Minova MAI SDA self drilling anchors

Design guide

The Ground Support Company

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Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Part 1
1.1 Advantages of Minova MAI systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1.2 System components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1.3 Quality assurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.4 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.5 Technical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.6 Corrosion protection systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

1.7 Load transfer, safety concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Part 2
2.8 Minova MAI soil nails R25 to R51N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2.9 Minova MAI rock nails R25 to R51N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

2.10 Minova MAI piles R32N to T111N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

2.11 Summary and outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

2.12 Technical standards and literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Part 3
3.13 Examples for calcutlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

3.13.1 Corrosion loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

3.3.2 Load transfer length (external stability) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

3.13.3 Allowable pile load (internal stability) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

3.13.4 Dynamic stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

3.13.5 Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Part 4
Figures and tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

3
 Introduction
For more than 40 years, hollow core grout through the hollow core anchor all Minova MAI SDA self-drilling
ancor rods with cold-rolled rope or rod. The grout body thereby formed anchors. As of section 9 (Part II),
trapezoidal threads, extendable to serves to transfer the load into the specific design verifications for soil or
any length using couplers and fitted ground. rock nails and micropiles are discussed.
with drill bits, have been used as drill Part III presents examples and Part IV
Minova MAI SDA self-drilling anchors
rods in various soils. Figures and Tables. Table 7 lists the
have already received national and
allowable loads for nails and piles.
Grouted with cement grout, they can European approvals, e.g. [1 and 2].
remain in the ground as stabilization Based on these approvals, the design For more detailed technical
means as soil or rock nails or micro­ bases for soil or rock nails and information please contact your local
piles. micropiles are summarized below. Minova representative or visit
[Link].
Minova MAI has further developed The bases are European standards,
this technology. The drill bit is chosen specific national regulations are of
dependent on the length and geology course taken into consideration as
to be expected and the system is well. Sections 2 to 8 (Part I) apply to
installed with couplers using rotary
percussive drilling.

During or following drilling, the

annular ring is filled with cement

4
1.1 Advantages of Minova MAI SDA self-drilling anchors
• Choice of drill bits for the most
The most important advantages of diverse ground conditions. • Flexibility in length by using
the Minova MAI SDA self-drilling couplers.
anchors are: • Identical installation principle for
all ground conditions and systems. • Ability to work with small drill rigs
• Quick rates of installation by without casing in narrow spaces.
combining drilling, insertion and • The hollow core anchor rod serves
not only to flush the borehole • Enhanced corrosion protection.
grouting in one single operation.
with air or water during drilling, • The high standard of QA systems
• Low-noise percussion drilling. but also to grout voids and to consistently ensures high quality
• No separate system installation, carry out high-pressure injections from production to installation of
no casing and rod removal of the annular space. the injection anchors/piles.
required. The drill bit remains in • Choice of high-quality grouts and • National and European approvals
the ground serving as a spacer. mixers. with CE marking.

1.2 Components

1.2.1 General

The anchor rod made of high-quality tubes Protection tube, Grout Various drill bits enable quick drilling of
with continuous cold-rolled drill thread if required boreholes in diverse soil and rock conditions
(standard left-hand rope or trapezoidal
thread)

Domed plate made of

cold-formed flat steel

Nut Flat plate Coupler with centre stop enabling direct end-to-end bearing
between rods thereby minimizing energy loss during drilling

Fig 1.2. System components

The system components are (Fig. 1.2):

• Drill bits of various diameters • Couplers to connect and extend • Neck protection tube for corrosion
and types (as suitable for the the hollow core anchor rods, with protection.
respective ground). centre stop for enhanced energy
• Anchor grout or cement.
transfer and sealing.
• Hollow core anchor rods of
various diameters with a • Solid plates or domed plates for
continuous rolled left-hand thread connection to the structure.
and available in standard lengths • Hexagonal nuts for anchoring and
of 1 m, 2 m, 3 m, 4 m and 6 m. locking.

5
 1.2.2 Drill bits
Bit Shape

Bit Type Clay Bit XX EX EC ES-F ES-D EY EYY ECC EXX ESS-F
Soft clay and soil

Strong fractured
strong fractured
Weak cemented

Weak cemented

Weak cemented
including bands

including bands

rock formations

rock formations
weak fractured

weak fractured

weak fractured
Loose to dense

Loose to dense
medium dense

fractured rock

fractured rock
soil/sands and

soil/sands and

soil/sands and
soil, sand and

rock & plain

rock & plain

rock & plain

Type of soil/

of soft rock

of soft rock

Medium to
formations

formations
soil/sand,

soil/sand,

concrete

concrete

concrete
Loose to

Medium

Medium
ground

gravel

SPT-N Value < 40 < 40 < 50 < 50 > 50 > 50 > 50 - - - -

UCT (N/mm2) - - - < 10 Mpa < 10 Mpa < 10 Mpa < 50 Mpa < 50 Mpa < 70 Mpa < 100 Mpa

R32 (L&N&S 76 51 51 51 76 76 51 51 51
90 76
110 90
with R38 adaptor 130 90
R38 (N) 90 110 76 76 76 76 90 76
110 130 90
130 150
with R51 adaptor 150
175
R51 (L&N) 76 100 100 100 115 76
90 130 130 100
150 150
175 170
200
T76 (N&S) 130 130 130 120
150 145 150
175 175
200 200
T111 (L&N) 220 220 170

Fig 1.2.2 Drill bits

1.2.3 Grout encapsulation

The grout filling, pressure-grouted up and steel tube does not induce longi­
to 60 bar, forms the bond between tudinal cracking in the service­ability
ground and hollow core anchor rod. limit state. For aggressive soils suit­
Tests have shown that the differing able cements must be chosen in
transverse strain behaviour of grout accordance with EN 206-1.

