PRACTICAL RESEARCH REVIEWER

( Module 1 )

RESEARCH — systematic inquiry that is designed to collect, analyze, and interpret data to understand,
describe, or predict phenomenon

RESEARCH — involves a scientific, methodical, and well-structured process

RESEARCH — solve problems that have no known solution by anyone in the world

NOT RESEARCH — learning from books, papers, news reports, professors. Anything that can be learned,
by definition, is not research.

NOT RESEARCH — searching online

WE RESEARCH TO:
- Understand the world
- Solve new problems
- Improve existing solutions

CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH:
- Research gathers relevant information and produces novel knowledge.
- Research improves the quality of life
- Research promotes understanding of history
- Research contributes to one’s personal and professional development

AIMS OF RESEARCH:

1. VERIFICATION OF EXISTING KNOWLEDGE — proving/ verifying the veracity of existing theories

or knowledge

2. ACQUISITION OF NEW KNOWLEDGE — brings forth new ideas regarding a theory or even
creates a totally new theory.

3. APPLICATION OF NEW KNOWLEDGE — utilize and translate to something useful to humankind.

4. ADVANCEMENT OF THE RESEARCHER’S EXPERTISE — gain relevant experiences that

enhance and deepen their knowledge and skills in the area of their investigation.

THE IMPROVEMENT IN OUR WAY OF LIFE IS BROUGHT ABOUT BY RESEARCH.

INQUIRY-BASED LEARNING — this is supported by three educational theories such as John Dewey’s
Theory of Connected Experiences for exploratory and reflective thinking, Lev Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal
Development (ZPD) and Jerome Bruner’s Theory on learner’s varied world perceptions.

BENEFITS OF INQUIRY-BASED LEARNING:

- Elevates interpretative thinking through graphic skills
- Improves student learning abilities
- Widens learners’ vocabulary
- Facilitates problem-solving acts
- Increases social awareness and cultural knowledge
- Encourages cooperative learning
- Provides mastery of procedural knowledge
- Encourages higher-order thinking strategies
- Hastens conceptual understanding

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RESEARCH:

- Research is realistic.
- Research is analytical as the process is conducted in a scientific, systematic and structured
manner.
- Research provides possible solutions to real-world problems.
- Research offers practical, innovative, and novel solutions.
- Research is a scholarly work.

RESEARCH DESIGN — is a plan reflecting the series or set of activities that must be done until the
completion of a research study.

RESEARCH PROCESS FLOW

TYPES OF RESEARCH:

1. BASED ON APPLICATION OF RESEARCH METHOD

o Is the research applied to theoretical or practical issues?
o pure research versus applied research

2. BASED ON PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH

o descriptive, correlational, explanatory, exploratory, or action research

I. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH — aims at defining or giving a verbal portrayal or picture of a person,

thing, event, group, situation, etc.

EXAMPLES:
- What is the impact of viral marketing on consumer behavior in consumers among
Filipinos in the rural areas?
- What are the main distinctive traits of the organizational culture of FEU school’s
system?
- What is the impact of the global financial crisis of 2008 on the fitness industry in
the United States?

II. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH — shows relationship or connectedness of variables that affect

the research

EXAMPLES:
- What is the correlation between parental attachment and spiritual development in
traditional-aged undergraduate college students?

III. EXPLANATORY RESEARCH — elaborates or explains not just the reasons behind the
relationship of two factors but also the ways by which such relationship exists

EXAMPLES:
- Is there a relationship between the share of migrant population in a given
community and the way migration is seen by its members?

IV. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH — finding out how reasonable or possible it is to conduct a research
study on a certain topic

EXAMPLES:
- What is the role of social networking sites as an effective marketing
communication channel?
 - How did the quality of customer services improve within the hospitality sector in
the National Capital Region?
- What is the role of corporate social responsibility on consumer behavior in
pharmaceutical industries?

V. ACTION RESEARCH — studies an on-going practice of a school, organization, community, or

institution for the purpose of obtaining results that will bring improvement

EXAMPLES:
- What is the effect of a teacher's teaching style using English As A Second
Language Strategies on a student's motivation?
- How does a teacher's teaching style affect students' motivation?
- What could be some categories that make one's teaching style effective in
motivating students?

