Engineering Math.
I
Solution to Exam 3, Sunday 08/01/2023 Prof. Dr. Emad Al-Hemiary
Question 1:
Let 𝑢
⃑ = 5𝑖 − 𝑗 + 𝑘, 𝑣 = 𝑗 − 5𝑘, and 𝑤⃑⃑ = −15𝑖 + 3𝑗 − 3𝑘. Which vectors, if any, are (a)
perpendicular? (b) Parallel? Give reasons for your answer.
Solution:
DZero Dot product gives perpendicular, while zero cross product gives parallel.
Dot product Cross product Result
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
⃑ and 𝑣
𝑢 =0−1−5≠0 = [5 −1 1 ] ≠ ⃑0 None
0 1 −5
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
⃑ and 𝑤
𝑢 ⃑⃑ are parallel
⃑ and 𝑤
𝑢 ⃑⃑ = −75 + ⋯ ≠ 0 =[ 5 −1 1 ] = ⃑0
to each other
−15 3 −3
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝑣 and 𝑤
⃑⃑ = 0 + 3 + 18 ≠ 0 =[ 0 1 −5] ≠ ⃑0 None
−15 3 −3
Question 2:
Let 𝑓 = 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦𝑧, 𝑣 = (2𝑦, 2𝑧, 4𝑥 + 𝑧), and 𝑤
⃑⃑ = (3𝑧 2 , 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 , 𝑦 2 ). Find:
1) 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑓 and 𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑓 at point 𝑃: (2,7,0)
2) ⃑⃑ ) ∙ 𝑣 at 𝑃: (1,1,2)
(𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑤
3) 𝐷𝑤 𝑓 at 𝑃: (3,0,2)
4) ∇2 (𝑥𝑦𝑓)
Solution:
⃑
1) 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑓 = 𝑦𝑖 + (𝑥 − 𝑧)𝑗 − 𝑦𝑘
⃑)
𝑓𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑓 = (𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦𝑧)(𝑦𝑖 + (𝑥 − 𝑧)𝑗 − 𝑦𝑘
⃑ ) = 14(7𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 7𝑘
𝑓𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑓|𝑃:(2,7,0) = (𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦𝑧)(𝑦𝑖 + (𝑥 − 𝑧)𝑗 − 𝑦𝑘 ⃑)
𝑖 𝑗 ⃑
𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 ⃑0
2) 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑤
⃑⃑ = [ ] = 2𝑦𝑖 + 6𝑧𝑗 + 2𝑥𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
2
3𝑧 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 𝑦 2
𝑐𝑢𝑟0𝑙 𝑤⃑⃑ ∙ 𝑣 = 4𝑦 2 + 12𝑧 2 + 8𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑧
⃑⃑ ∙ 𝑣|𝑃:(1,1,2) = 4 + 48 + 12 = 64
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑤
3) 𝐷𝑤 𝑓 = 𝑤 ⃑⃑ ∙ ∇𝑓 = (3𝑧 2 , 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 , 𝑦 2 ) ∙ (𝑦, 𝑥 − 𝑧, −𝑦) = 3𝑦𝑧 2 + (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )(𝑥 − 𝑧)−𝑦 3
𝐷𝑤 𝑓|𝑃:(3,0,2) = 9
Engineering Math. I
Solution to Exam 3, Sunday 08/01/2023 Prof. Dr. Emad Al-Hemiary
4) ∇2 (𝑥𝑦𝑓) = 𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑(𝑥𝑦𝑓)) = ∇2 {(𝑥𝑦)2 − 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧} = ∇{2𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑧, 2𝑦𝑥 2 −
2𝑥𝑦𝑧, −𝑥𝑦 2 } = 2𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑧 + 0 = 2𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑧
Question 3: Answer Either A) or B)
A) Solve the IVP given by:
𝑡
1
𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 𝑒 −2 sin 2 𝑡, 𝑦(0) = 0, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 1
