ELECTRICAL TRANSIENTS

PREPARED BY: ENGR. ANDREI M. LITERAL

ELECTRICAL TRANSIENTS
Electrical transients are momentary variations in current,
voltage, or frequency. These are generated in electrical circuits due to
abrupt changes in the operating conditions when energy storage
elements like Inductors or capacitors are present.
TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF A CIRCUIT
A transient response of a circuit is a temporary change in the way that
it behaves due to an external excitation, that will disappear with time.
 To obtain the transient response of such circuits, we have to
solve the differential equations which are the governing equations
representing the electrical behavior of the circuit and the solution of
the differential equation represents the response of the circuit.

A circuit having a single energy storage element i.e. either a

capacitor or an Inductor is called a single order circuit and it’s
governing equation is called a First-Order Differential Equation. A circuit
having both Inductor and a capacitor is called a Second order Circuit
and it’s governing equation is called a Second-Order Differential
Equation.
SERIES RL CIRCUIT WITH DC EXCITATION
Applying KVL:
𝑉 − 𝑉𝑅 − 𝑉𝐿 = 0
𝑑𝑖
𝑉 − 𝑅𝑖 − 𝐿 = 0
𝑑𝑡
𝑉𝑑𝑡 − 𝑅𝑖𝑑𝑡 − 𝐿𝑑𝑖 = 0
𝐿𝑑𝑖 = 𝑉𝑑𝑡 − 𝑅𝑖𝑑𝑡
𝐿𝑑𝑖 = (𝑉 − 𝑅𝑖)𝑑𝑡
𝐿𝑑𝑖
= 𝑑𝑡
(𝑉−𝑅𝑖)

By separation of variables:
𝐿𝑑𝑖
‫𝑉( ׬‬−𝑅𝑖) = ‫𝑡𝑑 ׬‬
𝐿
− ln 𝑉 − 𝑅𝑖 = 𝑡 + 𝐶
𝑅
At 𝑡 = 0 , 𝑖 = 𝑖0 (inductor is initially magnetized)
𝐿
− ln 𝑉 − 𝑅𝑖0 = 𝐶
𝑅
𝐿 𝐿 If the inductor is initially
− ln 𝑉 − 𝑅𝑖 =𝑡− ln 𝑉 − 𝑅𝑖0 demagnetized,
𝑅 𝑅
𝐿 𝐿
− ln 𝑉 − 𝑅𝑖
𝑅
+
𝑅
ln 𝑉 − 𝑅𝑖0 = 𝑡 𝑖0 = 0
𝑅𝑡
𝐿 𝑉 𝑉 −
− ln 𝑉 − 𝑅𝑖 − ln 𝑉 − 𝑅𝑖0 =𝑡 𝑖= − −0 𝑒 𝐿
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
𝑅𝑡 𝑉 𝑉 −𝑅𝑡
ln 𝑉 − 𝑅𝑖 − ln 𝑉 − 𝑅𝑖0 = − 𝑖= − 𝑒 𝐿
𝐿 𝑅 𝑅
𝑉−𝑅𝑖 𝑅𝑡
ln 𝑉−𝑅𝑖 −𝐿 𝑉 𝑅𝑡
𝑒 0 = 𝑒 𝑖= 1−𝑒 −𝐿
𝑅𝑡 𝑅
𝑉−𝑅𝑖 −
=𝑒 𝐿
𝑉−𝑅𝑖0
𝑅𝑡
−𝐿
𝑉 − 𝑅𝑖 = (𝑉 − 𝑅𝑖0 )𝑒
𝑅𝑡
−𝐿
𝑅𝑖 = 𝑉 − (𝑉 − 𝑅𝑖0 )𝑒
𝑅𝑡
𝑉 𝑉 −𝐿
𝑖= − − 𝑖0 𝑒
𝑅 𝑅
 Transient Period – time it takes for the circuit current to reach its
steady state value. For DC R-L circuit the steady state current is given by:
𝑉
𝑖𝑠𝑠 =
𝑅
Time Constant – time it takes for the circuit to reach 63.2% of its
steady state value. For DC R-L circuit, the formula for the time constant is
𝐿
𝜏=
𝑅
It is important to notice that inductors acts like an open switch at 𝑡 = 0 if
initially demagnetized (𝑖0 = 0) but acts like a shorted wire at steady state.
Current Decay
Applying KVL:
− 𝑉𝑅 − 𝑉𝐿 = 0
𝑑𝑖
− 𝑅𝑖 − 𝐿 = 0
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖
𝐿 = −𝑅𝑑𝑡
𝑖
𝑑𝑖
‫ ׬ = 𝑖 𝐿 ׬‬−𝑅𝑑𝑡
𝐿 ln 𝑖 = −𝑅𝑡 + 𝐶
At 𝑡 = 0 , 𝑖 = 𝑖0
𝐿 ln 𝑖0 = 𝐶
𝐿 ln 𝑖 = −𝑅𝑡 + 𝐿 ln 𝑖0
𝐿 ln 𝑖 − 𝐿 ln 𝑖0 = −𝑅𝑡
𝑖
𝐿 ln = −𝑅𝑡
𝑖0
𝑖 𝑅𝑡
ln =−
𝑖0 𝐿
𝑅𝑡
−𝐿
𝑖 = 𝑖0 𝑒
Sample Problem No. 1

