Phrase, Clause & Sentence

Phrase

• A group of words within a sentence that complements the overall

structure of the sentence.
• A phrase doesn’t include subject, verb or both.
• In the morning
• Bus to mall road
• Going to mall road
• To mall road
Types of Phrases

• Noun Phrase
• Prepositional Phrase
• Adjective Phrase
• Adverb Phrase
• Verb Phrase
• Infinitive Phrase
• Gerund Phrase
• Participle Phrase
• Absolute Phrase
Noun Phrase

• A phrase that acts as a noun in a phrase is called noun phrase.

• It contains a noun and other related words which modify the
noun.
• e.g.
• They hired a huge beautiful house.
• She bought a decent black shirt
• One of our close relatives never drinks coffee.
• A woman in the window shouted for help.
Prepositional Phrase

• A phrase comprising a preposition and an object of the preposition

(noun or pronoun) is called prepositional phrase.
• Examples
• The kids were laughing at the joker.
• He is sleeping on the carpet.
• The teacher looked at the blackboard.
• He drives the car at a high speed.
• He always speaks in a loud voice.
Adjective Phrase

• A phrase that acts like an adjective in a sentence is called an

adjective phrase.
• It modifies a noun or a pronoun.
• Examples
• A kid on the roof is looking at the sky.
• She bought a beautiful brown chair.
• A lady with long hair is walking in the garden.
• A student from my college won the competition
Adverb Phrase

• A phrase that acts as an adverb in a sentence is called adverb phrase. It

modifies verbs, adjectives and other adverbs.
Manner, place, frequency, Time, Purpose
(how), (where), (how often), (when), (why)
• Examples.
• He drives a car at a very high speed.
• He was running very fast.
• She always speaks in a respectful way.
• They walked along the wall.
• He stayed at college for a few hours.
Verb Phrase

• A verb phrase is a group of main verb and helping verbs within a

sentence.
• Examples:
• She is writing a letter.
• He has passed the exam.
• They have been playing football since morning.
Forms of verbs

• First form of verb: present: eat/eats

• 2nd form of verb: past: ate
• 3rd form of verb: past participle: eaten
• Ing form of verb: Present participle: eating
• Bare Infinitive: 1st form of verb: eat
• Infinitive: to + 1st form of verb: to eat
Infinitive Phrase
• An infinitive phrase contains an infinitive and modifiers related to
the infinitive.
• An infinitive phrase acts as a noun, an adjective or adverb in a
sentence.
• Examples
• I like to drive a car.
• To get success in exam is the ambition of every student.
• The government made a plan to help the poor.
• She sang a song to please the audience.
Gerund

• Ving/Present participle form of verb = noun

• Ali is smoking. (verb)

• Ali likes smoking. (gerund)
• Smoking is Ali’s hobby.
Gerund Phrase

• A gerund phrase is a group of a gerund, modifiers and other

related words linked to the gerund. A gerund phrase functions as a
noun in the sentence.
• Examples
• I enjoy listening to the music.
• Sitting in the sun helps the body absorb vitamin D.
• The crying of the baby disturbed everyone.
Participle

• Ving/Present participle form = adjective

• 3rd form of verb/ Past participle form = adjective

• The water is flowing in the river.

• The flowing water looks fresh.

• Ali painted the walls of his room.

• The painted walls of Ali’s room look decent.
Participle Phrase

• A participle phrase is a group of a present participle (verb+ing) or

past participle (3rd form of verb), modifiers and other linked
words.
• A participle phrase is punctuated with commas.
• Examples
• The students, raising their hands, need an extra page.
• She got a mail, stating about her exams.
• The chair, made of plastic, looks very beautiful.
Absolute Phrase

• An absolute phrase is a group of words that modifies an

independent clause as a whole.
• Examples
• She, having books in her hand, was going to college.
• The wrestler, having anger in his eyes, looked at the opponent
wrestler.
Clause

• Group of words that includes a subject and a verb

• Lion roars.
• Ali writes poems.

