Linear MATHEMATICS LECTURE NOTES
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DATE :
LECTURER
TOPIC : MATRICES
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Given matrix (𝑑 𝑒 𝑓)
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖
𝑒 𝑓 𝑑 𝑓 𝑑 𝑒
Determinant = 𝑎 | |−𝑏| |+𝑐| |
ℎ 𝑖 𝑔 𝑖 𝑔 ℎ
EXAMPLES
Find the determinant of the following 3 × 3 matrices
1 1 2
a. (−1 3 4)
1 1 5
7 −5 6
b. (4 3 2)
1 0 8
0 −1 11
c. ( 0 4 10 )
−6 7 −8
SOLUTIONS
3 4 −1 4 −1 3
a. Determinant = 1 | | − 1| | + 2| |
1 5 1 5 1 1
= (15 − 4)— 5 − 4 + 2(−1 − 3)
= 12
3 2 4 2 4 3
b. Determinant = 7 | | + 5⌈ ⌉+ 6| |
0 8 1 8 1 0
= 300
0 10 0 4
c. Determinant = 1 | | + 11 | |
−6 −8 −6 7
= −204
OR
a. 12
b.
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7 −5 6 7 −5
4 3 2 4 3
1 0 8 1 0
𝑑𝑒𝑡 = (168 − 10 + 0) − (18 + 0 − 160)
= 300
c. −204
EXAMPLES
Solve the following system of equations
𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 4
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = −1
𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0
SOLUTION
−1 1 2 1 2 −1
𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑔𝑟 = 1 | | − 1| | − 2| |
−3 1 1 1 1 −3
= 11
4 1 −2
𝐷𝑥 = |−1 −1 1 |
0 −3 1
−1 1 −1 1 −1 −1
= 4| |− 1| | − 2| |
−3 1 0 1 0 −3
=3
1 4 −2
𝐷𝑦 = |2 −1 1 |
1 0 1
−1 1 2 1 2 −1
= 1| |− 4| | − 2| |
0 1 1 1 1 0
= −7
1 1 4
𝐷𝑧 = |2 −1 −1|
1 −3 0
−1 −1 2 −1 2 −1
= 1| |− 1| | + 4| |
−3 0 1 0 1 −3
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= −24
𝐷𝑥 3
𝑥= = 11
𝐷
𝐷𝑦 −7
𝑦= =
𝐷 11
𝐷𝑧 −24
𝑧= =
𝐷 11
QUESTIONS
1. Solve the following systems of equations
a. 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 7
2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 14
−𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 1
b. 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = −3
3𝑥 + 2𝑧 = 7
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0
c. 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0
2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 6𝑧 = −5
2𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 6
DATE :
LECTURER:
TOPIC : MATRICES
INVERSE OF A 3×3 MATRIX
1
𝐴−1 = 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 × 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝑜𝑓 𝐴
Linear MATHEMATICS LECTURE NOTES
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EXAMPLE
Find the inverse
1 4 0
𝐴 = ( 2 −1 5)
−3 8 6
SOLUTION
−1 5 2 5
Determinant of A = 1 | | − 4| |
8 6 −3 6
= −154
𝐴𝑇 is a transpose of matrix A.