1.2.4 MAI grout pump

The fully automatic continuous MAI grouting of boreholes. The pump
grout pump (Figure 1.2.4) mixes all achieves delivery pressures of up to 60 Fig 1.2.4 Grout pump
machine-compatible anchor grouts bar and delivery rates from 400 up to
and cements. It is particularly suitable 2400 l/h.
for injection operations and the

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1.2.5 MAI anchor mortar
The factory mixed dry cement-based grout with aggregates of up to 0.3 mm achieves high early strengths: After 1 day
~15 N/mm², after 7 days ~ 40 N/mm² and after 28 days ~50 N/mm². It is not prone to segregation, does not shrink, is frost
resistant and conforms to the grout qualities specified in EN 445/447 and EN 14199/14490.

1.3 Quality assurance 1.4 Installation

ISO 9001 (quality management), OHSAS external control (EN 10204). Minova For rotary percussive drilling of
18001 (safety management system) offers a CE marked range of MAI SDA coupled hollow core anchor rods, the
and as well as ISO 14001 (environ­men­ self-drilling anchors and Minova MAI nomograms for torque M and impact
tal management) certi­fied, Minova MAI holds several national and European energy E shown in Figure 4 must not
and its suppliers are, according to the technical approvals as well. be exceeded, in order to prevent
approvals, subject to internal and predamaging the steel. At the same
For further details please contact your
time, the ancor rods are thereby
local Minova representative.
tightly locked in the coupling area to
ensure a virtually slip-free connection
both under tension and compression.
The minimum torque is 300/500 Nm.

Figure 4. Torque Mt and impact energy Es during drilling

Range Parameter Type R Type T

R25 R32L R32N R32S R38N R51L R51N T76N T76S T111L T111N
Es, max/2 Es Joule 90 80 130 160 230 220 380 500 680 320 730
Mt Nm 350 500 700 750 1300 1850 2500 8950 10000 14800 21500
Et, max/2 Es Joule 130 120 200 250 330 320 550 690 950 400 970
Mt Nm 250 400 500 550 950 1350 1800 7000 7700 12300 17600

During drilling, impact energy Es and torque Mt must be limited to the pairs of values specified above. For applications
using values outside the range specified above the torque-impact energy diagrams below must be observed.

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 1.5 Technical data of the hollow core anchor rods including
accessories for rock and soil nails and micropiles.

1.5.1 Hollow core ancor rods

The technical data of the hollow core effect. Table 2 below, specifies the satisfactory basis. Bonded self-drilling
ancor rods are summarized in Table 1, shear stress for two limit cases, for anchors serve to absorb tensile
page 9. pure shearing, e.g. in rock, and for forces. The full values of the Minova
shearing with bending deformation as MAI self-drilling anchors' system'
The load-bearing element is a cold
occurs in slaty/fissured rock. mechanical properties, not reduced
drawn steel tube with a defined
by safety factors, can be assumed in
chemical composition and fulfils the Finally, a note on the hollow core
computation.
requirements of EN 14490 for metallic anchor rods' behaviour under seismic
reinforcements. It is rugged and not loads (low cycle fatigue): In general, The soil/rock will fail e.g. due to
susceptible to stress corrosion cracking, geotechnical literature does not deal exceeding the shear/bond strength.
corresponding to reinforcement steel with seismic loading. Based on FE Thereby, a large amount of energy is
according to EN 10080. models and pseudo-statical analysis, dissipated and thus also the seismic
the stresses in the soil/rock induced by forces. If the Minova MAi self-drilling
The hollow core ancor rods compres­
seismic loading can be determined. anchors are correctly positioned, the
sive and tensile strengths as well
structure suffers deformation but will
as the tensile and compressive The seismic standards issued primarily
not collapse.
yield strengths are the same, which for structural engineering, such as
means that there is no Bauschinger EN 1998 and DIN 4149, provide a

Table 2. Hollow core anchor rod - Minova MAI SDA self-drilling anchors allowable shear force