Solution:
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑦ℎ (𝑡) + 𝑦𝑝 (𝑡)
𝑦ℎ (𝑡):
𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 = 0
The characteristic equation is:
𝜆2 + 2𝜆 + 2 = 0 → 𝜆1,2 = −1 ± 𝑗1
𝑦ℎ (𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑡 (𝐴 cos 𝑡 + 𝐵 sin 𝑡)
𝑦𝑝 (𝑡):
1
1 1
Assume: 𝑦𝑝 (𝑡) = 𝑒 −2𝑡 (𝐶 cos 2 𝑡 + 𝐷 sin 2 𝑡)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑦𝑝′ (𝑡) = − 𝑒 −2𝑡 (𝐶 cos 𝑡 + 𝐷 sin 𝑡) + 𝑒 −2𝑡 (− 𝐶 sin 𝑡 + 𝐷 cos 𝑡)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 −
1
𝑡 1 1 1 −
1
𝑡 1 1 1 1
𝑦𝑝′′ (𝑡) = 𝑒 2 (𝐶 cos 𝑡 + 𝐷 sin 𝑡) − 𝑒 2 (− 𝐶 sin 𝑡 + 𝐷 cos 𝑡)
4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 −1𝑡 1 1 1 1 1
− 𝑡 1 1 1 1
− 𝑒 2 (− 𝐶 sin 𝑡 + 𝐷 cos 𝑡) + 𝑒 2 (− 𝐶 cos 𝑡 − 𝐷 sin 𝑡)
2 2 2 2 2 4 2 4 2
Summing terms according to main ODE:
𝑡 1
𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 𝑒 −2 sin 𝑡
2
1 1 1 1 1 2
𝐶 − 𝐷 − 𝐷 − 𝐶 − 𝐶 + 𝐷 + 2𝐶 = 0 𝐷+𝐶 =0 𝐶=−
{4 4 4 4 → {2 →{ 5
1 1 1 1 1 4
𝐷 + 𝐶 + 𝐶 − 𝐷 − 𝐷 − 𝐶 + 2𝐷 = 1 𝐷− 𝐶=1 𝐷=
4 4 4 4 2 5
1 2 1 4 1
∴ 𝑦𝑝 (𝑡) = 𝑒 −2𝑡 (− cos 𝑡 + sin 𝑡)
5 2 5 2
1 2 1 4 1
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑡 (𝐴 cos 𝑡 + 𝐵 sin 𝑡) + 𝑒 −2𝑡 (− cos 𝑡 + sin 𝑡)
5 2 5 2
2 2
𝑦(0) = 0 → 𝐴 − = 0 → 𝐴 =
5 5
Engineering Math. I
Solution to Exam 3, Sunday 08/01/2023 Prof. Dr. Emad Al-Hemiary
𝑦 ′ (𝑡) = −𝑒 −𝑡 (𝐴 cos 𝑡 + 𝐵 sin 𝑡) + 𝑒 −𝑡 (−𝐴 sin 𝑡 + 𝐵 cos 𝑡)
1 1 2 1 4 1 1 1 1 2 1
− 𝑒 −2𝑡 (− cos 𝑡 + sin 𝑡) + 𝑒 −2𝑡 ( sin 𝑡 + cos 𝑡)
2 5 2 5 2 5 2 5 2
1 2 4
𝑦 ′ (0) = 1 → −𝐴 + 𝐵 + + = 1 → 𝐵 =
5 5 5
𝟐 𝟒 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟒 𝟏
∴ 𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒆−𝒕 ( 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕) + 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 (− 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕)
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟐 𝟓 𝟐
B) Solve the IVP given by:
𝑦 ′′ + 5𝑦 = cos 𝜋𝑡 − sin 𝜋𝑡 , 𝑦(0) = 0, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0
Solution:
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑦ℎ (𝑡) + 𝑦𝑝 (𝑡)
𝑦ℎ (𝑡):
𝑦 ′′ + 5𝑦 = 0
The characteristic equation is:
𝜆2 + 5 = 0 → 𝜆1,2 = ±𝑗√5
𝑦ℎ (𝑡) = 𝐴 cos √5𝑡 + 𝐵 sin √5𝑡
𝑦𝑝 (𝑡):
Assume: 𝑦𝑝 (𝑡) = 𝐶 cos 𝜋𝑡 + 𝐷 sin 𝜋𝑡
𝑦𝑝′ (𝑡) = −𝜋𝐶 sin 𝜋𝑡 + 𝜋𝐷 cos 𝜋𝑡
𝑦𝑝′′ (𝑡) = −𝜋 2 𝐶 cos 𝜋𝑡 − 𝜋 2 𝐷 sin 𝜋𝑡
Summing terms according to main ODE:
𝑦 ′′ + 5𝑦 = cos 𝜋𝑡 − sin 𝜋𝑡
1
2 𝐶=
{ −𝜋2 𝐶 + 5𝐶 = 1 → { 5 − 𝜋2
−𝜋 𝐷 + 5𝐷 = −1 −1
𝐷=
5 − 𝜋2
1
𝑦𝑝 (𝑡) = (cos 𝜋𝑡 − sin 𝜋𝑡)
5 − 𝜋2
1
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐴 cos √5𝑡 + 𝐵 sin √5𝑡 + (cos 𝜋𝑡 − sin 𝜋𝑡)
5 − 𝜋2
1 −1
𝑦(0) = 0 → 𝐴 + 2
=0→𝐴=
5−𝜋 5 − 𝜋2
1
𝑦 ′ (𝑡) = −√5𝐴 sin √5𝑡 + √5𝐵 cos √5𝑡 + (−𝜋 sin 𝜋𝑡 − 𝜋 cos 𝜋𝑡)
5 − 𝜋2
𝜋 𝜋 1
𝑦 ′ (0) = 0 → √5𝐵 − 2
=0→𝐵=
5−𝜋 √5 5 − 𝜋 2
Engineering Math. I
Solution to Exam 3, Sunday 08/01/2023 Prof. Dr. Emad Al-Hemiary
𝟏 𝝅 𝟏
∴ 𝒚(𝒕) = 𝟐