3. BASED ON TYPES OF DATA NEEDED

o qualitative research versus quantitative research
o primary data versus secondary data

APPROACHES TO RESEARCH:

● SCIENTIFIC OR POSITIVE APPROACH — data given by techniques such as structured

interviews, questionnaires, observational checklists are expressed through numbers

● NATURALISTIC APPROACH — uses words that speak of how people behave toward their
surroundings

● TRIANGULATION APPROACH — data are gathered and analyzed using multiple methods,
allowing the researcher to combine or mix up research approaches, research types, data
gathering, and data analysis techniques

ETHICS — is a set of moral principles that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior.

ETHICS — ensures that the findings of a research study are valid and trustworthy.

RESEARCH ETHICS — establishes the moral integrity of the researcher.

ETHICS IN RESEARCH:
- Subjects should be treated with respect and should be informed about their rights as interviewees.
- Subjects should be informed that the nature of their participation is voluntary and that they can
withdraw their participation anytime.
 - The response of interviewees should be kept confidential.
- Researchers must avoid committing various forms of research misconduct such as plagiarism,
fabrication, and falsification of results.

PLAGIARISM — is the act of copying another person’s work, ideas, or words without appropriate
acknowledgement of the original source.

FALSIFICATION — is the act of maneuvering data in such a way that another person will be inclined to
believe that said data is true and correct.

FABRICATION — is the act of inventing or making data and then reporting it as true.

TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH:

● ETHNOGRAPHY — derived from anthropology; used to be concerned with ethnic groups and
minorities

○ ETHNOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS — include tribal, religious, geographical, and shared

experiences

EXAMPLES:
■ Lifestyle of the Mangyans in Mindoro
■ Origin and Foundation of the Religious Beliefs of the Members of Jehovah’s
Witnesses

● PHENOMENOLOGY — study of phenomena involving human events, situations, concepts

experiences, or needs

● PHENOMENOLOGY — aims to investigate the personal experiences of individuals

● PHENOMENOLOGY — allows the grouping of individuals according to the similarities, and

differences

EXAMPLES:
■ Attributes of Gifted Children
■ Nurturing of World-class Athletes

● NARRATIVE RESEARCH — narrates the life experiences of an individual as told to the researcher
or gathered by the researcher from available documents or materials
 ● GROUNDED THEORY — generates theories that are “grounded” in data from the field, arising
from the actions, interactions, and social processes undertaken by the participants

● GROUNDED THEORY — employed if no available theory to explain a particular phenomenon or

process
EXAMPLES:
■ Exploring the Phenomenal Success of Filipino-Chinese

● CASE STUDY — presents a detailed analysis of a specific issue using a specific case or multiple
cases within the bounded system

● CASE STUDY — seeks to find answers to why such thing occurs to the subject/respondent

● CASE STUDY — multiple sources of information such as interviews, collection of documents,

observations, audio-visual resources, among other things

EXAMPLES:
■ Learning Lessons from Patients with X Syndrome

STAGES IN THE CONDUCT OF A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH:

1. IDENTIFICATION OF THE PHENOMENON TO BE STUDIED

a. The research question specifies the following information:

i. What specific phenomenon will be examined by the research study?
ii. What particular outcome are you expecting from such a study?
iii. Which group of people or sector will participate in or benefit from the research
study?

2. DEVELOPMENT OF A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

a. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK — is constructed from established theories and serves as

the foundation of the study

3. IDENTIFICATION OF THE PARTICIPANTS IN THE STUDY

4. DATA COLLECTION

5. DATA ANALYSIS

6. DISSEMINATING THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY

 PRACTICAL RESEARCH REVIEWER
( Module 2 — Review of Related Literature )

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE or LITERATURE REVIEW — is a process of collecting,

systematizing, and analyzing other studies that contain information related to a researcher’s study.
(Apocada & Maningas, 2019).
PURPOSES OF RRL:

1. To obtain background knowledge of one’s research

2. To relate one’s study to the current condition or situation of the world
3. To show the capacity of research work to introduce new knowledge
4. To expand, prove, or disprove the findings of previous research studies
5. To increase one’s understanding of the underlying theories, principles, or concepts of one’s
research
6. To explain technical terms involved in one’s research study
7. To highlight the significance of one’s work with the kind of evidence it gathered to support the
conclusion of one’s research
8. To avoid repeating previous research studies
9. To recommend the necessity of further research on a certain topic

CRITERIA IN SELECTING MATERIALS FOR RRL:

According to Menoy et al. (2018), the researcher must bear in mind the following four R’s when selecting
materials for the literature review:

RELEVANCE — The material must be related to or have bearing upon the subject of the study. Such
material has no use if it is irrelevant.

