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Logic Assignment 3 Solutions

The document contains solutions to various logic problems involving propositional logic, predicate logic, and modal logic. It represents statements in different logical systems, determines the validity or tautology of formulas, and evaluates statements based on a specified model. The problems cover topics such as tautologies, predicate representations, modal logic expressions, and determining truth values based on a model.

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82 views6 pages

Logic Assignment 3 Solutions

The document contains solutions to various logic problems involving propositional logic, predicate logic, and modal logic. It represents statements in different logical systems, determines the validity or tautology of formulas, and evaluates statements based on a specified model. The problems cover topics such as tautologies, predicate representations, modal logic expressions, and determining truth values based on a model.

Uploaded by

ameenuaneesah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Assignment 3

[Link] Shey Nsang

1. Which of the following formulas are valid?

A) (p  q)  ((q  r)  (p  r))

Solution:

pq Assumption
qr Assumption
p Assumption
q 3,1,MP
r 4,2,MP
pr 3-5, i
(q  r)  (p  r) 2-6, i

(p  q)  ((q  r)  (p  r))
Thus the given formula is valid

B) p  q  r is not valid.

p q r ~r p˅q˅~r

T T T F T

F T T F T

T F T F T

F F T F F

T T F T T

F T F T T

T F F T T

F F F T T
2. Show that the following formulas are tautologies:

A)((A  B)  C)  (A  (B  C))

A B C AB BC (A  B)  C A  (B  C)

T T T T T T T
F T T T T T T
T F T T T T T
F F T F T T T
T T F T T T T
F T F T T T T
T F F T F T T
F F F F F F
Clearly, ((A  B)  C)↔ (A  (B  C) is a tautology.

B)(A  Τ )  A

A T (A  Τ ) A (A  Τ )  A

T T T T T

F T F F T

.Thus, (A  Τ )  A is a tautology

C) A  A  A

A A AA A AA

T F T T
F F F T
Thus, A  A  A is a tautology

D)(A  B)  (A  B)

A B A B (A  B) (A



B)
T T F F F T
F T T F T F
T F F T T F
F F T T T F
A B AB (A  B) (A  B)  (A  B)

T T T T T

F T F F T

T F F F T

F F F F T

(A  B)  (A  B) is a tautology

E)   Τ

 T  Τ
F T F
Thus,   Τ is not a tautology.

F) (A  )  A

A (A  A   (A  )  A
T F F T T
F T F F T

(A  )  A is a tautology.

[Link] the following statements in predicate logic:


i)Every cat is sleeping

x cat(x)  sleeping(x)
ii) Some girl likes David

x girl(x)  likes (x, David)


iii) No one is happy
x happy(x)
Iv+
)It is sleeping
sleeping(x)
v) She likes David
likes(she, David)
vi) Every student is happy

x student(x)  happy(x)
vii) Some students are happy

x y student(x)  student(y) happy(x) happy(y)


ix) No student complained

x student(x)  complained(x)


x) Not every student complained

x student(x)   complained(x)

4. Represent the following statements in modal logic:


i) It is possible he will come today if and only if it is not possible it will rain today
Assume: P = he will come today and
q = it will rain today
Then, p  q
ii)It is necessary he should go to the village if it is not possible he will have an accident
Assume: P = he will go to the village and
q = he will have an accident
Then,

5. Assume a model M with constants a, b and c, unary predicate H and binary predicate L
specified below:
Universe = {a, b, c}
[[Allan]]M = V(Allan) = a
[[Betty]]M = V(Betty) = b
[[H]]M = V(H) = {b, c}
[[L]]M = V(L) = {<a,a>, <a,b>, <b,a>, <c,b>}

Determine the truth values of the following


i) L(a, b)  L(b, b)
[[L(a,b)]]˄4 = 1
[[L(a,b)]] = 0

=[ L(a, b)  L(b, b)]^4 = 0

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