(− 𝐜𝐨𝐬 √𝟓𝒕 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 √𝟓𝒕) + (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝅𝒕 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝅𝒕)
𝟓−𝝅 √𝟓 𝟓 − 𝝅𝟐
or:
𝟏 𝝅
∴ 𝒚(𝒕) = (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝅𝒕 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 √𝟓𝒕 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝅𝒕 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 √𝟓𝒕)
𝟓 − 𝝅𝟐 √𝟓
Question 4: Answer Either A) or B)
A) Solve the IVP given by:
𝑦 (4) − 5𝑦 ′′ + 4𝑦 = 10𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑦(0) = 1, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 𝑦 ′′ (0) = 𝑦 ′′′ (0) = 0
Solution:
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑦ℎ (𝑡) + 𝑦𝑝 (𝑡)
𝑦ℎ (𝑡):
𝑦 ′′′′ − 5𝑦 ′′ + 4𝑦 = 0
The characteristic equation is:
𝜆4 − 5𝜆2 + 4 = 0 → (𝜆2 − 4)(𝜆2 − 1) = 0 → (𝜆 − 2)(𝜆 + 2)(𝜆 − 1)(𝜆 + 1) = 0
Therefore:
𝑦ℎ (𝑡) = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶4 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑦𝑝 (𝑡):
Assume: 𝑦𝑝 (𝑡) = 𝐶5 𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑦𝑝′ (𝑡) = −3𝐶5 𝑒 −3𝑥 , 𝑦𝑝′′ (𝑡) = 9𝐶5 𝑒 −3𝑥 , 𝑦𝑝′′′ (𝑡) = −27𝐶5 𝑒 −3𝑥 , 𝑦𝑝′′′ (𝑡) = 81𝐶5 𝑒 −3𝑥
1
81𝐶5 𝑒 −3𝑥 − 45𝐶5 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 4𝐶5 𝑒 −3𝑥 = 10𝑒 −3𝑥 → 40𝐶5 = 10 → 𝐶5 =
4
1 −3𝑥
∴ 𝑦𝑝 (𝑡) = 𝑒
4
1
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶4 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −3𝑥
4
3
𝑦(0) = 1 → 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 + 𝐶4 = − − − −(1)
4
3
𝑦 ′ (𝑡) = 2𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 − 2𝐶2 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝐶4 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −3𝑥
4
3
𝑦 ′ (0) = 0 → 2𝐶1 − 2𝐶2 + 𝐶3 − 𝐶4 = − − − −(2)
4
9
𝑦 ′′ (𝑡) = 4𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 4𝐶2 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶4 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −3𝑥
4
9
𝑦 ′′ (0) = 0 → 4𝐶1 + 4𝐶2 + 𝐶3 + 𝐶4 = − − − − −(3)
4
Engineering Math. I
Solution to Exam 3, Sunday 08/01/2023 Prof. Dr. Emad Al-Hemiary
27 −3𝑥
𝑦 ′′′ (𝑡) = 8𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 − 8𝐶2 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝐶4 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒
4
27
𝑦 ′′′ (0) = 0 → 8𝐶1 − 8𝐶2 + 𝐶3 − 𝐶4 = − − − −(4)
4
3
𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 + 𝐶4 =
4
3
2𝐶1 − 2𝐶2 + 𝐶3 − 𝐶4 =
4 ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝑅4 − 8𝑅1, 𝑅3 − 4𝑅1, 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1
9
4𝐶1 + 4𝐶2 + 𝐶3 + 𝐶4 = −
4
27
{ 8𝐶1 − 8𝐶2 + 𝐶3 − 𝐶4 = 4
3 3
𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 + 𝐶4 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 + 𝐶4 =
4 4
3 3
0 − 4𝐶2 − 𝐶3 − 3𝐶4 = − 0 − 4𝐶2 − 𝐶3 − 3𝐶4 = −
4 ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝑅4 − 4𝑅2 4
