[yum]

baseurl=[Link]

enabled=1

gpgcheck=0
wq!

OR

# yum-config-manager --add-repo=[Link]

OR

# yum-config-manager --add-repo=[Link]

# yum clean all

# repolist

******** NTP configure cli

# vim /etc/[Link]

server [Link] iburst

wq!

# systemctl restart [Link]

# systemctl enable [Link]

# timedatectl

# nptdate -u [Link] (**********)

network file :-

# vim /etc/hosts
# vim /etc/hostname (permanent hostname set)

# cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scrits/ifcfg-static (network configuraion file)

# nmcli connection show

# nmcli connection add connection-name static ifname eno type ethernet autoconnet yes

ip4 '[Link]/24'

# nmcli connction show

without dns to ping machine name

# vim /etc/hosts

[Link] [Link] staion1 server1

[Link] [Link] station2 server2

wq!

# ping [Link]

# ping station1

# ping server1

# hostname -a (alias show)

# hostname -i

# hostname -d

# hostname -f

# hostname -s

***************************************************************

( server machine ip addrs configration )

# nmcli connecton add con-name ststic ifname eth0 type ethernet autoconnect yes ip4
'[Link]/24' gw4 [Link]

# nmcli connection show

# ifconfig

# ip route (gateway check)

how to add machine with any dns server

# nmcli connection modify static [Link] [Link]

# nmcli connection down static

# nmcli connetion up static

# ifconfig eth0

# ifconfig lo

# ifdown eth0

# ifup eth0

OR

ONLY LAB CONFIGURE DNS SERVER

# cat /etc/[Link]
# vim /etc/[Link] (dns server configuration file check )

search [Link]

nameserver [Link]

:wq!

# nmcli connection down static

# nmcli connection up

# nmcli device status

# nmcli device disconnet eth0

# nmcli device status

# nmcli device connect eh0

# nmcli device status

# ip addr

# ip a

# ip link

# ip add show eth0

# ethtool eth0 (link detected yes)

# traceroute [Link]

# route -n

# route

***********************************************************

how to change ip file method :-

# vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-static

IPADDR0=[Link]
wq!

# ifdown eth0

# ifup etho

# ifconfig eth0

# nmcli connetion show static (all parameter show)

# nmcli connection modify static [Link] '[Link]/24 [Link]'

# ifdown eth0

# ifup eth0

# ifconfig eth0

# nmcli connetion show --active

how to take ip by dhcp server :-

# nmcli connetion delete static

# nmcli connection show

# nmcli connetion add con-name dynamic ifname eth0 type ethernet autoconnet yes

# nmcli connetion show

# ifconfig eth0

# cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-dynamic

# nmcli connection show dynamic

# netstat -tunlp (all running port show)

# netstat -tunlp | grep sshd

# netstat -tunlp | grep 22

# netstat -tnlp (only tcp port show)

# netstat -unlp (only udp port show)

# netstat -unlp | grep -v udp6

# netstat -nr

# vim /etc/services (all service port nuber entry)

# cat /etc/services | grep rsync

# cat /etc/services | grep telnet

**************************************

** scp nd rsync both command used to copy any files from one machine nd onther machine

**

SCP

scp -r source dentination

OR

rsync -avH sourse dentination

# scp -r root@[Link]:/home /tmp

# ls /tmp

# scp -r root@[Link]:/etc/psswd /tmp

# rm -rf /etc/[Link]

# scp -r root@[Link]:/etc/[Link] /tmp

# scp -r root@[Link]:/etc/[Link] /etc

# ls /tmp

RSYNC

# mkdir /php

# mkdir /java

# touch /php/a{1..5}

# rsync -avH /php /java

# echo "hello" > /php/a1

# rsync -avH /php /java

# rsync -avH root@[Link]:/home /srv

# rsync -avH /etc root@[Link]:/tmp

********************************************

RAID

(Redundant arry of independent disk)

* Raid technology always used to provide high data writing scripting

with data securing.

