WEEK 7 : FORMING WORDS WITH PHRASES, CLAUSES

& SENTENCES c. Infinitive phrases act as ADVERBS:

Herb left to buy the beer. (the infinitive phrase is an
PHRASE adverb describing why he left - "left" is a verb)
A phrase is a group of words acting together as a single Lou was eager to marry Lab. (the infinitive phrase is an
part of speech but containing no statement (meaning adverb modifying the adjective "eager")
the subject and predicate). You must hurry to catch the bus. (the infinitive phrase is
an adverb describing why you must hurry -
1. Prepositional phrase - a preposition + its object and "hurry" is a verb.)
anything modifying the object
Examples: CLAUSE
in + summer around + world by + sea without + help A clause is a group of words containing a statement (a
through + years subject/object & its complement, an action-doer and a
- in the summer contextual concept) but without the form of a sentence.
- around the world subject (the topic of the statement) + predicate (the
- by the beautiful blue sea point made about the subject)
- without your help Caitlin (subject) finished eating the crackers. (predicate)
- through the golden years clause - finished eating (action-doer) the crackers
(object)
Uses of the Prepositional Phrase
a. The prepositional phrase can act as an ADJECTIVE, Type of Clauses
modifying a noun or pronoun: a. INDEPENDENT CLAUSE (also as MAIN or PRINCIPAL
The book on the shelf is old. (The prepositional phrase CLAUSE)
describes the noun "book.") - Such a clause makes sense by itself. It stands as a
Cats with short tails like sour cream. (The prepositional complete idea.
phrase describes "cats.") - the butter tastes better than margarine, please pray
for me, when Ollie got in trouble, he called on Stan
b. The prepositional phrase can act as an ADVERB,
modifying a verb, an adjective, or another adverb: b. DEPENDENT CLAUSE (also as MINOR or
The book fell off the shelf. (The prepositional phrase SUBORDINATE CLAUSE)
describes where the book fell.) -Such a clause does not make sense on its own. To have
People who eat hot dogs with mayonnaise will meaning, it must be attached to an independent clause.
eventually die. (The prepositional phrase describes how
people eat hot dogs.) Dependent clauses begin in two ways:
a. with a relative pronoun (who, whose, whom, what
2. Infinitive phrase - an infinitive + its adverb which, that):
modifier(s) + its objects) or complements); if the The book which you borrowed is valuable.
infinitive has a subject, the subject is in the objective The man who fell off the bridge was taken to the clinic.
case.
Examples: b. with a subordinate conjunction (if, when, where, how,
to run - to run aggressively why, because, since, as, although, while, after, before):
to buy - to buy new socks Since you went away, Lola got engaged.
to cook - to cook carefully the seafood They know where you hid the money.
When Ollie got in trouble, he called on Stan.
Uses of Infinitive phrases:
a. Infinitive phrases act as NOUNS: Remember that all independent clauses are stressed in
I like to dance the foxtrot. (the infinitive phrase is a the reading of a sentence. All dependent clauses are
noun, direct object of the verb "like") unstressed because the contents are less important than
To be still in a fire drill is necessary. (the infinitive what is in the independent clause. So MAIN IDEAS go in
phrase is a noun, subject of the verb "is") MAIN CLAUSES and MINOR IDEAS include in MINOR
We want to eat string beans. (the infinitive phrase is a CLAUSES.
noun, direct object of the verb "want")

b. Infinitive phrases act as ADJECTIVES:

Show me the way to go home. (the infinitive phrase is an
adjective describing the noun "way")
I have a need to pet a tiger. (the infinitive phrase is an
adjective describing the noun "need")
Buy him a book to read on the beach. (the infinitive
phrase is an adjective describing the noun "book")
WEEK 8 - FORMING WORDS WITH SENTENCES sentence will include at least one subordinating
SENTENCE conjunction example:
A sentence is a group of words containing at least one While I enjoy classical music, I prefer rock and roll
statement (meaning the subject and predicate) and with because I play the drums.
a complete function of its content. She went to class even though she was sick.

Sentence patterns 4. Compound-Complex Sentences

Contextual structure of a simple sentence needs a - A compound-complex sentence combines complex
subject and Its predicate sentence and compound sentence forms. A
a. subject + verb compound-complex sentence contains one or more
Example: She eats. (She - subject / is eating - verb) independent clauses and one or more dependent
clauses.
b. subject + verb + direct object example:
direct object - receives the action of the verb Although she felt guilty for missing her best friend's
Example: She eats her lunch. (She - subject / eats - birthday, she took her out to dinner the next day, and
verb/ lunch - direct object) they had a great time.
I try to eat healthy food, but because fast food is so
c. subject + verb + indirect object + direct object convenient, I cannot maintain a healthy diet in my
indirect object - identifies to or whom or what the regimen.
action of the verb is performed
Example: She shared me her lunch. Function of compound-complex sentences
(She - subject / shared - verb/ me - indirect object/ a. to combine similar ideas
lunch - direct object) b. to compare and contrast ideas
c. to convey cause and effect or chain of events
d. subject + linking verb & sensory verb + subject or d. to elaborate on a claim or extend reasoning
object complement
subject or object complement - the adjective or noun or TYPES OF SENTENCES ACCORDING TO CONTENT
phrase that follows the linking verb meaning 1. Declarative sentences
ONLY linking verbs can have subject complements - Sentences with statement of testimony, declaration or
Example: She is eating a delicious lunch this late stating information and punctuated with a period (.) at
afternoon. the end meaning end of statement.
(She - subject / is - linking verb/ eating - sensory verb example:
lunch - direct object/ delicious = object complement / The grass is green.
this late afternoon = subject complement) The rain splattered harshly on the tin roof.

BASIC TYPES OF SENTENCES ACCORDING TO 2. Interrogative sentences

CONTEXT/STRUCTURE - Sentences with statement of inquiry or question and
1. Simple Sentences punctuated with a question mark (?) at the end. It uses
- a simple sentence contains one independent clause interrogative pronouns at the start of the statement.
with proper punctuation and one statement example:
example: What was the accident?
Johnny rode his bike to school. Who is the president of the class?

Function of simple sentences 3. Imperative sentences

a. to declare a direct statement - Sentences with a statement of command or request
b. to display a simple list and either punctuated with a period or an exclamation
c. to give concise directions d, to ask a question point (!) at the end. Sometimes an active verb can be
imperative.
2. Compound Sentences example:
-a compound sentence contains two independent Stop!
clauses and a coordinating conjunction - FANBOYS (for, Complete the task until tomorrow.
and, nor, but, or, yet, so) often links the two
independent clauses and is preceded by a comma 4. Exclamatory sentences
example: - Sentences with statements that are used to place
I like apples, but my sister loves bananas. added emphasis on what is being said or written.
Tim loves to read, and he also loves to hike. Punctuated with an exclamation point (!) at the end.
example:
3. Complex Sentences Oh no! He's dead!
- a complex sentence contains one independent clause It's true! I heard it in the news.
and one or more dependent clauses and a complex