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 Type R Type T
Line Parameter R25 R32L R32N R32S R38N R51L R51N T76N T76S T111L T111N
1 Nominal diameter Da, nom mm 25 32 32 32 38 51 51 76 76 111 111
2 Outer diameter Da mm 24,7 31,3 31,3 31,3 38,0 50,0 50,0 75,4 75,4 111,0 111,0
1)
3 Inner diameter Di mm 14 20,6 18,5 15,0 19,0 33,3 30,2 51,0 44,0 85,0 75,5
2) 2
4 Nominal cross sectional area S0 mm 300 350 430 520 750 900 1070 1870 2400 3185 4395
3)
5 Nominal mass m kg/m 2,35 2,75 3,4 4,1 5,9 7,05 8,4 14,7 18,85 25,0 34,5
6 Relative rib area fR ¾ 0,12 0,24
4)
7 Nominal yield load Fp0.2, nom kN 150 160 230 280 400 450 630 1200 1500 2000 2750
Nominal tensile load-bearing capacity
4)
8 Fm, nom kN 200 210 280 360 500 550 800 1600 1900 2640 3650
5) 2
9 Yield strength Rp0,2 N/mm 500 460 530 530 530 500 590 640 630 630 630
2
10 Tensile strength Rm 5) N/mm 670 600 650 690 660 610 750 860 790 830 830
6)
11 Rm / Rp0,2 - ≥ 1,15
12 Total elongation at maximum load Agt % ≥ 2,5 ≥ 5,0
2
13 Fatique strength 2·σa 7) N/mm ≥ 120 ≥ 100
2
14 Notch effect according to EN 1993-1-9 N/mm 90 70
2
15 Bond strength ak 8) N/mm 2,8 5,3
9) 10) 4
16 Moment of inertia I mm - - 29.800 33.300 75.700 197.000 211.000 863.000 977.000 3.580.000 4.110.000
1) 7)
Mean value Determined at an upper load of Fup = 0,7 * Fp0,2, nom
8)
2)
computed based on nominal mass m , S0 = 10³ . m / 7,85 Characteristic value, determined in pull-out tests. The values
are based on a mean value with a slip of 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0mm
3)
Allowable deviation - 3% to + 9% and a cement grout cylinder compressive strengt of ≥40 N/mm²
4) 9)
Characteristic value as 5% fractile Determined in bending test. Relative to a modulus of elasticity
5)
Computed based on nominal force and nominal cross sectional area, of 205 000 N/mm² and reduction by 5% to take the deviations in
rounded value the mass tolerances into account.
6) 10)
Characteristic value as 10% fractile 16 not relevant for Soil and Rock Nails

Modulus of elasticity E ≈ 205.000 N/mm²

Table 1. Hollow core ancor rods and rope thread Geometry and characteristics of the load bearing element

9
 1.5.2 Accessories and load transfer to the structure
(anchor body – concrete)
The coupler and anchorage are desig­ The dimensions of the couplers are In the serviceability limit state, the slip
ned for the nominal load bearing shown in Figure 5 and those of the at the coupling is ~0.8 mm and at the
capacity of the bars. In fatigue tests, nuts in Figure 6 below. The solid plate anchorage ~0.3 mm. The load transfer
an amplitude of 80 N/mm² was veri­ anchorages and domed plates, to the structure was tested according
fied at an upper load of 0.7 x Fp0.2 including their main dimensions, are to ETAG 013* (anchor body – concrete).
and 2 million load cycles. represented in Figure 7, page 11. The required centre and edge distances
Spacers and protection tubes, if are listed in Table 3.
See Example 3.13.4 page 30.
required (sections 1.6, 1.8.2 and
2.10.2), are shown in Figure 8 page 11. Table 3. Centre and edge distance
(minimum values)

Mechanical anchorage without additional

Figure 5. Coupler Figure 6. Nut
reinforcement (bursting reinforcement)
2
Concrete compressive strength > 25 N/mm
The faces may be either flat or domed Minimum concrete grade > C 20/25

Nail type* Centre distance Centre distance

A (mm) R (mm)
R32N 170 75+C
SW

R32S 220 100+C

R38N 260 120+C
R51L 280 130+C
R51N 340 160+C
T76N 470 225+C
T76S 520 250+C
T111L 620 300+C
Sealing

T111N 730 355+C

*) for R32N and R32S only domed plates are used
Centre distance A Edge distance R
Nail type*) mm mm
R32N 170 75+C
R32S 220 100+C
R38N 260 120+C
R51L 280 130+C
R51N 340 160+C
T76N 470 225+C
T76S 520
C ..... concrete 250+C
cover of structural reinforcement. The
T111L exposition classes
620 according to300+C
EN 206-1 shall be taken
T111N into account.730 355+C
*) for R32N and R32S only domed plates are us ed

Dimensions of coupler, anchor nut and lock nut and minimum torque
Component Parameter Type R Type T
R32N R32S R38N R51L R51N T76N, S T111L, N
Coupler Outer diameter A mm 42.4 51.0 63.5 95 140
Length B mm 145 190 220 170 220 220 250
Minimum torque Nm 500
Anchor nut 1) Height C 1) mm 45 60 70 80 120
Width across flats SW mm 46 2)
50 2)
75 2)
100 2)
150 3)
Minimum torque Nm 500

1) The lock nut may be half as high 2) Hexagonal nut 3) Ring nut 160 mm Ø with 4 width flats

Figure 5 and 6. Dimensions of coupler, nut and minimum torque

*) European Technical approval guideline 013

10
Figure 7. Domed plate and solid plate

Type R Type T
Component Dimensions
R25 R32L R32N R32S R38N R51L R51N T76N T76S T111L T111N
A mm 150 150 200 200 200 - - - - - -
B mm 8 8 8 10 12 - - - - - -
Domed plate
Ø-C mm 30 35 35 35 41 - - - - - -
D mm 25 25 28 28 28 - - - - - -
A mm - - 95 120 140 150 180 250 250 300 350
Solid plate B mm - - 25 30 35 40 45 60 60 80 90
Ø-C mm - - 35 35 41 56 56 90 90 130 130

