Steady State and Transient

Analysis
 Steady State
 Whenever a network containing energy
storage elements such as inductor or
capacitor the currents and voltages do not
change with time is called steady state.
 Transient
 In a network containing energy storage
element with change excitation the current
and voltages change from one state to other
state called Transient
1
DC Response of RL Circuit
Consider a circuit consisting of a resistance and
inductance as shown in fig
t 0

Apply KVL to the circuit

di di R V
V  Ri  L  i
dt dt L L
EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 2
 The above equation is a linear differential equation of
first order. Compare with a non-homogeneous equation
dx
 Px  Q
dt

 Qe
 Pt  Pt
i  ce e Pt
dt
  R / L t   R / L t V  R / L t
i  ce e  L e dt
  R / L t V t  0  or t  0 
i  ce 
R
At t=0 switch is close the
current through inductor is
i =0
V
c
R 3
 V

i  1  e  R / L t
R

It consists of two parts the steady state part V/R
the transient part (V/R)e-(R/L)t
The term L/R is called the time constant and is denoted
by 
L
  sec
R

V
i  1 e
R

t / 

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 4
Voltage across the resistor

v R  Ri vR 
 V 1 e   R / L t

Voltage across the Inductor

di
vL  L
dt
  R / L t
v L  Ve

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 5

At t=0 switch close determine the current i the voltage
across resistor and the voltage across the inductor
t 0

Apply KVL to the circuit

di di
60  30i  15  2i  4
dt dt

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 6

  4e
 Pt 2t
i  ce e 2t
dt
2 t
i  ce 2
 
t  0 or t  0
At t=0 switch is close the current
through inductor is i =0

c  2


i  21 e 2 t
A
EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 7
 Voltage across the resistor

v R  Ri


v R  60 1  e 2t
V
Voltage across the Inductor

di
vL  L
dt
2 t
v L  60e V

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 8

DC Response of RC Circuit
Consider a circuit consisting of a resistance and capacitor
as shown in fig
t 0

Apply KVL to the circuit

1
V  Ri   idt
C
EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 9
 Differentiating the above equation with respect to t

di 1
 i0
dt RC
Linear differential equation only complementary function
 t / RC
i  ce  
t  0 or t  0
At t=0 switch is close the
voltage across the capacitor
is zero i.e short circuit
At t=0 the current
V V
i c 
R R
EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 10
The current equation becomes

V t / RC
i e
R
The response decays with time

The quality RC is called the time

constant and is denoted by 

  RC
Voltage across the resistor

v R  Ri v R  Ve  t / RC

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 11

Voltage across the capacitor

1 V
vC   idt   RC e - t/RC  c
C RC
At t=0 Voltage across the capacitor is zero

c V


vC  V 1  e t / RC


EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 12

At t=0 switch close determine the current i the voltage
across resistor and the voltage across the capacitor

t 0

Apply KVL to the circuit

1
20  10i 
0 .1  idt

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 13

 Differentiating the above equation with respect to t

di
i  0
dt
Linear differential equation only complementary function
t
i  ce A  
t  0 or t  0
At t=0 switch is close the
voltage across the capacitor
is zero i.e short circuit
At t=0 the current
20
i 2 c  2
10
EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 14
The current equation i  2e A t

Voltage across the resistor

v R  Ri v R  20e V t

Voltage across the capacitor

1
vC   idt
C


vC  20 1  e V t

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 15
DC Response of RLC Circuit
t 0

Apply KVL to the circuit

di 1
V  Ri  L   idt
dt C

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 16

 Differentiating the above equation with respect to t

d 2 i R di 1
2
  i0
dt L dt RC
Second order Linear differential equation
R 1
D  D
2
0
L LC
Let s1 and s2 be the roots of differential equation

2
R  R  1
D1      
2L  2L  LC
EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 17
 2
R  R  1
D2      
2L  2L  LC

Roots D1 and D2 are natural frequencies

R
Damping factor 
2L
1
Resonance frequency 0 
LC
Second order differential equation in terms of  and  0

