Ray Optics and Optical Instruments Class 12 Notes Chapter 9 1. Ray Optics or Geometrical Optics In this optics, the light is considered as a ray which travels in a straight line. It states that for each and every object, there is an image. 2. Reflection Reflection is the phenomenon of changing the path of light without any change in the medium. 3. Reflection of Light The returning back of light in the same medium from which it has come after striking a surface is called reflection of light. 4. Laws of Reflection Two laws of reflection are given as below: (i) The angle of incidence i is equal to the angle of reflection r. ie. Zi = 20. (ii) The incident ray, reflected ray and normal to the reflecting surface at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane.y2(Normal) ' ' ' ' ‘ l ' ' Mirror 5. Total number of images formed by two plane mirrors inclined at an angle 6 with each other is given by ° n= ae -1, if oot is even integer n= if ai is odd integer, where 6 is in degree. 6. Reflecting surface of a spherical mirror is a part of a hollow sphere. Spherical mirrors are of two types, (i) Concave spherical mirror (ii) Convex spherical mirror. en Convex Surface mirror Concave mirror CO tn surface 7. Sign Convention All measurements should be taken from pole of mirror. All measurements along the direction of incident ray will be positive and opposite to incident ray are negative. All themeasurements for the distances above the principal axis are taken as positive and below the principal axis are taken as negative. 8. For a real object, u is negative whereas v is negative for real image and positive for virtual image. 9. Mirror Formula Mirror formula is a relation between focal length of the mirror and distances of objects and image from the mirror. Lia <4ist where, f= focal length, u = distance of the object from mirror, v= distance of the image from mirror. 10. Focal length of mirror (f) = sate f= vol 11. Linear Magnification The ratio of the size of the image formed by a spherical mirror | to the size of the object O is called the linear magnification produced by the spherical mirror. where, I = height of image and O = height of object 12. Magnification (m) It is negative corresponding to real image and positive for virtual image. 13. Refraction The phenomenon of changing in the path of light as it goes from one medium to another is called refraction. 14. Laws of RefractionIncidentray {Normal | Retlected ray air medium | Interface of two media medium tI Refracted ray Two laws of refraction are given as below: (i) The incident ray, refracted ray and the normal to the refracting surface at the point of incidence lie in the same plane. (ii) The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is constant for the two given media. This constant is denoted by n and is called the relative refractive index. n= sin i/sin r (Snell's law) where, n is refractive index of the second medium when first medium is air. 15. Refractive index of medium 2 w.r.t. medium 1 is denoted as ,n2 and defined as pyette ade wet U2 Re where, 0), 2, are speed and wavelength in the first medium, similarly 0, and A» for second medium. 16. Critical Angle (i,) [Link] the angle of incidence in denser medium for which angle of refraction in rarer medium is 90°. 1 sin ig Critical angle ef Denser medium ie. Rarer medium where, 1 = refractive index of denser medium w.r.t. rarer medium.17. Total Internal Reflection (TIR) When a ray of light travelling from denser medium to rarer medium is incident at the interface of two medium at an angle greater than the critical angle for the two media, the ray is totally reflected back to denser medium. This phenomenon is called Total Internal Reflection. It occurs only when angle of incidence in denser medium is greater (not equal) than critical angle, i.e. i> ig 18. Principle of reversibility of light states that when final path of a ray of light after any number of reflections and refractions is reversed, the ray retraces its entire path. 1 tHe X oh, =1 > gh) =— ibeReal depth _ Apparent depth = Apparent depth = Real depth (¢) H 19. Refractive index, = Apparent shift = ¢-£=1 ( - 4) " mn 20, Mathematically, refractive index is given by the relation yoo Speed of ight in vacuum __ ¢ Speed of light in the material ~ v It is also referred to as absolute refractive index of the substance. 21. For pile up of two or more refracting surfaces of thickness f,,t2,..4t, and corresponding refractive indices; H.y.....H.,, then Apparent depth = + 2 4... 4 Hye Me Apparent eit = 4 (1- Let 6-2) +t (-2) Hy He Be 22. Optical fibre, mirage, sparkling of diamond, totally reflecting prism, etc. work on the principle of total internal reflection. 23, (i Refraction formula for refraction by convex or concave spherical refracting surface is given by Be _ Ba Base v “u R where }1,,}) areiefractive index of rarer and denser media and u,v'and R are to be taken with their proper signs. (ii) When refraction takes place from denser to rarer medium, then Hr He Ha-Ha vou 24. Lens is a transparent medium bounded by two surfaces of which one or both surfaces are spherical. (i) Convex or Converging Lens A lens which is thicker at the centre and thinner at its end is called convex lens. Convex lenses are of three types which are given as below:Double convex. Plano-convex Concave-convex lens lens lens (ii) Concave or Diverging Lens A lens which is thinner at the centre and thicker at its ends is called a concave lens. Concave lenses are of three types which are given as below: Double Plano-concave Convexo-concave concave lens lens lens 25. Lens maker’s formula 1 1 1 s=qu-)|—-— ri RR, u = refractive index of material of lens w.r.t. surrounding media and R,, R, = radii of curvatures of two surfaces. 26. When lens of refractive index p is immersed in a medium of refractive index u, then (i) When lens is taken in another medium, then focal length changes to fm which is given byOPTICAL CENTER (OF LENS (i) Lateral or: transverse: magnification, ma liw Yel 0 f=" where:engular % Ow feu ff magnification = % where, 6) = angle made by iniage and @= angle made by object. (iii) | m|>1 = image is magnified. (iv) |m| <1 = image is diminished. 28. Power of Lens The ability of a lens to converge or diverge the rays of light incident on it is called the power of the lens. 1 P=— f Gin m) 1 SI unit of power of lens = dioptre (D) = m™ 29. Power of combination lenses in contact is given by P=P,+P,+...+P, cee ee +. b f 1 fe fa 30. Magnification by combination of lenses M=M4 X Mp X Mg ue 31. (i) Prism have got the property of bending the incident light towards its base.A prism is a portion of a transparent medium bounded by two plane faces inclined to each other at a suitable angle. 8 Prism Cc (ii) When the prism is adjusted at angle of minimum deviation, then (a) angle of incidence is equal to the angle of emergence (6) i, = ig, r, =72,5=8,, A+8q = 2iand 2r=A . (Atdm). A . (© w= sin( “> fein 498,, ~~ 1)A for small angle of prism) 31. Dispersion by a Prism The phenomenon of splitting of light into its component colours is known as dispersion. Angular Dispersion Angular dispersion produced by a prism for white light is the difference in the angles of deviation for two extreme colours i.e. violet and red.White light beam White light spectrum Vv Glass prism Angular deviations for violet by =y -DA For red, dp =(Upz — l)Aanddy =(ty -1)A Dispersive Power Dispersive power of a prism is defined as the ratio of angular dispersion to the mean deviation produced by the prism. Dispersive power, = HY — Hy where, 5 = minimum deViation. 8, _ Angular dispersion 3 Mean deviation Angular dispersion = 3y ~8, =(ly —HR)A 33. Combining two thin prisms we can study two conditions Be eee Re EE eae eee) ae aS ese) IIa eden i OA eee) ee nd) Ee ee nn au ue 34, Rayleigh Law of Seattering It es that scattering «1, where wavelength of light is A and size of particles i¢'vex¥ sinall in comparison to A. The bluishness of Slkyand reddishness of sunrise and sunset could be explained by this law