An RL circuit having 20-ohm resistor and 1-

Henry inductor is supplied by a 200 V DC source.
If i = 0 at t = 0, find the current at t = 0.02.
𝑅𝑡
𝑉 −
𝑖= 1−𝑒 𝐿
𝑅
20(0.02)
200 −
𝑖= 1− 𝑒 1
20
𝑖 = 3.3 𝐴
Sample Problem No. 2
A shunt winding of a machine has a resistance of 80 ohms and inductance of
4 H is suddenly connected to a 220-volt supply. Find the time taken for the current
to rise to half of its steady state value.
Assuming 𝑖0 = 0
𝑅𝑡
𝑉 −𝐿
𝑖= 1−𝑒
𝑅
𝑉
𝑖𝑠𝑠 =
𝑅
(80)𝑡
𝑉 𝑉 −
0.5 = 1−𝑒 4
𝑅 𝑅
0.5 = 1 − 𝑒 −20𝑡
𝑒 −20𝑡 = 0.5
−20𝑡ln(𝑒) = ln(0.5)
𝑡 = 35 𝑚𝑠
Sample Problem No. 3
In an RL circuit having time constant 400 ms the inductor current decays and
its value at 500 ms is 0.8 A. Find the equation of the current for t > 0.

𝑅𝑡
−𝐿
𝑖 = 𝑖0 𝑒
𝐿
𝜏=
𝑅
𝑡
−𝜏
𝑖 = 𝑖0 𝑒
0.5
−0.4
0.8 = 𝑖0 𝑒
𝑖0 = 2.79 𝐴

𝑡
−
𝑖 = 2.79𝑒 0.4

𝑖 = 2.79𝑒 −2.5𝑡
Sample Problem No. 4
The current in a coil decays from 10 mA at t = 2 ms sec to 4 mA at t = 6 ms.
What is the time constant of the circuit?
𝑅𝑡
−𝐿 𝐿
𝑖 = 𝑖0 𝑒 𝜏=
𝑅
𝑡
−𝜏
𝑖 = 𝑖0 𝑒
At 𝑡 = 0.002 𝑠, 𝑖 = 0.01 𝐴
0.002
−
0.01 = 𝑖0 𝑒 𝑒𝑞. 1𝜏

At 𝑡 = 0.006 𝑠, 𝑖 = 0.004 𝐴
0.006
−
0.004 = 𝑖0 𝑒 𝑒𝑞. 2 𝜏

Equating eq. 1 and eq. 2

0.01 0.004
0.002 = 0.006
− −
𝑒 𝜏 𝑒 𝜏
𝜏 = 4.36 𝑚𝑠
Sample Problem No. 5
The switch in the circuit shown was in closed position for a long time. Find
the current IL at the moment the switch is opened.