Types of Clauses
• Independent/Main Clause
• Dependent Clause/Subordinate Clause
• You will fail if you do not study.
Independent & Dependent Clause

• Independent/Main Clause - that can stand alone

• Dependent Clause/Subordinate Clause - that can’t stand
alone as a sentence, but supports an independent clause.
• Example:
• The dog barked at him when he came home.
Independent Dependent
• The boy, who was busy completing his work, sat happily.
• Types: Noun Clause, Adjective Clause, Adverbial Clause
Coordinate Clause

• when two main clauses are used together in a sentence, they

are connected by a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS).

Example:
• I like chocolates, and I eat a chocolate daily.
Adjective/Relative Clause

• An adjective clause begins with a relative

pronoun (such as who, whom, whose, which, or
that)
• It is also a dependent clause.
Example:
Those people whose names are on the
list will go to camp.
Noun Clause

• A noun clause is any clause that works in the same way as

a noun.
• You could replace the clause with a noun, and it would
still make sense.
Example:
Do you know what you're going to wear?
Andy promised that he'd be on time for the party.
Adverbial Clause
• Many subordinate clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions
(e.g. because, unless, if, when, although) which do not make them
stand alone.
• The clauses act as adverbs, answering questions like how, when,
where, why, to what extent, and under what conditions.
• It is also a dependent clause.
Example:
Jennifer scrubbed the bathtub until her arms ached.
We shall go to the game even if it rains.
You’ll not be punished because you have apologized.
 Sentence

• A set of words that is complete in itself, typically containing a subject and

predicate
John went home
Types of Sentences
• Simple Sentences
• Compound Sentences
• Complex Sentences
• Complex - Compound Sentences
• Declarative/assertive Sentences
• Imperative Sentences
• Interrogative Sentences
Simple Sentences

• A simple sentence is a sentence that contains one

independent clause and no dependent clauses.

Mary takes her dog to the dog park after work.

Mike loves to watch horror movies.
 Compound Sentences
• A compound sentence is a sentence that contains more than one independent clause,
but no dependent clauses.
• Coordinating Conjunctions (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)
• Two sentences connected by coordinating conjunction, conjunctive adverbs or semi
colon form a compound sentence.
• Conjunctive Adverbs (however, moreover, therefore, nevertheless)
• I am a Muslim, and I offer prayers.
• I am a Muslim; moreover, I offer prayers.
• I am a Muslim;/:/- I offer prayers.
• Mary likes to take her dog to the dog park after work; she likes to take in some fresh
air after a long day at the office.
• I am very sick; I don’t think I’m going to go to work today.
• They ran out of ice cream, but no one had any money to buy more snacks.
Complex Sentences

• A complex sentence is a sentence that contains one

independent clause and one or more dependent
clauses.
• An independent clause is connected by a dependent
clause through subordinating conjunctions.
• Jack reads comics although Tom reads novels.
• I saw a new carpet when I entered in the room
Complex - Compound Sentences:

• A compound-complex sentence is comprised of at least two

independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.
• Example
• Though John prefers watching romantic films, he rented the latest
spy thriller, and he enjoyed it very much.
• John rented the latest spy thriller though he prefers watching
romantic films, and he enjoyed it very much.
Declarative/Assertive Sentences

• Used to make statements or relay information.

The coffee shop isn’t open on Sundays.

John works Monday to Friday from 9 a.m. till 5 p.m.

Imperative Sentences

• Used to make a command or a direct instruction.

• Advice, request, order
Please go and wash up before dinner.
Michael, I hate it when you make me watch boring
documentaries.
Take the next exit on your right.
Don’t leave the door open or the cat might get out.
Interrogative Sentences

• Used to ask a question.

• W/H Where is the doctor?
• Helping verb Are you the doctor?
• Tag question You are the doctor, aren’t you?
Please tell me where the doctor is. (Imperative Sentence)
Where were you when the crime was committed?
Does Laura know that her car has a scratch on the
side?
How did John get to school this morning?
How Ali speaks fascinates me. (Simple Sentence)
Exclamatory Sentences

• Used to express a strong emotion.

Wow! that hockey player can skate really fast.
I can’t wait to see you this weekend!
How beautiful the mountains are!
Ugh! I am so tired of studying.
Wow! I can’t believe we won.
What a beautiful flower it is!