Figure 8a. Spacer

Type R Type T
Dimensions
R25 R32 R38 R51 T76 T111
A mm 65 72 78 91 130 170
B mm 30 30 30 30 40 50

Figure 8b. Pile neck protection tube

Type R Type T
Component Dimensions
R32 R38 R51 T76 T111
A mm 76,1 76,1 88,9 114,3 159,0
Steel tube d 1) mm 2,9 2,9 3,2 4,5 4,5
L 1) mm 420 480 610 630 650
Plastic tube A mm ≥ 63 ≥ 75 ≥ 80 ≥ 100 ≥ 160
(smooth or d mm ≥1 ≥1 ≥ 1,5 ≥ 1,5 ≥2
corrugated) L mm 300 300 300 300 300

1)
For temporary use of the micropile wall thickness es may be reduced by
1.0 mm and length 100 mm

11
 1.6 Corrision protection systems
The service life of Minova MAI SDA The corrosion rate is dependent on Table 3. Centre and edge distance
self-drilling anchors is defined for the the ground [Link] corrosion (minimum values)
following applications: load acting on metallic materials in Mechanical anchorage without
soils must be evaluated in accordance additional reinforcement (bursting
• Temporary:
with EN 12501-1 and EN 12501-2. The reinforcement)
system with a service life of up to
corrosion load is classified as:
2 years Concrete compressive strength
• l, low > 25 N/mm2
• Permanent:
system with a service life of up • m, medium Minimum concrete grade > C 20/25
to 50 years dependent on the
• h, high
ground conditions and a sacrificial Nail type* Centre distance Centre distance
The most important physical and A (mm) R (mm)
corrosion that takes the time-
chemical soil parameters are defined R32N 170 75+C
dependent corrosion behaviour
in EN 12501. The various corrosion R32S 220 100+C
into consideration.
loads are evaluated based on an R38N 260 120+C
To reduce the corrosion rate (sacri­fi­ R51L 280 130+C
informational listing of the most
cial corrosion, see also EN1993-5), a R51N 340 160+C
important soil parameters. These
hot-dip galvanized system according
provide the basis for defining the T76N 470 225+C
to EN ISO is also available. The acces­
respective corrosion rates of the T76S 520 250+C
sories are hot-dip galvanized or equi­
systems and are listed in Table 4, see T111L 620 300+C
valently protected as well.
also [3]. If required, an expert must be T111N 730 355+C

To ensure threadability, the thread consulted and EN 206.1 be observed.

surface of the accessories may remain
ungalvanized. Should small voids Centre distance A Edge distance R
become visible on the anchor nut endNail type*) mm mm
R32N 170 75+C
facing towards the bar, these must be R32S 220 100+C
filled with zinc dust paint. R38N 260 120+C
R51L 280 130+C
R51N 340 160+C
T76N 470 225+C
C ..... concrete
T76S cover of structural
520 reinforcement
250+C
The
T111L exposition
620classes according to EN 206-1 shall be
300+C
taken into account.
T111N 730 355+C
*) for R32N and R32S only domed plates are us ed

Table 4. Criteria for evaloating Soil Corrosion loads in soils

the corrosion load in soil parameters
Ventilation low medium high
– At pH values < 5 for bare and Soil moderate to very good poor to moderately good very poor to bpoor
galvanized steel parameters
Soil structure Mostly sand, gravel, High amounts of silt, Possibly content of organic
– At pH values < 8 for galvanized steel friable rock (coarse to fine sand (medium to substances; high amount
medium grained) fine grained) of clay (fine grained),
the corrision load is assigned to the
industrial waste, de-icing salt
next higher corrosion load, i.e.
Water content Low (draining) Generally medium (moist) Generally high,
low – medium Water change zones
medium – high Neutral Low Possibly indreased Possibly high
salinity
high – limited service life
pH-value 5 to 8 5 to 8 5 to 8
Soil resistivity > 70 10 to 70 < 10
in Ω

12
Figure 9 shows the allowable corro­ Figure 9. Criteria for evaluating the corrosion load in soil
sion rates according to EN 14490 (nails)
and EN 14199 (piles), depen­dent on
the service life and corrosion load.
The thickness of the zinc layer is 85μm
or higher.

The individual values are taken from

an expert opinion and amount to:

µm/year:

Soil class Years for steel Years for zinc

≤4 28 ≤2 8
l
≤4 7 ≤2 2
≤4 35 ≤2 30
m
>4 16 >2 3 Example
1
≤4 68 ≤2 55
h
>4 68 >2 48

EN 14490 allows even higher cross

section losses, i.e. longer service lives.
The decrease in load bearing capacity
due to corrosion is defined in Table 5.
Therein, the corrosion of the coupler
is taken into consideration as well.

