Run level

1:-- initinit define run level 0-6 ,S., emergency

The run level is selected by #id:5:init default:
2:-- Show current and previous run level
#/sbin/runlevel
Run level


Run level Command Use
0 #init 0 Halt (Shutdown)
1 #init 1 Single user mode
2 #init 2 Multi user mode without NFS
3 #init 3 Multi user mode full access s
4 #init 4 Officially undefined
5 #init 5 Graphical user login for Desktop & Laptop
6 #init 6 Restart
S #init S Alternative single user mode
Emergency #init emergency By pass, rc sysinit, su login


# :-- root user
$ :-- normal user

Shortcut
Shortcut and command Use of
Ctrl+Alt+f1 GUI mode
Ctrl+Alt+f2 CUI mode


Ctrl+Alt+f3 Multi user
Ctrl+Alt+f4 Multi user
Ctrl+Alt+f5 Multi user
Ctrl+Alt+f6 Multi user
Ctrl+Alt+f7 Multi user
#who Show all login interface
#who am i Current prompt
#clear Clear screen
#exit Switch user
#cd / Open root
#dir Show all directory
#cd Close directory
#ls l Show file list



Create Directory
#mkdir filename(raj)
#dir
Create file
#cat > filename(raj)
Ctrl+d ( save file )
To read the contain of a file
#cat filename(raj)
Extend of the file
#cat >> filename(raj)
Command Use of the cmd


#ls To read the contain of the file
#cd dirname(raj) Change the directory
#rmdir dirname(raj) Remove the directory(when dir is empty)
#rm rf dirname(raj) Delete contain directory
#rm filename(raj)
#Y
Delete the file


User Administration
Its used to create the user.
#useradd option username(raj)
Where Option is
-d Home directory
-S Define shell
-c Comment
-g Define group ID
-u Define user ID
-l Login name
#adduser username(raj)
Add group
Syntex::- groupadd option usename(raj)
Where option is


-f Forcefully
-g Define the group ID

#groupadd groupname(raj)
#cat /etc/group Show the group and user information
#cat /etc/passwd Show the user information

Delete User
#userdel option username(raj)
#userdel username(raj)
Where option is
-r Recursible
-f forcefully

Group delete
Syntex::- groupdel option groupname(raj)
#groupdel groupname(raj)
Add password to a user
#passwd username(raj)
New password-
Conform password-
Successfully

Password age of a user
#chage option username(raj)
Where option is
-m Minimum age
-M Maximum age


To view the user password information
#cat /etc/shadow
Change the ownership of a file
#chown newname file/dir name
#chown raj vijay

Change ownership of a group
#chgrp newname groupname
#chgrp kajal raj
Add user to a group
#usermod G groupname username

Command
#w Connect user
#last Login and reboot history
#lastb Failed login attempt
#lastlog Login user information

File permission
Methods:--
1:-- Character mode or Symbolic mode
2:-- Digit mode or Numbering mode
File Character mode Digit mode
Read r 4
Write w 2
Execute x 1
Full accress rwx 7
Read&write rw- 6


Read & execute r-x 5
+:-- Add character mode
-:--Remove character mode
Set permission using Character mode
SET permission for a file
#chmod u+rwx filename( add permission)
#chmod u-rwx filename( remove permission)
SET permission for a group name
#chmod g+rwx groupname( add permission)
#chmod g-rwx groupname( remove permission)
SET permission for others
#chmod o+rwx filename( add permission)
#chmod o-rwx filename( remove permission)
Set permission at one time to all
#chmod ugo+rwx filename( add permission)
Set permission for a file using digit or numbering mode
Full control
#chmod 777 file name(add permission)
#chmod 000 file name(remove permission)

Vim editor
Its a text editor. That is upwards compatible to VI. It can use to edit all kinds of plan
text.Its specially useful for editing programme.


Syntex:-- #vim option filename



Quit- :q or :q! Without save






To set the GUI and CUI mode
#vim /etc/inittab
:5
:wq

Switch user one to another account
#su username
Copy
#cp oldfilename newfilename
Compare
#cmp file1name file2name
Provide system memory use
#free
File system check and repair
Command
mode
Insert
mode
Exec
mode
Press I to go
to insert
mode
Escape:- to close insert mode and
go to exec mode
:wq (save
)


#fsck
Mount pendrive & CD-Rom
#mkdir /media/CD-Rom
#mount /dev/cdrom /media/cd-rom
#cd /media/cdrom
#ls l
Unmount cdrom
#umount /dev/cdrom /media/cd-rom
Mount DVD drive
#mkdir /media/DVD-Rom
#mount /dev/dvdrom /media/dvd-rom
#cd /media/dvdrom
#ls l
Unmount dvdrom
#umount /dev/dvdrom /media/dvd-rom
Mount pendrive
#mkdir /media/usb
#mount /dev/sdb1 /media/usb
File system management

Cheak the disk information
#fdisk l
View the mount partition
#df
Create the partition and delete the partition
#fdisk /dev/sda
:m(for help)
Create the logical partition


:n
+100M (volume size0
:W (Save)
Update the partition table forcefully
#partprobe /dev/sda(partition name)
For eample:-- #partprobe /dev/sda1
Format partition
#mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1
For mounting permanent
#vim /etc/fstab
Press i
/dev/sda2(press tab 2 times)/india(directory name) (press tab 2 times)ext4
(press tab 1 time)defaults (press tab 1 time) 0 0 {enter}
{press escape}
:wq


LVM (logical volume management)
/dev/karolbagh/delhi
lvcreate


vgcreate

pvcreate


8e
10 mb
10 mb
10 mb

Physical volume
Volume group 30mb Karolbagh
Logical volume
Delhi





Create the linux partition for LVM
#fdisk l
#fdisk /dev/sda
(help for m):m
:n
:+10M
:t
: 8 (select any partition )
:8e
:w
Physical volume create
#pvcreate /dev/sda5 /dev/sda6 /dev/sda7
Display the physical volume
#pvdisplay
Create the volume group
#vgcreate karolbagh(groupname) /dev/sda5 /dev/sda6 /dev/sda7
Display the volume group
#vgdisplay
Create the logical volume
#lvcreate L +30M n delhi (logical vol name) karolbagh(group name)
Display the logical volume
#lvdisplay
Format logical volume
#mkfs.ext4 /dev/groupname/volume name
Remove the volume group


#vgremove /dev/groupname
Mounting
#mkdir /india
#mount /dev/groupname/volumename /india
Reduce the logical volume
#lvreduce L -10M n /dev/groupname/volume name
Extend tne logical volume
#lvextend L +10M n /dev/groupname/volume name