If the switch is closed for a long time(steady state), the inductor will act as shorted
path for current so there is no current through 8 ohm resistor.
Also, the current IL at the moment the switch is opened (current at t = 0 after the
switch is opened) will be the same as the current IL at steady state.
𝑉
𝑖𝐿 = 𝑖𝑠𝑠 =
𝑅
20
𝑖𝐿 =
30+10
𝑖𝐿 = 0.5 𝐴
Sample Problem No. 6
The switch in the circuit shown was in open position for a long time. Determine IL
after 0.05 seconds after the switch is closed.
Assuming 𝑖0 = 0
𝑅𝑡
𝑉 −
𝑖 = 1−𝑒 𝐿
𝑅
Applying Thevenin’s Theorem:
1 1 1
= +
𝑅𝑇𝐻 2 8
𝑅𝑇𝐻 = 1.6 Ω

24 8
𝑉𝑇𝐻 =
8+2
𝑉𝑇𝐻 = 19.2 𝑉
1.6 0.05
19.2 −
𝑖= 1−𝑒 0.8
1.6
𝑖 = 1.14 𝐴
Sample Problem No. 7
A series RL circuit has parameters R = 6 ohms, L = 500 mH and it is
connected to a 12 V source. What is the voltage across the resistor and inductor at
t = 50 ms?
Voltage across the resistor:
𝑉𝑅 = 𝑅𝑖
𝑅𝑡
𝑉 −𝐿
𝑖= 1−𝑒
𝑅
𝑅𝑡
−𝐿
𝑉𝑅 = 𝑉 1 − 𝑒
6(0.05)
𝑉𝑅 = 12 1 − 𝑒 − 0.5
𝑉𝑅 = 5.41 𝑉
Voltage across the inductor
Applying KVL
12 − 5.41 − 𝑉𝐿 = 0
𝑉𝐿 = 6.59 𝑉
SERIES RC CIRCUIT WITH DC EXCITATION
Applying KVL:
𝑉 − 𝑉𝑅 − 𝑉𝑐 = 0
𝑉 − 𝑅𝑖 − 𝑉𝑐 = 0
𝑑𝑉𝑐
𝑖=𝐶
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉𝑐
𝑉 − 𝑅𝐶 − 𝑉𝑐 = 0
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉
𝑉 = 𝑅𝐶 𝑐 + 𝑉𝑐
𝑑𝑡
𝑉𝑑𝑡 𝑉 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑑𝑉𝑐 + 𝑐
𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝐶
𝑉𝑑𝑡 𝑉𝑐 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉𝑐 = −
𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝐶
1
𝑑𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉 − 𝑉𝑐 𝑑𝑡
𝑅𝐶
𝑅𝐶𝑑𝑉𝑐
= 𝑑𝑡
𝑉−𝑉𝑐
 𝑅𝐶𝑑𝑉𝑐
‫𝑉 ׬‬−𝑉 = ‫𝑡𝑑 ׬‬
𝑐
−𝑅𝐶 ln 𝑉 − 𝑉𝑐 = 𝑡 + 𝐶
At 𝑡 = 0 , 𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉0 (capacitor has initial charge 𝑞0 )
−𝑅𝐶 ln 𝑉 − 𝑉0 = 𝐶 If no initial charge on the
−𝑅𝐶 ln 𝑉 − 𝑉𝑐 = 𝑡 − 𝑅𝐶 ln 𝑉 − 𝑉0 capacitor:
−𝑅𝐶 ln 𝑉 − 𝑉𝑐 + 𝑅𝐶 ln 𝑉 − 𝑉0 = 𝑡 𝑉0 = 0
𝑡
−𝑅𝐶 ln 𝑉 − 𝑉𝑐 − ln 𝑉 − 𝑉0 = 𝑡 𝑉 = 𝑉 − 𝑉 − 0 𝑒 𝑅𝐶 −
𝑐
𝑉−𝑉𝑐 𝑡 𝑡
ln =− −𝑅𝐶
𝑉−𝑉0 𝑅𝐶 𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉 − 𝑉𝑒
𝑡 𝑡
𝑉−𝑉𝑐 − −
= 𝑒 𝑅𝐶 𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉 1 − 𝑒 𝑅𝐶
𝑉−𝑉0
𝑡
−𝑅𝐶
𝑉 − 𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉 − 𝑉0 𝑒
𝑡
−𝑅𝐶
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉 − 𝑉 − 𝑉0 𝑒
Current through DC RC circuit
𝑑𝑉𝑐
𝑖= 𝐶
𝑑𝑡
Assuming no initial charge, 𝑉0 = 0 or 𝑞0 = 0
𝑡
−𝑅𝐶
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉 1 − 𝑒
𝑡
𝑑𝑉𝑐 −𝑅𝐶 1
=𝑉 0−𝑒 −
𝑑𝑡 𝑅𝐶
𝑑𝑉𝑐 𝑉 −𝑡
= 𝑒 𝑅𝐶
𝑑𝑡 𝑅𝐶
𝑉 −𝑡
𝑖= 𝑒 𝑅𝐶
𝑅
Voltage Decay/Discharging Capacitor
Applying KVL:
−𝑉𝑐 − 𝑉𝑅 = 0
−𝑉𝐶 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑅𝐶𝑑𝑉𝑐 = 0
−𝑅𝐶𝑑𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉𝐶 𝑑𝑡
𝑅𝐶𝑑𝑉𝑐
− = 𝑑𝑡
𝑉𝐶
𝑅𝐶𝑑𝑉𝑐
‫׬‬− 𝑉 = ‫𝑡𝑑 ׬‬
𝐶
−𝑅𝐶 ln 𝑉𝐶 = 𝑡 + 𝐶
At At 𝑡 = 0 , 𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉0
−𝑅𝐶 ln 𝑉0 = 𝐶
−𝑅𝐶 ln 𝑉𝐶 + 𝑅𝐶 ln 𝑉0 = 𝑡
−𝑅𝐶[ln 𝑉𝐶 − ln 𝑉0 ] = 𝑡
𝑉 𝑡
ln 𝑐 = −
𝑉0 𝑅𝐶
𝑡
𝑉𝑐 −𝑅𝐶
=𝑒
𝑉0
𝑡
−𝑅𝐶
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉0 𝑒
Charge on Capacitors
Charging capacitor
𝑞 = 𝐶𝑉𝑐
𝑡
−𝑅𝐶
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉 1 − 𝑒
𝑡
−
𝑞 = 𝐶𝑉 1 − 𝑒 𝑅𝐶