Table 5. Loss in cross sectional area

due to corrosion Corrosion in mm x Da x 3,14
So
Nail type Parameter Sacrifical corrosion depth in mm Years Steel Corrosion depth in mm
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 1.0 n m h
R25 % 0 3 5 8 10 13 15 18 25 A 0 0 0.2
2
R32L % 0 3 6 8 11 14 17 19 27 B 0 0 0.1
R32N % 0 2 5 7 9 11 14 16 22 A 0.2 0.2 0.5
7
R32S % 0 2 4 6 8 9 11 13 18 B 0 0.1 0.4
R38N % 0 2 3 5 6 8 9 11 16 A 0.3 0.6 -
30
R51L % 0 2 3 5 7 8 10 12 17 B 0.1 0.4 -
R51N % 0 1 3 4 6 7 8 10 14 A 0.5 1.0 -
50
T76N % 0 1 3 4 5 6 8 10 13 B 0.3 0.7 -
T76S % 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10
T111L % 0 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 11
Legend
T111N % 0 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 8 Soil aggresivness Steel
n low A uncoated steel
m medium B galvanized, 85 µm
See Example 3.13.1 page 29. The pile and nail necks are fitted with protection h high
tubes. These are discussed in sections 2.8 and 2.10. They serve to transfer the 0 tabular values
load as well as to avoid local and macro-element formation at the critical joint
structure/hollow core ancor rod system in moist soils.

13
 1.7 Load transfer to the soil for rock and soil nails,
piles and anchor as well as safety concept
1.7.1 Load transfer
The load transfer from the hollow The soil bearing capacity (external These values must be verified by load
core ancor rod to the grout is not a stability) is evalua-ted based on the tests. DIN 1054/4128 specifies very low
critical issue due to the high relative τ
ultimate skin frictions M (kN/m²) τ M - values between 100 and 200 kN/m²

rib areas of the threads (fR = 0.12 for specified in Figures 10a, b and 11. for tension and compression piles; load
rope threads and 0.24 for trapezoidal τ
Additional M values for rock are tests, therefore, always yield more
threads). With a grout strength of defined in section 2.9.3. The ultimate favourable results. The load is usually
≥ 40 N/mm², allowable bond stresses load-transfer length L can then be increased to 0.8 ultimate load of the
τ all x of 1.7 or 3.5 N/mm² may be assessed based on the following steel element or 0.95 yield-point load
transferred (characteristic bond dependency: observing the 2 mm creep criterion
τ
strength u = 2.8 or 5.3 N/mm²). With according to EN 1997. With respect to
lower strengths, these values decrease the service load a safety factor of 2 is
proportionally. then required. See Example 3.13.2
page 29.

L= Ultimate load (kN) / (π x(Ø+0.05) x τ M

(Ø+0.05) = steel diameter + 2 x min. grout cover in mm

L = Ultimate load transfer length

τ M = Ultimate skin friction

Figure 10a. Bond strengths for cohesive soils with post grouting [4]

14
Figure 10b. Bond strengths for cohesive soils without post grouting [4]

Figure 11. Bond strengths for non-cohesive soils [4]

15
 1.7.2 Safety concept
The design concept of EN 1990 with γ load Permanent load 1.35 Favourable 1.0

partial safety factors for loads and Traffic 1.5

resistance has also been included in Internal stress 1.0

EN 1997. Thereby, the resistance must

equal or exceed the loads, multiplied γ resistance Steel (yield strength) 1.15 Internal stability 1.0

by the safety factors γ . The loads are Concrete (cylinder compressive 1.5 Internal stability
strength under permanent load
described in the load standard and
Fatique, steel 1.15
express for the most part the 95 %
Concrete 1.5
fractile. The material is characterized
by the 5 % fractile. Since the soil is
not a clearly defined material, it is γ additional Cracks 1.0

sometimes difficult to specify definite verifications Deformation 1.0 to 1.5

material parameters. In such cases, Stability, sliding, toppling 0.9 to 1.5

assessment with upper and lower limit Uplift 1.05 to 1.4

values is helpful. Soil/general failure 1.0 to 1.5
Grout body 1.33 to 1.5 External stability
The safety factors listed to the right as
Result of load test 1.3 to 1.5 External stability
examples, are defined in EN 1990, EN
1992, EN 1997, DIN 1054 and literature,
e.g.[4]. Thereby, a distinction must be
made between serviceability and
ultimate limit states, the types of load
combinations and safety classes.
Minova MAI self-drilling anchors may
not be used individually (do not use a
single MAI SDA self-drilling anchor,
always use a system to ensure
redundancy).

16
2.8 Minova MAI SDA soil nails R25 to R51N
2.8.1 Application
Soil nailing is a construction method The principles for the application and
used to maintain or increase the stabi­ execution of soil nail systems are
lity of soils by installing rein­forcing specified in the application standard
elements (nails) according to the EN 14490: Soil nailing, and include
principles for the execution of geo­ information on the installation of soil
technical works. The soil rein­for­ced nails, soil investigations, construction
with nails forms a supporting struc­ture. materials and products, design criteria
and installation aspects as well as
The nails are primarily subjected to
testing and surveillance of soil nail
tensile loads. In addition, bending and
production. In addition, requirements
shear loads may occur as well. The
regarding surface preparation, drain­
structure must be so designed that
age and facing are discussed as well.
the nailing forms a redundant system.
Annex A of the standard defines
One single nail may not serve as the
guidelines for the construction and
only load-bearing element.
Variation Variation testing of soil nail systems.
of water of water
level level
The pictures below show application
examples.

Figure 12. Examples for applications of soil nails.

