Faculty of Engineering

Electrical Engineering Department

Done by:
Osama maaodhah (202270222)
Mutasim alkamil (202270192)
Fares qaid alselwi (202270243)

Supervision by:
Eng. Abdulraqeeb Alshraay

Sana’a .2023
Contents
Contents ................................................................ 2
Abstract ................................................................. 3
Introduction .......................................................... 3
Objectives .............................................................. 3
Inverter Circuit .................................................... 4
Experimental Setup .................................................... 4
Results and Analysis .................................................. 4
Equipment: ........................................................... 5
Procedures : .......................................................... 5
General Description: ............................................ 6
Pin Configuration: .............................................. 6
Electrical Characteristics: .................................. 6
Applications:........................................................ 7
Discussion .............................................................. 8
Conclusion ............................................................. 8
Data sheet of (RTL-NOT) :........................................ 9

2
Abstract
The objective of this laboratory experiment is to design and test a NOT
gate using resistor-transistor technology. The NOT gate is a fundamental
component in digital logic, and understanding its operation is essential for
further studies in digital electronics. The experiment involves the use of
transistors, resistors, and a multi-meter to construct and test the NOT gate
circuit on a breadboard

Introduction
To achieve digital logic levels in practical circuitry, two controllable stable
states are required. The logic levels are referred to in the binary number
system as 'zero' and 'one'. The two stable states are referred to as 'low' and
'high.' In the laboratory, the current switching properties of bipolar junction
transistors and diodes can be used to develop analog circuits which form
the basic building blocks required to implement digital logic processes.
Three basic digital circuits will be built in this experiment.

Objectives
The objectives of the laboratory experiment on resistor-transistor logic
gates, specifically the NOT gate, are to understand the purpose of each
component (transistors, diodes, and resistors) and how they work together
to implement the desired logic function. The experiment aims to help
students:
1. Analyze the circuit: Investigate the operation of the NOT gate and
how it responds to different input combinations.
2. Understand the role of resistors: Learn why specific resistor values
are chosen for the NOT gate and how they support the desired fan
out.
3. Explore the characteristics of the NOT gate: Study the input and
output characteristics of the NOT gate, which are essential for
understanding its behavior and performance.
4. Investigate the truth table.

3
Inverter Circuit
When the input signal applied to the circuit of Figure 1 is at a low voltage
level, (less than 0.7 volts) the base-emitter junction of the transistor is
driven into cut-off. In this case, no current flows through RC. (IC=O) The
output voltage will be high and equal to the
DC supply voltage. When the input voltage
becomes greater than 0.7 volts, the
transistor is driven into saturation. The
output voltage will be low and almost equal
to the junction saturation voltage VCE,SAT
(about 0.3 volts). The transistor of this
circuit functions as a switch and the circuit
operates as an inverter

Experimental Setup Figure 1: circuit diagram

The NOT gate circuit was constructed on a breadboard using NPN and PNP
transistors, resistors, and a multi-meter. The circuit was tested using
different input combinations, and the voltage levels were measured using
the multi-meter.

Results and Analysis

The experimental results showed that the NOT gate circuit successfully
produced the complement of its input. The truth table for the NOT gate was
verified, and the voltage levels for different input conditions were
measured and analyzed. The circuit simulation also confirmed the expected
behavior of the NOT gate.

4
Equipment:

 Transistor BC 107
 1k ohm resistor
 10k ohm resistor
 Switch
 5volt source
 Multimeter

Procedures :
In order to do this experiment was
constructed on the circuit using
The lab breadboard ,with connected wires.
Connect the multimeter as shown in
fig(2),
Collector- Emitter.
Notice that when the switch is open as
fig(2) the multimeter reads 5 volts, Figure 2
And vice versa with fig(3).

Figure 3
Figure 4: recorded result

5
General Description:
The RTL NOT gate is a basic digital logic gate that performs the logical
operation of negation on its input. It has one input and one output. When
the input is high, the output is low, and vice versa. The RTL NOT gate is
implemented using resistors and transistors.
 Pin Configuration:
IN OUT
1. Input (IN): This pin is used to input the logic
signal to the NOT gate. Low High
2. Output (OUT): This pin is used to output the
inverted logic signal. High Low
 Electrical Characteristics:
Figure 5:Truth Table
1. Power Supply Voltage (VCC): Typically 5V (±10% tolerance).
2. Input Voltage (VIH): High-level input voltage, typically 2V or
higher.
3. Input Voltage (VIL): Low-level input voltage, typically 0.8V or
lower.
4. Output Voltage (VOH): High-level output voltage, typically close
to VCC.
5. Output Voltage (VOL): Low-level output voltage, typically close
to 0V.
6. Input Current (IIH): High-level input current, typically a few
microamperes.
7. Input Current (IIL): Low-level input current, typically a few
microamperes.
8. Output Current (IOH): High-level output current, typically a few
milliamperes.
9. Output Current (IOL): Low-level output current, typically a few
milliamperes.
[Link] Delay Time (tpd): The time taken for the output to
change after a change in the input signal, typically a few
nanoseconds.

6
  Operating Conditions:
1. Operating Temperature Range: Typically -40°C to 85°C.

Note: The above specifications are general guidelines, and the actual values may
vary depending on the specific manufacturer and model of the RTL NOT gate.

 Applications:

The RTL NOT gate is used in various digital logic circuits, such as flip-
flops, counters, and arithmetic circuits. It can be combined with other
logic gates to perform complex logical operations.
 Package Information:
The RTL NOT gate is available in various package types, such as DIP
(Dual Inline Package) and SMD (Surface Mount Device).
 Caution:
1. Handle the device with proper electrostatic discharge (ESD)
precautions to avoid damage.
2. Follow the manufacturer's guidelines and recommendations for
proper usage and handling.
Note that the specifications provided here are general and may vary based
on the specific manufacturer and model of the RTL NOT gate. It is always
recommended to refer to the datasheet provided by the manufacturer for
the most accurate and up-to-date information.

7
Discussion
The experiment demonstrated the practical implementation of the NOT
gate using resistor-transistor technology. However, some discrepancies
were observed between the expected and measured results, which may be
due to the limitations of the components used or the breadboard's layout.
The experiment also highlighted the importance of selecting appropriate
resistor values to achieve the desired fan out.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the laboratory experiment successfully demonstrated the
implementation of the NOT gate using resistor-transistor technology. The
experiment provided insights into the operation of the NOT gate, the role
of transistors and resistors in its implementation, and the practical
considerations for designing and testing digital logic circuits. The
experiment laid a solid foundation for further studies in digital electronics
and logic gate applications.

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Data sheet of (RTL-NOT) :

RTL INVERTER

RTL INVERTER