*** Types of Raid

* Software Raid

* Hardware Raid

****** Types of Raid-level

1. Raid :- 0 (stripping without parity)

2. Raid :- 1 (mirror volume)

3. Raid :- 5 (stripping with parity)

Raid - 0 :- Requirement

* 2 hardisk

* same size

* same configuration

* no fault tolerance

* data writting is very fast

* usable size 100%

Raid - 1 :- mirror volume

* minmum 2 hardisk

* same size

* same configuration

* works on mirror concept

* data writting is slow as compare to raid 0

* usable size 50%

Raid - 5

* minumum 3 hardisk

* same size

* same configuration

* fault tolerance

* data writting speed is also fast

* single hardisk failure concept

* works on single parity concept

Parity ?

works on X - or operation

00=0

01=1

10=1

11=0

disk 1 = 1010110

disk2 = 1000101

parity ? = 1000101

80GB 80GB 80GB

240 - 80= 160 = 66% usable size

# fdisk -l

# rpm -qa mdadm

# fdisk /dev/vdb

:n

:p

:1

:enter

:+2GB

:n

:p

:2

:enter

:+2G

:n

:p

:3

:enter

:+2G

:p

:t
:1

:fd

:t

:2

:fd

:t

:3

:fd

:p (print)

:w (save)

# partprobe /dev/vdb

# mdadm -C /dev/md0 -a yes -l 5 -n 3 /dev/vdb{1,2,3}

# [Link] /dev/md0

# mkdir /raid

# mount /dev/md0 /raid

# vim /etc/fstab

/dev/md0 /raid xfs defaults 0 0

:wq!

# mount -a

# df -TH
# mdadm --detail /dev/md0 (check raid configuration level nd device active)

OR

# mdadm -D /dev/md0

# cat /proc/mdstat

***** permanet save raid this file :-

# mdadm --detail --scan >> /etc/[Link]

# cat /etc/[Link]

Write Data :-

# df -TH

# cp -rf /etc /raid

# df -TH

** how to perfrom hot swapable process.

# mdadm /dev/md0 -f /dev/vdb3

# cat /proc/mdstat

# mdadm --detail /dev/md0

# mdadm /dev/md0 -r /dev/vdb3

# cat /proc/mdstat
# mdadm /dev/md0

**** readd /dev/vdb3

# mdadm /dev/md0 -a /dev/vdb3

# mdadm --detail /dev/md0

# ls /raid

**** how to remove raid

# umount /raid

# mdadm --stop /dev/md0

# mdadm --assemble /dev/md0 (enable raid)

# mdadm --stop /dev/md0

# vim /etc/fstab

/dev/md0 /raid xfs defaults 0 0 (delete line)

:wq!

# mount -a

# df -TH

# vim /etc/[Link]

(delete entry)
:wq!

# fdisk /dev/fdb

:d

:1

:d

:2

:d

:3

:w

# partprobe /dev/vdb

** Partition

MBR Limit (master boot record)

primary partion extented partition (it is use to only

personal data)

it is use to data logical partiton

nd OS file it is sub part of extended

at a ime only one

primary partition

can be active
MBR 4 partion {including , primary & extended }

primary :- min 1

max :- 4

Extended :- min 0

max 1

hex code :-

primary , logical :- 83

extended :- 5

swap :- 82

lvm :- 8e

raid :- fd

# fdisk -l (to check disk status)

# fdisk /dev/sda

:n

:e

:enter

:enter

:p (print)
:n

:enter

:+2G

:p (print)

:w (save nd quiet)

# partprobe /dev/sda

# [Link] /dev/sda5 (partion format)

# mkdir /data

# mount /dev/sd5 /data (temprory mount data)

# df -h (data mount point check)

# ls /data

# vim /etc/fstab (permanent data mount)

/dev/sda5 /data xfs defaults 0 0

:wq!

defaults 0 0

0 :- dump value
0 :- fsck order

# mount -a

# df -TH

# du -sh /data ( file sizze check)

how to test partition :-

# cp -rf /etc /data

# du -sh /data

# df -TH

*****************************

# umount /data

# ls /data

# mount /dev/sd5 /data

# ls /data

**********************************

swap partion :-

# free -h (swap check)

# fdisk /dev/vdb

:n

:p
:1

:enter

:+1G

:p (print)

:t (code change)

:l (code list)

:82

:p (print)

:w (save)

# partprobe /dev/vdb

# mkswap /dev/vdb1 (to create the swap partion)

# swapon /dev/vdb1

# swap -s (all swap partion activate check )

# free -h

# vim /etc/fstab

/dev/vdb1 swap swap defaults 0 0

:wq!

# mount -a

OR
# cat /proc/swaps

# cat /proc/meminfo | grep -i swap

how to deactivate swap partion :-

# swapoff /dev/vdb1

# swapon -s

# swapoff -a (all swap off)

# swapon -a (all swap on)

# vim /etc/fstab

/dev/vdb1 swap swap defaults 0 0 (delete entry )

:wq!

# mount -a

# fdisk /dev/vdb

:d (delete)

:w

# partprobe /dev/vdb

****************************************************
Booting Process :-

1. Hardware boot

2. Bootloader

3. kernel

4. init or systemd

5. Login screen

1. Hardware Boot :-

* power on machine

* smpls will supply the :- power the all connecting devices.