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 18

 s  2s    0
2 2
0

Case 1:   0
Root are real and negative , unequal and it give
the response is an over damped response

The solution is i (t ) k 1e s1 t
 k2e s2 t

19
Case 2:   0
Root are real and equal and it give the response
an critical damped response

 t
The solution is i(t )  (k 1 k 2 t )e

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 20

Case 3:   0
Root are complex conjugate and it give
the response is an under damped response

The solution is i(t )  e  t

k1 cosd t  k2 sind t 

21
At t=0 switch close determine the current i(t) for t>0

t 0
Apply KVL to the circuit

di 1
20  9i  1 
dt 0.05  idt

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 22

 Differentiating the above equation with respect to t

d 2i di
2
 9  20i  0
dt dt
Second order Linear differential equation

( D  9 D  20)i  0
2

D1  4, D 2  5
Solution of differential equation

4 t 5t
i (t )  k1e  k2e (1)

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 23

At t=0 switch is close the current through inductor is
zero and the voltage across the capacitor is zero i.e
short circuit
t  0  or t  0 
At t=0 the current

i ( 0)  0

Substitute i(0) in equation 1

0  k1  k 2 (2)
differentiating equation 1
di  4t 5t
 4k1e  5k 2 e (3)
dt 24
Putting t=0 in differential equation

di
(0)  20
dt
At t =0 Substitute di(0)/dt in equation 3

20  4k1  5k 2 (4)
Solving equation 2 and 4 k1  20 k 2  20

4 t 5t
i (t )  20e  20e
EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 25
At t=0 switch close determine the current i(t) for t>0

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 26

 t 0

Apply KVL to the circuit

di 1
20  8i  1 
dt 0.0625  idt

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 27

 Differentiating the above equation with respect to t

d 2i di
2
 8  16i  0
dt dt
Second order Linear differential equation

( D  8D  16)i  0
2

D1 , D 2  4,
Solution of differential equation

4 t
i(t )  (k 1k 2 t )e (1)
EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 28
At t=0 switch is close the current through inductor is
zero and the voltage across the capacitor is zero i.e
short circuit
t  0  or t  0 
At t=0 the current

i ( 0)  0

Substitute i(0) in equation 1

0  k1
differentiating equation 1
di  4t  4t
 4k 2 te  k 2 e (2)
dt 29
Putting t=0 in differential equation

di
(0)  20
dt
At t =0 Substitute di(0)/dt in equation 2

k 2  20
4t
i(t )  20e A

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 30

At t=0 switch close determine the current i(t) for t>0

31
 t 0

Apply KVL to the circuit

di 1
6 
100  20i  0.05  idt
dt 20  10
EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 32
 Differentiating the above equation with respect to t

d 2i di
2
 400  10 i  0
6

dt dt
Second order Linear differential equation

( D  400D  10 )i  0
2 6

D1  200  j979.8 D2  200  j979.8

Solution of differential equation

i(t )  e 200 t
k1 cos979.8t  k 2 sin 979.8t  (1)
EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 33
At t=0 switch is close the current through inductor is
zero and the voltage across the capacitor is zero i.e
short circuit
 
At t=0 the current t  0 or t  0

i ( 0)  0
Substitute i(0) in equation 1

0  k1

i(t )  e 200 t
k 2 sin 979.8t  (2)
EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 34
differentiating equation 2
di
dt

 k1 e  200t 979.8 cos 979.8t  e  200t (200) sin 979.8t 
Putting t=0 in differential equation

di
(0)  2000
dt
At t =0 Substitute di(0)/dt in equation 2

k 2  2.04

i(t )  e 200 t
2.04 sin 979.8t  A
EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 35
Sinusoidal Response of RL Circuit

Apply KVL to the circuit

di
V cos(t   )  Ri  L
dt
di R V
 i  cos(t   )
dt L L
EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 36
 The characteristic equation