Slope stabilisation Avalanche barrier Pit excavation

Strengthening of existing Fastening technology

retaining structures

17
 2.8.2 Structual design
The material parameters of R25 to 51N Plastic tubes in the neck area prevent the bar and plate up to 3°. For larger
have already been defined in section local and macro-element formation in deviations, chamfered pipe connec­
1.5, Table 1 page 9. Dependent on the moist soils. They are not required for tions or cone-shaped precast concrete
service life and soil aggressiveness, the temporary nails. Solid and domed components can be used.
corrosion protection systems specified plates allow angle deviations between
in section 1.5 are applied
(Figs. 13 and 14).

Figure 13. ATM Nail from R25 to R51N

Nail with domed plate Nail with flat plate

Nut
(Annex 3)
Flat plate

Domed plate

Shotcrete or structual
concrete > C20/25

Plastic tube

Load bearing element

– hollow core steel bar

Coupler

Cement grout

Spacer

Temporary nail Permanent nail up

system to 50 years

18
 Figure 14. Corrosion protection of the nail head

Temporary, up to 2 years Temporary, up to 50 years

Sheet metal cap, galvanized Concrete cover > 50 mm
Bar
Mut Reinforcement
Flat plate
Grout
Concrete
Components galvanized
Domed plate Plastic sheating
> 200 mm

Concrete
Plastic sheating
> 200 mm

Grout Plastic sheating

Plastic sheating

Seperation (insulation) hollow-core bar / reinforcement in order

to avoid macroelement formation in moist soils
Plastic sheating insulation
reinforcement/anchor bar

Concrete cover > 50 mm

Reinforcement Dimensions of plastic sheating
(smooth or corrygated)

Nail type Internal Ø Wall thickness

Plastic sheating > 200 mm
R25, R32 > 32 0.6
Shotcrete R38 > 38 1.0
R51 > 51 1.0

Plastic sheating

19
 2.8.3 Design
In general, the rock and soil nails are Figure 15. Stability verifications
subjected to axial tensile loads and, as
the case may be, to shear loads. Load External stability verifications (with safety
transfer lengths are defined in section factors) according to Wichter
1.7 page 14 (external stability). a) Verification of sliding stability
(e.g. DIN 1054, π > 1.5)
For the nailed soil body (Fig.15,[4]), b) Verification of tipping stability (e.g. DIN
reinforced soil, the conventional 1054, Resultant force at core of base joint)
c) Verification of shear stability
sliding, toppling and soil failure
(e.g. DIN 4017, π > 2.0)
verifications must be carried out for d) Verification of slope stability
the acting loads (see EN 1997-1 or DIN (e.g. DIN 4084, π > 1.4/1.3)
1054 and national standards). Special
attention must be paid to water-
bearing sliding zones.

Various safety factors for the design

are defined in section 1.7.2 page 16.
The soil nail standard EN 14490
specifies a global safety factor of 1.5
to 2 in the serviceability limit state
with respect to the test load, for the 2
mm creep criterion. The allowable
service loads dependent on the nail
type are listed in Table 7 (internal
stability). Based on assumptions of example 3:

Safety factors
Table 7. Allowable load-bearing Safety factors Permanent load, Traffic 1.35, 1.5
capacity in the serviceability limit Ratio permanent load/traffic 2
state for Minova MAI SDA soil and Mean safety factor γload = 2/3 x 1.35 + 1/3 x 1.5 = 4
rock nails and micropiles (internal
Safety factor steel γs = 1.15
stability)
Safety factor grout γc = 1.5
Grout cover c = 30 mm

fem cube strength fem = 40 N/mm2

Allowable load-bearing capacity of the Yield point load / 1.4 x 1.15

hollow-core bar of the grout (if nationally
permitted) no pint bearing pressure [(Ø+2x30)2-Ø2] x π/4x0.8x40/1.4x1.5

Type Yield-point load Allowable service load for Grout area in mm2 Allowable load-bearing Allowable service load for compression
Fp0.2 in kN nail, bolt, tension/ capacity of grout in kN pile including grout in kN
compression pile in kN 1)
1 2 3 4 5 6=3+5
R25 150 93.2 - - -
R32L 160 99.4 - - -
R32N 230 142.9 5840 89.0 231.9
R32S 280 173.9 5840 89.0 262.9
R38N 400 248.4 6406 97.6 346.0
R51L 450 279.5 7630 116.3 395.8
R51N 630 391.3 7630 116.3 507.6
T76N 1200 745.3 9985 152.2 897.5
T76S 1500 931.7 9985 152.2 1083.9
T111L 2000 1242.2 13282 202.4 1444.6
T111N 2750 1708.1 13282 202.4 1910.5
1) excluding grout

20
2.9 Minova MAI SDA rock nails R25 to R51N
2.9.1 Application and examples
Similar in design to soil nails, rock for rock anchors. Fig. 16 shows
nails serve to stabilize fractured schematic representations of their
and fissured rock. They fulfil the application.
requirements specified in DIN 21521

Figure 16. Examples for applications of rock nails.

Fore poling Face stabilisation Spilling

Variation
of water
level

Radial bolting Root piling

2.9.2 Structural design

The structural design of R25 to R51N
corresponds to that of soil nails shown
in Fig. 13, page 18. and Fig. 14 page
19. Additional technical data are
defined in Table 1 page 9 and table 7
page 20.