21 21
0 + 0 − 3𝐶3 − 3𝐶4 = − 0 + 0 − 3𝐶3 − 3𝐶4 = −
4 4
3 15
{0 − 16𝐶2 − 7𝐶3 − 9𝐶4 = 4 { 0 − 0 − 3𝐶3 + 3𝐶4 = 4
3
𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 + 𝐶4 =
4
3
0 − 4𝐶2 − 𝐶3 − 3𝐶4 = −
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝑅4 − 𝑅3 4
21
0 + 0 − 3𝐶3 − 3𝐶4 = −
4
36
0 − 0 − 0 + 6𝐶4 =
4
𝟑 9 21 𝟏 1 9 3
𝑪𝟒 = , −3𝐶3 − = − → 𝑪𝟑 = , −4𝐶2 − − = − → 𝑪𝟐 = −𝟏, 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 + 𝐶4
𝟐 2 4 𝟒 4 2 4
3 1 3 3
= → 𝐶1 − 1 + + = → 𝑪𝟏 = 𝟎
4 4 2 4
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
∴ 𝒚(𝒕) = −𝒆−𝟐𝒙 + 𝒆𝒙 + 𝒆−𝒙 + 𝒆−𝟑𝒙
𝟒 𝟐 𝟒
B) Solve the IVP given by:
𝑦 ′′′ − 2𝑦 ′′ − 9𝑦 ′ + 18𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 , 𝑦(0) = 4.5, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 8.8, = 𝑦 ′′ (0) = 17.2
Solution:
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑦ℎ (𝑡) + 𝑦𝑝 (𝑡)
𝑦ℎ (𝑡):
𝑦 ′′′ − 2𝑦 ′′ − 9𝑦 ′ + 18𝑦 = 0
Engineering Math. I
Solution to Exam 3, Sunday 08/01/2023 Prof. Dr. Emad Al-Hemiary
The characteristic equation is:
𝜆3 − 2𝜆2 − 9𝜆 + 18 = 0 → (𝜆 − 2)(𝜆 − 3)(𝜆 + 3) = 0
Therefore:
𝑦ℎ (𝑡) = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑦𝑝 (𝑡):
Assume: 𝑦𝑝 (𝑡) = 𝐶4 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦𝑝′ (𝑡) = 2𝐶4 𝑒 2𝑥 , 𝑦𝑝′′ (𝑡) = 4𝐶4 𝑒 2𝑥 , 𝑦𝑝′′′ (𝑡) = 8𝐶4 𝑒 2𝑥
8𝐶4 𝑒 2𝑥 − 8𝐶4 𝑒 2𝑥 − 18𝐶4 𝑒 2𝑥 + 18𝐶4 𝑒 2𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥 → 0 = 1? ? ? ? ?
We modify our assumption as follows:
Assume: 𝑦𝑝 (𝑡) = 𝐶4 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦𝑝′ (𝑡) = 𝐶4 (1 + 2𝑥)𝑒 2𝑥 , 𝑦𝑝′′ (𝑡) = 𝐶4 (4 + 4𝑥)𝑒 2𝑥 , 𝑦𝑝′′′ (𝑡) = 𝐶4 (12 + 8𝑥)𝑒 2𝑥
𝐶4 (12 + 8𝑥)𝑒 2𝑥 − 2𝐶4 (4 + 4𝑥)𝑒 2𝑥 − 9𝐶4 (1 + 2𝑥)𝑒 2𝑥 + 18𝐶4 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥 → −5𝐶4 = 1
→ 𝐶4 = −0.2
∴ 𝑦𝑝 (𝑡) = −0.2𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 −3𝑥 − 0.2𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦(0) = 4.5 → 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 = 4.5 − − − −(1)
′ (𝑡) 2𝑥 3𝑥 −3𝑥
𝑦 = 2𝐶1 𝑒 + 3𝐶2 𝑒 − 3𝐶3 𝑒 − 0.2𝑒 2𝑥 − 0.4𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦 ′ (0) = 8.8 → 2𝐶1 + 3𝐶2 − 3𝐶3 = 9 − − − −(2)
′′ (𝑡) 2𝑥 3𝑥 −3𝑥
𝑦 = 4𝐶1 𝑒 + 9𝐶2 𝑒 + 9𝐶3 𝑒 − 0.4𝑒 2𝑥 − 0.4𝑒 2𝑥 − 0.8𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
′′ (0)
𝑦 = 17.2 → 4𝐶1 + 9𝐶2 + 9𝐶3 = 18 − − − −(3)
𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 = 4.5 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 = 4.5
{ 2𝐶1 + 3𝐶2 − 3𝐶3 = 9 ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝑅3 − 4𝑅1, 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 { 0 + 𝐶2 − 5𝐶3 = 0
4𝐶1 + 9𝐶2 + 9𝐶3 = 18 0 + 5𝐶2 + 5𝐶3 = 0
𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 = 4.5
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝑅3 − 5𝑅2 { 0 + 𝐶2 − 5𝐶3 = 0
0 + 0 + 30𝐶3 = 0
𝐶3 = 0, 𝐶2 = 0.6, 𝐶1 = 4.5
∴ 𝒚(𝒕) = 𝟒. 𝟓𝒆𝟐𝒙 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝒙𝒆𝟐𝒙