 R V
 D   i  cos(t   )
 L L
The solution consists of two parts complementary function
and particular integral

The complementary function

t ( R / L )
ic  ce
The particular integral

V L
ip  cos(t    tan 1
)
R  (L)
2 2 R
EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 37
The complete solution for the current

V L
i  ce t ( R / L )
 cos(t    tan 1
)
R 2  (L) 2 R
The inductor does not allow sudden changes
current at t=0, i=0
V L
c cos(  tan 1
)
R 2  (L) 2 R

 
V 1 L
i e t ( R / L )
 cos(  tan )
 R 2  (L ) 2 R 

V 1 L
 cos(t    tan )
R 2  (L) 2 R
38
At t=0 switch close determine the current i(t) for t>0

Apply KVL to the circuit

di
100 cos(10 t   / 2)  20i  0.1
3

dt
di
 200i  1000cos(1000t   / 2)
dt
EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 39
 ( D  200) i  1000cos(1000t   / 2)
The complementary function

200 t
ic  ce
The particular integral

100 100
ip  cos(1000t   // 2  tan ) 1

20  (1000 0.1)
2 2 20

i p  0.98 cos(1000t   / 2  78.6 )

i  ce 200t  0.98 cos(1000t   / 2  78.6 )

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 40

The inductor does not allow sudden changes
current at t=0, i=0

c  0.98 cos( / 2  78.6)

The complete solution


i   0.98 cos( / 2  78.6 ) e 
 200t


 0.98 cos(1000t   / 2  78.6 )

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 41

Sinusoidal Response of RC Circuit

Apply KVL to the circuit

1
V cos(t   )  Ri   idt
C
di 1 V
 i sin(t   )
dt RC R
EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 42
 The characteristic equation

 1  V
 D   i   sin(t   )
 RC  R
The solution consists of two parts complementary function
and particular integral

The complementary function

 t / RC
ic  ce
The particular integral

V 1
ip  cos(t    tan 1
)
1 2 CR
R (
2
)
C
43
 The complete solution for the current

V 1
i  ce t / RC
 cos(t    tan 1
)
R 2  (1 / C ) 2 CR
The capacitor does not allow sudden changes at t=0,
i=V/R

V V 1
c  cos  cos(  tan 1
)
R R 2  (1 / C ) 2 CR

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 44

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 45
At t=0 switch close determine the current i(t) for t>0

Apply KVL to the circuit

1
6 
50 cos(100t   / 4)  10i  idt
1  10

46
The complementary function
 t / 10 5
ic  ce
The particular integral

50  1
ip  cos(100t   tan 1 6
)
1 4 100  10  10
10  (
2
) 2

100  10 6
47
EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 48
at t=0, i=3.53

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 49

At t=0 switch close determine the current i(t) for t>0

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 50

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 51
52
53
Under steady state with switch at the position 1. At
t=0 switch is moved to position 2. Find i(t)

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 54

 t 0

Apply KVL to the circuit

3 di di
10  40i  20  10  2000i  500
dt dt

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 55

 i(t )  ce 2000t  e 2000t  500 e 2000t dt
2000t
i(t )  ce  0.25
At t=0 switch is close the current through inductor is
 
50 
t  0 or t  0

i (0 )   1.25 A i(0 )  1.25 A
40
At t=0 , i(t)=1.25

1.25  0.25  c
c 1

i  0.25  e 2000t for t  0

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 56
The switch is changed from the position 1 to the position
2 at t=0. Find the value of of i, di/di and d2i/dt2

57
 t 0

di i (t )  ce 30t
30i   0 (1)
dt
i (0)  2 A

30t
i(t )  2e
58
differentiating equation 1

di
30i (0)   0 (2) di
 30  2   0
dt dt
di
 60 A / s
dt

differentiating equation 2

di d 2 i d 2i
30  2  0  30(60)  2  0
dt dt dt
d 2i
2
 1800A / s 2

dt
EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 59
The switch has been closed for a long time At t=0 the
switch is opened. Calculate i(t) for t>0