Discharging capacitor
𝑡
−
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉 𝑒
0 𝑅𝐶
𝑡
−
𝑞 = 𝐶𝑉 𝑒
0 𝑅𝐶
𝑡
−𝑅𝐶
𝑞 = 𝑞0 𝑒
Time Constant for RC Circuit – the time it would take for the charging
capacitor to reach 63.2% of its full capacity.
𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶

It is important to note that at 𝑡 = 0, the capacitor acts like a shorted

wire if assumed to be fully discharged initially and acts like an open
switch at steady state (𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉).
𝑉
𝑖0 =
𝑅
Sample Problem No. 8
A capacitor in an RC circuit with R = 25 Ω and C = 50 µF is being charged
with initial zero voltage. What is the time taken for the capacitor voltage to reach
40 % of its steady state value?
𝑉𝐶 = 0.4𝑉
𝑡
−𝑅𝐶
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉 1 − 𝑒
𝑡
−
25 50×10−6
0.4𝑉 = 𝑉 1 − 𝑒
0.4 = 1 − 𝑒 −800𝑡
𝑒 −800𝑡 = 1 − 0.4
−800𝑡 ln(𝑒) = ln(0.6)
𝑡 = 639 𝜇𝑠
Sample Problem No. 9
In an RC circuit, having a time constant of 2.5 ms, the capacitor discharges
with initial voltage of 80 V. Find the time at which the capacitor voltage reaches 55
V?
𝑡
−𝑅𝐶
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉0 𝑒
𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶
𝑡
−
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉0 𝑒 𝜏
𝑡
−0.0025
55 = 80𝑒
55
ln = −400𝑡 ln 𝑒
80
𝑡 = 0.94 𝑚𝑠
Sample Problem No. 10
A 120 uF capacitor has an initial charge of 600 uC. It is discharged through a
40 ohm resistor. How much charge is left in micro-coulombs after 6.65 ms?

𝑡
−𝑅𝐶
𝑞 = 𝑞0 𝑒
6.65×10−3
−
𝑞 = 600 × 10−6 𝑒 40(120×10−6 )

𝑞 = 150 𝜇𝐶
Sample Problem No. 11
Find the time constant of the RC circuit shown below.

𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶

𝑅𝑇𝐻 = 20 ∥ 80 + 44
𝑅𝑇𝐻 = 60 Ω

𝜏 = 60 0.5 × 10−3
𝜏 = 30 𝑚𝑠
Sample Problem No. 12
The switch in circuit shown was in position 1 for a long time. It is moved from
position 1 to position 2 at time t = 0. Determine the current flowing through the 8-ohm
resistor after 2 ms.

Before the switch was flicked:

𝑉𝑐 = 75 𝑉 (𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒)
After the switch was flicked, 𝑡 = 0
𝑉0 = 75 𝑉
𝑉𝑐
𝑖=
𝑅 𝑡
−𝑅𝐶
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉0 𝑒
0.002
−
𝑉𝑐 = 75𝑒 8(500×10−6 )

𝑉𝑐 = 45.49 𝑉
45.49
𝑖=
8
𝑖 = 5.69 𝐴
SERIES RLC CIRCUIT WITH DC EXCITATION
Applying KVL:
𝑉 − 𝑉𝑅 − 𝑉𝐶 − 𝑉𝐿 = 0
𝑉𝑅 + 𝑉𝐶 + 𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉
1 𝑑𝑖
𝑅𝑖 + ‫׬‬ 𝑖𝑑𝑡 + 𝐿 =𝑉
𝑐 𝑑𝑡
Differentiating both sides with respect to time
𝑑𝑖 1 𝑑2 𝑖
𝑅 + 𝑖+𝐿 2 =0
𝑑𝑡 𝐶 𝑑𝑡
𝑅 𝑑𝑖 1 𝑑2 𝑖
+ 𝑖+ 2=0
𝐿 𝑑𝑡 𝐿𝐶 𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝑖 𝑅 𝑑𝑖 1
2 + + 𝑖=0
𝑑𝑡 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 𝐿𝐶
The response of the circuit will depend on the
nature of roots of the auxiliary equation
2 𝑅 1
𝑚 + 𝑚+ =0
𝐿 𝐿𝐶

Case 1: Overdamped Response – when the roots of

the auxiliary equation are real and unequal.
𝑚1 ≠ 𝑚2
𝑖 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚1 𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑚2𝑡
Case 2: Critically damped Response – when the
roots of the auxiliary equation are real and equal.
𝑚1 = 𝑚2
𝑖 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑡𝑒 𝑚𝑡
Case 3: Underdamped Response – when the roots
of the auxiliary equation are complex conjugates.
𝑚 = 𝛼 ± 𝑗𝛽
𝑖 = 𝑒 𝛼𝑡 𝐶1 sin 𝛽𝑡 + 𝐶2 cos 𝛽𝑡
Sample Problem No. 13
A series RLC circuit contains a resistor R of 2 ohms and a capacitor C of ½
farad. Determine the value of the inductor L so that the circuit is critically damped.
Critically damped Response – when the roots of the auxiliary equation are real and
equal.
𝑚1 = 𝑚2
2 𝑅 1
𝑚 + 𝑚 + =0
𝐿 𝐿𝐶
By discriminant
𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 = 0
𝑅 2 1
−4 1 =0
𝐿 𝐿𝐶
𝑅2 4
=
𝐿 𝐶
0.5(2)2
𝐿 =
4
𝐿 = 0.5 𝐻
Sample Problem No. 13
A series RLC circuit with R = 1kΩ , L = 1 H and C = 6.25 uF is suddenly
connected across a 24 V DC source. If at t = 0, i = 0 and q = 0, determine the
current after 0.01 sec.
Determine which type of response:
𝑅 1
𝑚2 + 𝑚+ =0
𝐿 𝐿𝐶
1000 1
𝑚2 + 𝑚+ =0
1 1 6.25×10−6
𝑚1 = −200
𝑚2 = −800 (𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑)
𝑖 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚1 𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑚2𝑡
𝑖 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −200𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −800𝑡
At 𝑡 = 0 , 𝑖 = 0
𝑖 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −200𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −800𝑡
0 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −200(0) + 𝐶2 𝑒 −800(0)
𝐶2 = −𝐶1
If at 𝑡 = 0, 𝑖 = 0, 𝑞 = 0
𝑉𝐿 = 24 𝑉
𝑑𝑖
𝑉𝐿 = 𝐿
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖 24
=
𝑑𝑡 1
𝑑𝑖 𝐴
= 24
𝑑𝑡 𝑠
𝑖 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −200𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −800𝑡
𝑑𝑖
= −200𝐶1 𝑒 −200𝑡 −800𝐶2 𝑒 −800𝑡
𝑑𝑡
24 = −200𝐶1 𝑒 −200(0) −800(−𝐶1 )𝑒 −800(0)
24 = −200𝐶1 + 800𝐶1
𝐶1 = 0.04
𝐶2 = −0.04
𝑖 = 0.04𝑒 −200𝑡 − 0.04𝑒 −800𝑡
At 𝑡 = 0.01 𝑠
𝑖 = 0.04𝑒 −200(0.01) − 0.04𝑒 −800(0.01)
𝑖 = 5.4 𝑚𝐴
TRANSIENT ANALYSIS USING LAPLACE
TRANSFORMS
Laplace transforms is a powerful mathematical tool in solving
simultaneous linear differential equation using the Kirchhoff's laws in a given
circuit. This method simply eliminates the effort of determining the values of
the constants of integration.
STEPS USED IN TRANSIENT ANALYIS USING LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
1. Simplify the circuit as much as possible
2. Transform all circuit parameters from time domain to “s” domain.
3. Formulate an equation from the circuit using any network laws and
theorems
4. Simplify the equation and obtain the inverse Laplace of the function.
5. Determine what is being asked in the problem.
LAPLACE TRANSFORM OF CIRCUIT
PARAMETERS
In the transform circuit, all the currents and voltages are the
transformed quantities of the currents and voltages. Further, all the
element parameters are replaced by their Transform Impedances.

