Senior Two Science

Tutorial 2 : Matrices and Simultaneous equations , Inverse

Definitions :

 A finite set of linear equations in the variables x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , …..,x n is called a system of

linear equations ( or linear system )
a11 x1  a12 x2  .......a1n xn  b1

a21 x1  a22 x2  .......a2 n xn  b2
a31 x1  a32 x2  .......a3n xn  b3

................. .....
................ ......

am1 x1  am 2 x2  .......amn xn  bm
where a11 , a12 , ……. , amn and b1 , b2 , ……, bm are real constants . We
say the above linear system has n unknowns and m equations .
We just concerned with the solution of three simultaneous linear
equations in three unknown .

 Methods to solve the equations :

1. inverse method AX = B  X = A -1 B
2. Gauss Elimination ( Transformation methods )
3 . Cramer’s Rule ( methods of determinant )

(A) Inverse method

Given AX = B , we can multiply both sides by the inverse of A, provided this exists, to
give ( A -1A) X = A -1 B
I X = A -1B , where I is identity .
X = A -1 B

Examples 1 : (a) Solve the simultaneous equations x + 2 y = 4

3x – 5y = 1 [ x=2 , y =1]

1 2  8 5 
(b) If  A  , and A is 2 × 2 matrix , find A .
3 4  20 13 

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 1 1 2   0 1 1 
   
Examples 2 : If A =  2 1 1  and B =  5 5 5  , evaluate AB .
 3 1 1   5 2 3 
   
Hence , solve the system of linear equations
x + y – 2z = 1
2x – y + z = 4
3x + y - z = 2 [ AB = - 5I , x=6/5 , y=-3 , z = -7/5]

 1 2 1
 
Examples 3 : By using adjoint method , find the inverse of  2 1 0  .
 0 1 1
 
𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 2
Hence , or otherwise solve { 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 . [ 2006 高数2]
𝑦 − 𝑧 = −1

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(B) Gauss Eliminations (高斯消元法)

1 : Upper Triangular form for linear systems in 3 variables.
 Definition ○
The following system is said to be in upper-triangular form:
X – 2y + z = 7
y + 3z = 12
z=2
and we can solve x , y and z by back-substitution

 Gauss Elimination is an procedure that transforms a system into

upper triangular form , which can then be easily solved . [A|C]  [I|X]

 Definition ○
2 : Elemetary row operations (初等列变换)

1. Any two rows can be interchanged . e.g R1 ↔R2

1
2. Any row may be multiplied (or divided) by a non-zero constant . e.g R 2 (2)
3. add multiple ( k times ) of Ri to Rj to get the new Rj . e.g R21(-2)
* Note : if R32 ( 7 ) mean multiply R 2 by a 7 and add it to R 3 , only R3 is change
– R2 remains in its original state.

3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 6𝑧 = 4  x  2 y  3z  9

e.g Solve the { 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 1 e.g Solve 2 x  y  z  8
−𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 7𝑧 = 0 3x  z  3

[solution]
Augmented matrix :

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e.g Solve the following by using Gauss elimination.
𝑦 − 𝑧 = −2 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3
(a) { + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5
3𝑥 {( 11/6 , -5/6 , 7/6)} (b) { − 𝑦 − 3𝑧 = −1
3𝑥 {(3,-2,4)}
2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 1 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4

𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =1 𝑥+𝑦−𝑧= 1
(c) {2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = −4 (ans :no finite solution) (d) {2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 3 {ans : (5t,1-4t,t)}
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = −2 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 2

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(C) Cramer ‘s Rule ( 克兰姆定理)
-A method for solving a linear system of equations using determinants .
Cramer’s Rule may only be used when the system is square and the coefficient matrix
is invertible .
For the case of three equations in three unknowns , if
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1𝑧 = 𝑑1 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑦 ∆𝑧
{ 2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 = 𝑑2 , then x =
𝑎 , y= , z=
𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑦 + 𝑐3 𝑧 = 𝑑3 ∆ ∆ ∆

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑑1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑎1 𝑑1 𝑐1 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑑1
| 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 | | 𝑑 𝑏 𝑐 | |
Where ∆= 2 2 2 , ∆𝑥 = 2 2 2 , ∆𝑦 = 2𝑎 𝑑 2 𝑐 |
2 , ∆𝑧 = | 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑑2 |
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑑3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑎3 𝑑3 𝑐3 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑑3

e.g Solve the following equation by using methods of determinant.

𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4𝑧 + 2 = 0
(a) {2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6 {(1,1,2)} (b) { 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 + 3 = 0 {(-2,0,1)}
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 9 −2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧 − 5 = 0

§ Method to find the Inverse of matrix :

a b 1  d b 
 2 x 2 : If A =  -1
 , then A =  
c d ad  bc  c a 
1. 𝑏𝑦 𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 [ 𝐴 |𝐼 ] → [𝐼|𝐵] , 𝐵 = 𝐴−1 .
 3x3 : { 1
2. 𝑏𝑦 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑 , 𝐴−1 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
|𝐴|

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Examples :
 1 1 1 
 2 
2 2 
 1 4 3  
  Ans : 
1 1 1
Use Adjoint method to find inverse of  1 2 0  .  4

4

4
 2 2 3  
 
 1 1 1 

 6 2 6 

_______________________________________________________________________________
Examples :
 3 2 
 1 5 5 
 1 1 1   
   1 1 1 
Find the inverse of A =  2 1 3  by using elimination . Ans : 
 2 10 10 
 3 4 2  
 
 1 7  3 
 
 2 10 10 

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Common Exercise :

1. Find the inverse of the following matrices with adjoint method .

14 1 0  6 3 2 3 5 7

(a)  5 2 1   
(b)  3 2 1  (c)  1 2 3 
 2 0 1 8 4 3 2 3 5
     

2. Use Gauss method of elimination to find the inverse of

 2 6 5   1 1 1 
 
(a)  4 12 9  (b)  4 4 1 
 2 9 8   1 2 1
   

3. Solve the following equation by using method of transformation .

 x  y  z  4 2 x  y  z  6
 
(a) 3x  4 y = -6 (b)  x  3 y  2 z = 1
 x  3 y  3z  4 3x  y  5 z  1
 

(a  5) x  2 y  a  0
4. If the simultaneous equation  has not solution , find the value of a .
( a  1) x  y  3a  2  0

x2 1 x x x6 x3

5. Solve (a) 3 x -2  0 (b) x  5 x x2 0
1 x  4 x  1 x3 x4 x

a b b
6. Prove without using expansion : b a b  (a  2b)(a  b) 2
b b a
bc 1 bc(b  c) cos cos3 cos3
7. Show that ca 1 ca(c + a)  0 8. show that cos cos sin  sin  sin 4
ab 1 ab(a  b) sin  sin  cos 
1 1 1
x  y  z  2

8 5 6
9. Use cramer ‘s rule to solve the equation     1
x y z
13 9
   22
x y

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Exercise 2 :
 2 -1   x 
1. Show that  x y      = 0 is equivalent to 2x – 2xy + 3y = 0 . (2005 UT1)
2 2

 -1 3   
y

2. Find the products of the matrices :

 2 -6   3 
3 6 3    1 2 -1   
(a)     (b) 1 -2    (c)  2 1 3   1 
 -4 -5   4   3 -1  5 -2 4   2
   

 3 2 
3. Given that A =   , find the values of m and n such that A + mA + nI = o where
2

 1 -2 
I is the identity 2 x 2 matrix .

 1 -2 5   2 1
4. Given that A =   ,B=   , find BA – 2A .
 -1 4 3   -3 7 

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1 1 -1 
 
5. (a) If A =  0 -2 3  , show that A2 = -A + 2I , where I is the identity 3 x 3 matrix .
0 0 1
 
Hence show that A4 = - 5A + 6 I .

 2 -1 1 3 
(b) If A =   ,B=   , find matrix X such that
1 3   4 -2 
(i) A X = B (ii) AXA -1 = B .

6.The matrices A and B are given by

 -1 2 1   35 19 18 
   
A=  3 1 4  , B=  -27 -13 45  . Find A2 B and deduce A -1 , and hence
 0 1 2  -3 12 5 
   
 x  2y  z  8

solve the simultaneous equation 3x  y  4z  15 .

 y + 2z = 4

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