RECENCY (OR CURRENCY) — This pertains to the date of the publication of the material. The material
should be published recently, not earlier than five years ago. This particularly holds true to subjects in any
field of the natural sciences. However, in disciplines such as literature, history, and allied fields, researchers
are allowed to cite sources which are not current or recently published.

RELIABILITY — the material must be credible. CREDIBILITY is possessed by writers who have made a
credible reputation in their respective fields and are therefore considered respectable authorities in such
fields. If it is necessary to cite authors that are not known to be credible, the researcher must use their
sound judgment in citing such authors as sources.
RIGHTNESS (OR CORRECTNESS) — The material must be true or correct, and morally acceptable.
Researchers must also pursue truth and morality (ethics), so it is imperative for the researchers to select
and cite sources that are not only logically correct, but also morally sound.
CITATION STYLES IN RRL:

AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA) DOCUMENTATION SYSTEM — follows the

author-date system of citation
AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA) DOCUMENTATION SYSTEM — widely used in the
field of social sciences
AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA) DOCUMENTATION SYSTEM — makes use of
bibliography entries and parenthetical citations

BIBLIOGRAPHY FORMAT — Author’s Surname, First letter of first name. (Year of Publication). Book Title.
Place of publication: Publisher’s name.

IN WRITING BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRIES IN THE APA FORMAT, THE FOLLOWING

RULES MUST BE OBSERVED:

WORK BY A SINGLE AUTHOR — write the name of the author (surname and first name initial) and the
year of publication
WORK BY TWO AUTHORS — name of both authors in the signal phrase or in the parentheses using the
word “and”
WORK BY THREE TO FIVE AUTHORS — all the authors in the signal phrase or in the parentheses the
first time the source is cited using the word “and”
SIX OR MORE AUTHORS — author’s name followed by “et al.” and year of publication
UNKNOWN AUTHOR — cite the source by its title in the signal phrase or use the first word or first two
words in the parenthetical citation
ORGANIZATION AS AN AUTHOR — write the organization or a government agency in the signal phrase
or the parenthetical citation the first time the source is cited

WRITING CITATIONS:

In APA Format, BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRIES are located at the last page, listed in alphabetical order.
Meanwhile, IN-TEXT CITATIONS, or parenthetical citations are located in the text itself.
In citing sources in RRL, a researcher must use various types of in-text citations to avoid sounding
monotonous. There are several types of in-text citations a researcher may use, such as the following:
SUBJECT-HEADING — The citation starts with the subject of the sentence
SUBJECT-HEADING — Year of publication should be enclosed in parenthesis
SUBJECT-HEADING — Reliability, as defined by Miller and Wilson (1983), is “the extent to which a test
would give consistent results if applied more than once to the same people under standard conditions.”

AUTHOR-HEADING — The citation starts with the author’s name

AUTHOR-HEADING — Year of publication should be enclosed with parentheses
AUTHOR-HEADING — Miller and Wilson (1983), define reliability as “the extent to which a test would give
consistent results if applied more than once to the same people under standard conditions.”

DATE-HEADING — The citation starts with the author’s name

DATE-HEADING — Year of publication does not need to be enclosed in parenthesis
DATE-HEADING — In 1983, Miller and Wilson defined reliability as “the extent to which a test would give
consistent results if applied more than once to the same people under standard conditions.”

PROCESS OF WRITING RRL:

1. Search for literature relevant to your topic.

2. Read the materials. Take notes while reading to organize which information you will include in your
literature review.
3. Write a review of related literature. Keep your review focused on the context of your topic, and cite your
sources properly.

ETHICAL STANDARDS IN WRITING THE RRL:

1. Be honest with your professional colleagues. Acknowledge everyone’s contributions in the study.
2. Report findings with complete intellectual honesty.
3. Do not misinterpret, misinform, mislead, and/or intentionally misinterpret.
4. Give appropriate credit when using other people’s work. Cite your sources properly.
5. Avoid plagiarism by fully acknowledging all contents belonging to others.