The rows become columns
1 2 −3
𝐴𝑇 = (4 −1 8 )
0 5 6
−46 24 20
𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 = ( 27 6 5)
13 20 −9
−46 24 20 + − +
𝐴𝑎𝑑𝑗 = ( 27 6 5 ) (− + −)
13 20 −9 + − +
−46 −24 20
= (−27 6 −5)
13 −20 −9
−46 −24 20
−1 −1
∴𝐴 = 154 (−27 6 −5)
13 −20 −9
QUESTIONS
1. Find the inverse of each matrix
−1 1 4
a. (−6 3 4)
2 0 6
0 −1 5
b. (2 −1 −2)
7 −6 7
−3 4 1
c. (−2 6 −4)
−5 4 5
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−2 3 6
d. ( 4 −4 2)
6 −6 5
4 −5 0
e. (−1 2 0)
−3 −5 −1
−3 −2 0
f. (−1 3 −1)
−3 1 −1
2. Solve the following simultaneous equations in matrix form
a. −6𝑟 + 5𝑠 + 2𝑡 = −11 d. 6𝑟 − 𝑠 + 3𝑡 = −9
−2𝑟 + 𝑠 + 4𝑡 = −9 5𝑟 − 5𝑠 − 5𝑡 = 20
4𝑟 − 5𝑠 + 5𝑡 = −4 3𝑟 − 𝑠 + 4𝑡 = −5
b. −6𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = −8 e. −3𝑎 − 𝑏 − 3𝑐 = −8
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 8 −5𝑎 + 3𝑏 + 6𝑐 = −4
6𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 6𝑧 = −18 −6𝑎 − 4𝑏 + 𝑐 = −20
c. 5𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 21 f. −5𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 4
−𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 6𝑧 = −24 −3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 5𝑧 = −5
−𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 5𝑧 = −21 −4𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 13
CO-FACTORS
Minor 𝑀𝑖𝑗
𝐴𝑖𝑗 = (−1)𝑖+𝑗 𝑀𝑖𝑗
EXAMPLE
1 2 3
Given the matrix (4 5 6)
7 8 9
1 2
| | = −6
7 8
1 2
𝐴2 3 = (−1)5 | |
7 8
= −1(−6)
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𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
𝑎
Given ( 21 𝑎22 𝑎23 )
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
+ − +
(− + −)
+ − +
1 0 1
3 0 2 0 2 3
|(2 3 0)| = 1 | | − 0| | + 1| |
0 4 3 4 3 0
3 0 4
0 1 1 1 1 0
= −2 | | + 3| | − 0| |
0 4 3 4 3 0
If each entry in any row or column is zero therefore determinant is zero
0 0 3 0
𝑒. 𝑔. ( ) ( )
1 2 2 0
If any two rows or columns are interchanged the determinant of the first is the negative of
the other
1 2 3 2 1 3
𝑒. 𝑔. (4 5 6) (5 4 6)
7 8 9 8 7 9
If two rows have corresponding entries that are equal, the determinant is zero
1 2 1
1 1
𝑒. 𝑔. ( ) (3 0 1 )
3 3
1 2 1
EXAMPLE
1 0 1
Find the inverse of the matrix (2 1 0)
1 −1 1
SOLUTION
𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑔𝑟 = −2
1 2 1
𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑒 = (0 1 −1)
1 0 1
+(1) −(2) +(−3) 1 −2 −3
𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 ( −(1) +0 −(−1)) = (−1 0 1)
+(−1) −(−2) +(1) −1 2 1
1 −1 −1
𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒 (−2 0 2)
−3 1 1
1 −1 −1
1
𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 = 2
(−2 0 2)
−3 1 1
ELEMENTARY TRANSFORMATION/ROW EQUIVALENT MATRIX
Linear MATHEMATICS LECTURE NOTES
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These are matrices formed after the application of certain elementary transformation.