* It provides Ac to Dc current.

* BIOS initilization.

* It performs the post operration. to check all hardware connectvity.

if all devices one ok then it given

* CMOS intilization. :-

It will find the OS Boot.

[Link]:- It is us to load OS booting files.

** types of bootloader

1. Lilo (linux loader) file:- (/etc/[Link]

2. grub file:- (/etc/[Link])

3. grub2 file:- (/etc/[Link])

(non visible stage)

* stage -1 :- MBR (Master boot record)

* stage -2 :- grub or grub2

MBR :- 512 bytes

446 64 2

primary boot partion table validtion code

grub2 :- load :- vmlinuz =3.10 (kernel)

load :- [Link] (initional ram disk ) (file)

1. MBR (crupt)

2. GRUB (crupt)

3. KERNEL (crupt)

4. [Link] (crupt)

5. Kernel painic error (crupt)

go to ( rescue mode) :- dvd used

3. Kernel :- It read the /etc/fstab file to mount all devices.

* first it will mount root "/" file system .

* After then it will mount all sub partiotion & network based

shared file system.

ctrl+d :- error

root paasword

4. init OR systemd :-

* It will start parent process "init" OR "systemd"

* It reads /etc/inittab OR

/etc/systemd/system/[Link]

to initilize the login enviroment.

* It will check all sservices status and will take the actions.

* It will run all command written in /etc/[Link]

5. Login screen :-

login:- root /etc/passwd

passwd :- redhat /etc/group

/etc/shadow

password policy

profile files intilization

*********** LVM **********

* logical volume management

data storage techniques :-

1. fixed size concept

2. not fixed size concept

what is physical volume:-

***********

# fdisk -l

# fdisk /dev/vdb

:n

:p

:1

: enter

:+1G

:p (print)

:n

:p

:enter
:+2G

:p (print)

:t

:1

:8e

:t

:2

:8e

:p (print)

:w (save)

# partprobe /dev/vdb

# pvcreate /dev/vdb1 /dev/vdb2

# pvdisplay

# pvs (to check all physical volume with status)

# vgcreate myvg1 /dev/vdb{1,2}

# vgdisplay

# vgs

# lvcreate -L +1G -n mylv1 /dev/myvg1

# lvcreate -L +500M -n mylv2 /dev/myvg1

# [Link] /dev/myvg1/mylv1
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/myvg1/mylv2

# mkdir /lvm1

# mkdir /lvm2

# mount /dev/myvg1/mylv1 /lvm1 (tempray mount)

# mount /dev/myvg1/mylv2 /lvm2

# vim /etc/fstab (permament mount)

/dev/myvg1/mylv1 /lvm1 xfs defaults 00

/dev/myvg1/mylv2 /lvm2 ext4 defaults 0 0

wq!

# mount -a

# df -h

# df -TH

# lvdisplay /dev/myvg1/mylv1

# du -sh /etc

# df -TH
# cp -rf /etc /lvm1

# cp -rf /etc /lvm2

# df -TH

how to extend LVM size :-

# vgs (to check used nd free space)

# df -TH

# lvextend -L +300M /dev/myvg1/mylv1

# xfs_growfs /dev/myvg1/mylv1

# df -TH

If file ext2 , ext3 , ext4 file system :-

# lvextend -L +200M /dev/myvg1/mylv2

# resize2fs /dev/myvg1/mylv2

# df - TH

how to lvresize :-

# df -TH
# lvresize -L 800M -r /dev/myvg1/mylv2

# df -TH

# lvresize -L 1500M -r /dev/myvg1/mylv1

# df -TH

how to reduce any lvm size :-

note:- xfs (not reduce only extend)

# lvresize -L 500M -r /dev/myvg1/mylv2

do you want to unmount y/n :- y

# df -TH

# vgs

how to extend volume group size :-

# fdisk /dev/vdb
:n

:p

:3

:enter

:+1G

:t

:3

:8e

:w

# partprobe /dev/vdb

# pvcreate /dev/vdb3

# pvs

# vgextend myvg1 /dev/vdb3

# vgs

******************************************

forcefully scan:-

# pvscan

# vgscan

# lvscan

bydefault block

1 PE = 4 MB

p :- phisical
e :- extent (chunk)

1 PE = minmum = 1 MB

maximum = 128 MB

128 , 64 , 32 , 16 , 8 , 4 , 2 , 1

# ls /etc/lvm/archive (refrence point)