21
 2.9.3 Design
In general, rock excavations are Weathered marl, chalk, weak schist 150 to 800 kN/m2
verified using FE programmes. The Weak limestone, hard slate, sandstone 800 to 1700 kN/m2
nails absorb the tensile forces. In Dolomite, limestone 1400 to 2100 kN/m2
addition to the ultimate bond stresses
Granite, basalt, concrete 1700 to 3100 kN/m2
for anchorages according to section
1.7 page 14, the following values are
defined, see also [4].

22
2.10 Minova MAI SDA micropiles R32N to T111N
2.10.1 Application and examples
The piles are suitable to bridge soil Tension micropiles are also used to Minova MAI SDA micropiles comply
layers with low load-bearing capa­ci­ties protect against uplift, to acti­vate with EN 14199. The piles may thus be
and to lay foundations in deep load- effective soil as ballast. In narrow used under compressive, tensile and
bearing soils. spaces, they are used to strengthen alternating loads.
existing structures. Fig.17 schema­ti­cally
represents additional appli­ca­tions.

Figure 17. Examples for applications of micropiles.

Variation
of water
level

Mast foundation Anti bucancy support Foundation reinforcement

Foundation

23
 2.10.2 Structural design
The technical data of R32N to T111N section hollow core anchor rod grout. In general, this annulus is not
are listed in section 1.5, Table 1 page The bursting forces thereby generated required, if the con-struction joint
9. The structural design is shown in in the transfer zone must be absorbed structure/grout is formed in the same
Fig. 18 and Fig.19 page 25. Load by a steel tube or similar (dimensions way as for direct load transfer.
transfer to the structure is specified in see Fig. 8).
section 1.5.2 page 10.

The pile neck protection tube repre­ Table 6. Application of the pile neck protection tube
sents an important detail in the pile Load type of Type of joint
head design (Table 6). To protect the micropile 1) Not force-fitted Force-fitted 2)
joint between the construction ground Load type of Temporary Permanent Temporary Permanent
1)
and structure against corro­sion under micropile micropile micropile micropile micropile
3) 3) 3)
tensile loading (local and macro- Tension Plastic tube Plastic tube - Plastic tube
3) 3) 3)
element formation, in moist soils) a Compression Steel tube Steel tube - Plastic tube
3) 3) 3)
plastic tube extending into the pile Alternating load Steel tube Steel tube - Plastic tube

and structure must be installed 1) If piles are subjected to a compressive test load
(dimensions see Fig. 8). The tube is and subsequently used as structual piles, they
must be fitted with a pile neck protection steel
not required for temporary piles. If in tube. Figure 18. Minova MAI SDA micropile
limit cases, under compression, the 2) Form and force-fit construction joint beetween R32N to T111N
load is only transferred from the Type R grout and structural concrete. For this, impuriti-
Type T
Component Dimensions
structure via the steel,R25 theR32L
load is thenR32S es, R38N
R32N cementR51L
laitanceR51N
and looseT76N cement
T76S grout mustT111NStructural design of the micropile
T111L
A mm 150 150 200 200 be removed
200 -and the- cement- grout of - the pile
- -
distributed
Domed plate
Bto the
mm composite
8 8 cross8 10
head12pre-moistened
- - -
prior pouring. - - -
Ø-C mm 30 35 35 35 41 - - - - - -
D mm 25 25 28 28 3) 28 - - - - - - Base
A mm - - 95 120 100
140 mm extension
150 180of the250
pile neck
250 protection
300 350
Figure 8.
Type R plate
Solid B mm - - 25 Type T
30 tube35into the40 base. 45 60 60 80 90
Concrete
eR Type T > C20/25
2S R32N
R38N Spacer, pile neck protection tube
R32S
R51L R38N
R51N Ø-C R51L T76S
T76N mm R51N T111L
- T76N T111N
- T76S
35 T111L
35 T111N
41 56 56 90 90 130 130
00 200
200 200
- 200
- -- - - - - - - - - 2 hexagonal nuts
0 812 10- 12
- -- - - - - - - - -
5 3541 Spacer
35- 41
- -- - - - - - - - -
8 2828 28- -
28 -- - - - - - - - - Anchor plate
20 95140 150 Component
120 180
140 250 250
150 Dimensions
180 300250 350 250 300 350
Type R Type T
0 2535 40
30 45
35 60
40 6045 80 60 R2590 60 R32L80 R32N90 R32S R38N R51L R51N T76N T76S T111L T111N
5 3541 56
35 56
41 90
56 A9056 mm 130 90 150
130 90 150130 200
130 200 200 - - - - - -
Type R Type T
B mm 8 8 Dimensions8 R25 10R32 12
R38 R51- T76 - T111 - - - - Pile neck
Domed plate
Ø-C mm 30 35 A mm35 65 35 72 41
78 91 - 130 - 170 - - - - protection
D mm 25 25 B mm28 30 28 30 28
30 30 - 40 - 50 - - - - tube
A mm - - 95 120 140 150 180 250 250 300 350
Solid plate B mm - - 25 30 35 40 45 60 60 80 90
Type R
Ø-C mm
Type T
- - 35 35 41 56 56 90 90 130 130
Dimensions
R25 R32 R38 R51 TypeT76
R T111 Type T
A mm 65 Dimensions
72 78
R25 91
R32 130R38 170R51 T76 T111 Load bearing
B mm 30 A 30
mm 30
65 3072 40 78 50 91 130 170 element-hollow
Type R Type T
Component
B mm Dimensions
30 30R32 30 30 40 50 core steel bar
R38 R51 T76 T111
A mm 76,1 76,1 88,9 114,3 159,0
Steel tube d 1) mm 2,9 2,9 3,2 4,5 4,5
L 1) mm 420 480 610 630 650
Pile neck protection tube
Plastic tube A mm ≥ 63 ≥ 75 ≥ 80 ≥ 100 ≥ 160 Coupler
(smooth or d mm ≥1 ≥1 ≥ 1,5 ≥ 1,5 ≥2 Type R Type T
corrugated) L mm 300 300 300 300 300 Dimensions
Type T R25 R32 R38 R51 T76 T111
T111
1)
For temporary use of the micropile, the wall thicknesses may be reduced by
A mm 65 72 78 91 130 170 Cement grout
3 159,0 Type T
4,5 1.0 mm and the length by 100 mm B mm 30 30 30 30 40 50
R51 T76 T111
650
88,9 114,3 159,0
≥ 160
3,2 4,5 4,5 Spacer
≥2
610300 630 650
≥ 80 ≥ 100 ≥ 160
by ≥ 1,5 ≥ 1,5 ≥2
300 300 300 Soil