An elementary transformation of a matrix 𝐴𝑛×𝑛 is one of the following 3 operations upon
the rows of a matrix
i. Multiply entries of any row by k where k is a non-zero real number
1 2 3 𝑟𝑜𝑤 1 𝑏𝑦 𝑘 2 4 6
𝐴 = (4 5 6 ) (4 5 6)
7 8 9 7 8 9
ii. Interchange any two rows of A
4 5 6
(1 2 3)
7 8 9
iii. Multiply the entries of any row of A y k where k is a real number and add to the
corresponding entries of any other row
𝑒. 𝑔. 3𝑅1 + 𝑅2
1 2 3 1 2 3
𝐴 (4 5 6) ~ (0 3 6) 4𝑅1 − 𝑅2
7 8 9 7 8 9
1 2 3
~ (0 3 6 ) 7𝑅1 − 𝑅3
0 6 12
1 2 3
~ (0 3 6) 2𝑅2 − 𝑅3
0 0 0
INVERSE OF MATRIX USING ROW REDUCTION METHOD
1 0 1
Given A = (2 1 0)
1 −1 1
1 0 1 . 1 0 0 1 0 1 . 1 0 0
(2 1 0 . 0 1 0) ~ (0 −1 2 . 2 −1 0) 2𝑅1 − 𝑅2
1 −1 1 . 0 0 1 1 −1 1 . 0 0 1
1 0 1 . 1 0 0
~ (0 −1 2 . 2 −1 0 )
0 1 0 . 1 0 −1 𝑅1 − 𝑅3
2 1 0 . 0 1 0 2𝑅1 − 𝑅2
~ (0 −1 2 . 2 −1 0 )
0 1 0 . 1 0 −1
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2 1 0 . 0 1 0
~ (0 −1 2 . 2 −1 0 )
0 0 2 . 3 −1 −1 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
2 1 0 . 0 1 0
.
~ (0 −1 0 −1 0 1 ) 𝑅2 − 𝑅3
0 0 2 . 3 −1 −1
2 0 0 . −1 1 1 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
.
~ (0 −1 0 −1 0 1)
0 0 2 . 3 −1 −1
−1 1 1 1
𝑅 ×
1 0 0 . 2 2 2
1
2
~ 0 1 0 . 1 0 −1 𝑅2 × −1
0 0 1 . 3 −1 −1 1
𝑅3 ×
( 2 2 2) 2
1 −1 −1
−1
∴ 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 = (−2 0 2)
2
−3 1 1
1 2 3 𝑥 1
Given (4 1 2) (𝑦) = (2)
3 1 1 𝑧 3
1 −1 −1 1 2 3 𝑥 1 −1 −1 1
−1 −1
2
(−2 0 2 ) (4 1 2) (𝑦) = 2 (−2 0 2 ) (2 )
−3 1 1 3 1 1 𝑧 −3 1 1 3
1 0 0 𝑥 𝐴
(0 1 0) (𝑦) = (𝐵 )
0 0 1 𝑧 𝐶
𝑥 𝐴
(𝑦) = (𝐵 )
𝑧 𝐶
2𝑥 + 5𝑧 = 9
4𝑥 + 3𝑦 = −1
3𝑦 − 4𝑧 = −13
2 0 5 . 9 2 0 5 . 9
(4 3 0 . −1 ) ~ (0 −3 10 . 19 ) 2𝑅1 − 𝑅2
0 3 −4 . −13 0 3 −4 . −13
2 0 5 . 9
~ (0 −3 10 . 19)
0 0 −6 . 6 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
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2 0 5 𝑥 9
∴ (0 −3 10) (𝑦) = (19)
0 0 6 𝑧 6
2𝑥 + 5𝑧 = 9
−3𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 19
6𝑧 = 6
𝑧=1
−3𝑦 + 10 = 19
𝑦 = −3
2𝑥 + 5 = 9
𝑥=2
QUESTION
Solve the following simultaneous equations using row reduction method
𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = −4
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 10
EQUALITY OF MATRICES
𝑎 𝑏 1 2
( )=( )
𝑐 𝑑 3 4
These are equal if 𝑎 = 1; 𝑏 = 2; 𝑐 = 3; 𝑑 = 4
e.g. let v be the set of all 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrices over a field k, then for any matrices ABC and
any scalars 𝑘1 𝑘2 ∈ 𝐾.