Circuit in time domain Circuit in s domain

Sample Problem No. 14
A series RC circuit is impressed with 100 – Vdc. If R = 50 ohms & C = 100 uF ,
determine the Laplace transform expression of I(s).

100
𝑉(𝑠) =
𝑠
𝑅(𝑠) = 50
1
𝐶(𝑠) =
100×10−6 𝑠
10000
𝐶(𝑠) =
𝑠
Applying KVL:
100 10000
− 𝐼(𝑠) 50 + =0
𝑠 𝑠
100
𝐼(𝑠) = 10000
𝑠 50+
𝑠
100
𝐼(𝑠) =
50𝑠+10000
2
𝐼(𝑠) =
𝑠+200
Alternate Solution
𝑉 −𝑡
𝑖= 𝑒 𝑅𝐶
𝑅
𝑡
100 − 50 100×10−6
𝑖= 𝑒
50
𝑖 = 2𝑒 −200𝑡
Applying Laplace Transform:
2
𝐼(𝑠) =
𝑠+200
Sample Problem No. 15
A series RLC circuit with R = 1kΩ , L = 1 H and C = 6.25 uF is suddenly
connected across a 24 V DC source. If at t = 0, i = 0 and q = 0, determine the
current after 0.01 sec.
24
𝑉(𝑠) =
𝑠
𝑅(𝑠) = 1000
𝐿(𝑠) = 𝑠
1
𝐶(𝑠) =
6.25×10−6 𝑠
160000
𝐶(𝑠) =
𝑠
Applying KVL:
24 160000
−𝐼 𝑠 1000 + +𝑠 =0
𝑠 𝑠
24
𝐼 𝑠 = 160000
𝑠 1000+ +𝑠
𝑠
24
𝐼 𝑠 =
1000𝑠+160000+𝑠2
24
𝐼 𝑠 =
(𝑠+800)(𝑠+200)
Taking partial Fractions
24 𝐴 𝐵
= +
(𝑠+200)(𝑠+800) 𝑠+200 𝑆+800
24 = 𝐴 𝑠 + 800 + 𝐵(𝑠 + 200)
0=𝐴+𝐵
24 = 800𝐴 + 200𝐵
𝐴 = 0.04
𝐵 = −0.04
 0.04 0.04
𝐼 𝑠 = −
𝑠+200 𝑆+800

Taking the inverse Laplace transform

𝑖 = 0.04𝑒 −200𝑡 − 0.04𝑒 −800𝑡

At 𝑡 = 0.01 𝑠
𝑖 = 0.04𝑒 −200(0.01) − 0.04𝑒 −800(0.01)
𝑖 = 5.4 𝑚𝐴