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 60

 t 0

L
Time constant  Req  (12  4) || 16  8
Req
2
  0.25
8

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 61

 4t
i(t )  i(0)e
We combine the 4Ω and 12Ω resistors t  0  or t  0 

12 || 4  2  5
40
i1   8A
5
12
i (0)  (8)  6 A
4  12
4t
i(t )  6e A
EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 62
The switch is changed from the position 1 to the position
2 at t=0. Find vC(t)

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 63

 t 0

Apply KCL to the circuit

6 dvc vc  50
1  10  0
dt 5  10 3

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 64

 dvc
 200vc  10 4

dt

110 e
200t
vc (t )  ke 200t
e 4 200t
dt

vc (t )  ke 200t
 50

At t=0 switch is close the t  0  or t  0 

Voltage across the capacitor is

vc (0)  100V

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 65

 100  k  50

k  150

200 t
v c (t )  150 e  50

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 66

The switch has been closed for long time, and it is
opened at t=0. Find v(t) for t>0.

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 67

 t 0

The time constant   Req C

Req  1  9  10 

  Req C  10  20  103  0.2s

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 68

 5t
v(t )  v()  (v(0)  v())e
 
t  0 or t  0

v ( )  0

9
v ( 0)  ( 20)  15V
39
5t
v(t )  15e t 0
EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 69
EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 70
 t 0

The time constant   R eq C

Req  6 || 3  2

  Req C  4 s

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 71

v(t )  v()  v(0)  v()e t / 

Capacitor act like open circuit at steady state

3
v ( )  (12)  4V
36

3
v ( 0)  (30)  10V
36

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 72

 v(t )  4  10  4e t / 4
V

0.25t
v(t )  4  6e V
dv
i (t )  C
dt
0.25t
i (t )  2(6)  0.25e A
0.25t
i (t )  3e A
EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 73
 3
L
The time constant   sec  
40  10
 0.47ms
R 85

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 74

at steady state current through the inductor is zero

i ( )  0

t<0 10
i ( 0)   0.2 A
50

i (t )  i ()  i (0)  i ()e t / 

2.12 kt
i L (t )  0.2e A
2.12 kt
v  Ri L (t )  5e V
EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 75
v(t )  v()  v(0)  v()e t / 

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 76

The time constant   R eq C

  RC  2s

Capacitor act like open circuit at steady state

v ()  30V

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 77

 5
v ( 0)  (24)  15V
53

v(t )  30  15  30e t / 2

0.5t
v(t )  30  15e V
0.5
At t=1 v(1)  30  15e  20.9V
2
At t=4 v(4)  30  15e  27.97V
78
EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J
Ravindranadh/Professor 79
Using source transformation

The time constant   R eq C

Req  2k || 2k  1k

  0.25
2
v()  (30)  15V
4

t<0 v ( 0)  0

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 80

v(t )  v()  v(0)  v()e t / 

4 t
v(t )  15  15e V

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 81

To find ix

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 82

 i x  30mA  iT
v dv
iT  c
2k dt

iT  7.5 1  e  4t
 1 3  4t
mA   10 ( 15)(4)e A
4
iT  7.5 1  e  4 t
mA
4t
i x  30  7.5  7.5e mA
4t
i x  7.5(3  e )mA
EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 83
The switch has been closed for a long time and is opened
at t=0. find i and v for all time

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 84

 t 0

The time constant   R eq C

Req  10 || 20  6.66

  1.66

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 85

v ( ) 
20
(30)  20V t 0
20  10

v(0)  10V
 10
i  1 A
10
v(t )  20  10  20e 0.6 t
V
0.6 t
v(t )  20  10e V

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 86

 v dv
i c
20 dt

0.6 t 0.6 t
i  1  0.5e  0.25(0.6)(10)e
 0.6 t
 1 e A

EC114 Circuit Theory/ Dr. J Ravindranadh/Professor 87