Prove that A +O = A
𝑎 𝑏 0 0
Let 𝐴 = ( ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂 = ( )
𝑐 𝑑 0 0
𝑎 𝑏 0 0
𝐴+𝑂 = ( )+( )
𝑐 𝑑 0 0
𝑎 𝑏
=( )
𝑐 𝑑
=𝐴 (𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑) Definition matrix addition
Let 𝐴 = (𝑎𝑖𝑗 )𝑚×𝑛
𝐴 + 𝑂 = (𝑎𝑖𝑗 + 0)𝑚×𝑛 Definition of matrix addition
𝐴 + 𝑂 = (𝑎𝑖𝑗 )𝑚×𝑛 Definition of matrix addition
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= 𝐴 (𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑)
EXAMPLE
RTP: 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐵 + 𝐴
SOLUTION
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐴 = (𝑎𝑖𝑗 )𝑚×𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = (𝑏𝑖𝑗 )𝑚×𝑛
𝐴 + 𝐵 = (𝑎𝑖𝑗 )𝑚×𝑛 + (𝑏𝑖𝑗 )𝑚×𝑛
= (𝑎𝑖𝑗 + 𝑏𝑖𝑗 )𝑚×𝑛 Definition of matrix addition
= (𝑏𝑖𝑗 + 𝑎𝑖𝑗 )𝑚×𝑛 Addition is commutative in the field k
= (𝑏𝑖𝑗 )𝑚×𝑛 + (𝑎𝑖𝑗 )𝑚×𝑛 Definition of matrix addition in reverse
=𝐵+𝐴 (𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑)
QUESTIONS
1. RTP:
a. 𝐴 + (−𝐴)
b. 𝑘1 × 𝑘2 )(𝐴) = 𝑘1 𝐴 + 𝑘2 𝐴
c. 𝑘1 × 𝑘2 𝐴 = 𝑘1 (𝑘2 𝐴)
d. 𝐼. 𝐴 = 𝐴
e. 𝑂. 𝐴 = 0
f. (𝐵 + 𝐶)𝐴 = 𝐵𝐴 + 𝐶𝐴
g. (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑡 = 𝐴𝑡 + 𝐵 𝑡
h. (𝐴𝑡 )𝑡 = 𝐴
i. (𝑘𝐴)𝑡 = 𝑘𝐴𝑡
CRAMER’S RULE
𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 where A and B and X are matrices
𝑎 𝑏 𝑥 𝑚
( ) (𝑦 ) = ( )
𝑐 𝑑 𝑛
Find the determinant of the co-efficient matrix for the system of equations
Replace each entry in the 𝑗 𝑡ℎ column (first column) of the co-efficient matrix A with the
corresponding entry from the column matrix B and find the determinant of the resulting
matrix.
Linear MATHEMATICS LECTURE NOTES
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Divide the result in “second point” by the result in the “first point”
EXAMPLE
2𝑥 + 5𝑧 = 9 𝑧 = 1; 𝑦 = −3; 𝑥 = 2
4𝑥 + 3𝑦 = −1
3𝑦 − 4𝑧 = −13
2 0 5 𝑥 9
(4 3 0 ) (𝑦) = ( −1 )
0 3 −4 𝑧 −13
A X B
𝑑𝑒𝑡𝒈𝒓 = 2(−12) + 5(12) = 36
9 0 5
𝐷𝑥 = ( −1 3 0 )
−13 3 −4
𝐷𝑥 = 9(−12) + 5(36)
= 72
2 9 5
𝐷𝑦 = (4 −1 0)
0 −13 4
𝐷𝑦 = 2(4) − 9(−16) + 5(−52)
= −108
2 0 9
𝐷𝑧 = (4 3 −1 )
0 3 −13
𝐷𝑧 = 2(−36) + 9(12)
= 36
𝐷𝑥 72
𝑥= = 36 = 2
𝐷
𝐷𝑦 −108
𝑦= = = −3
𝐷 36
𝐷𝑧 36
𝑧= = 36 = 1
𝐷
QUESTIONS
a. 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4
3𝑥 − 𝑧 = 3
2𝑥 + 3𝑧 = 13
b. 3𝑥 − 𝑧 = 7
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2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 6
3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 7
c. 2𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 3𝑧 = −1
−3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 11
−2𝑥 + 7𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 9
d. 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = −6
𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 2