es may be reduced by
Type R Type T
Component Dimensions
R32 R38 R51 T76 T111
A mm 76,1 76,1 88,9 114,3 159,0
Steel tube d 1) mm 2,9 2,9 3,2 4,5 4,5 Drill bit
L 1) mm 420 480 610 630 650
Plastic tube A mm ≥ 63 ≥ 75 ≥ 80 ≥ 100 ≥ 160
(smooth or d mm ≥1 ≥1 ≥ 1,5 ≥ 1,5 ≥2
corrugated) L mm 300 300 300 300 300

1)
For temporary use of the micropile, the wall thicknesses may be reduced by Temporary Permanent
1.0 mm and the length by 100 mm micropile micropile

24
Figure 19. Design of micropile head and micropile neck

Tension pile Compression pile

Lock nut with half

the height of nut

Pile neck protection

steel tube
Plastic sheating
Pile under alternating load

Anchor nut
Anchor plate
Anchor nut

Base
Concrete > C25/30

Pile neck protection

steel tube
Insulation of hollow-core bar against the reinforcement of the connecting
structure in order to prevent macro-element formation- example

Base

Reinforcement

Plastic tube

Pile neck protec-

tion tube

25
 2.10.3 Design
The required transfer length to the respect to the yield strength of the For compressive loading, buckling
ground (external stability) can be steel. See Example 3.13.3 page 29. verification may be of interest, if
determined according to section 1.7. weak soil layers are penetrated.
Allowable service loads dependent on
In general, the tensile and compressive Fig. 21 shows the procedure. If the
the pile type are listed in Table 7, page
load is only transferred through the buckling stiffness is insufficient, a
20 (internal stability).
hollow core anchor rod. In addition to centralizer can be used in the upper
the factors of safety defined in section To activate the ballast from the soil areas to enhance stiffness. Couplers
1.7.2 page 16, DIN 4128 requires a body, the uplift pile must be designed should be installed, if possible, outside
global safety factor of 2.0 with respect according to Fig. 20. of zones susceptible to buckling.
to the test load and of 1.75 with
See Example 3.13.5 page 30.

Figure 21. Buckling Figure 20. Effect of uplift [4]

System

non-displacable displacable

Soil subjected
to uplift
Yield strength

Soil pressure σ below the base

26
2.11 Summary and outlook
This paper is intended to assist design and take local regulations into Information on Minova MAI SDA self-
engineers in the design of geotech­ consideration. drilling anchors according to EN 1537
nical stabilization measures using is available upon request.
The first part presents the data of
Minova MAI SDA soil and rock nails
Minova MAI SDA self-drilling anchors An additional element for under­
and Minova MAI SDA micropiles. The
that apply for all applications. The ground construction in rock is the
bases are European approvals and
second part discusses the structural Minova Swellex rock bolt (rock nail),
standards, supplemented by national
design of Minova MAI SDA nails and which is not discussed in this paper.
building regulations.
micropiles.
The technical data have been taken
The allowable internal stabilities are
from approvals [1 and 2]. The soil
defined in Table 7 page 20.
parameters and computation models
are recommen­dations. The person Additional interesting results regar­
responsible for computation must be ding installed hollow core anchor rod
sure of the local conditions and, if systems are listed in [6].
required, seek advice from soil experts

27
 2.12 Technical standards and litterature
ETAG 013: 2002 Guideline for European Technical Approval for post-tensioning kits for the prestressing of structures.
EN 206-1:2005 Concrete – Part 1: Specification, performance, production and conformity
EN 445:2008 Grout for prestressing tendons – Test methods
EN 446: 2008 Grout for prestressing tendons – Grouting procedures
EN 447: 2008 Grout for prestressing tendons – Basic requirements
EN 1990: 2003 Eurocode 1: Basis of design
EN 1991: 2002/9 Eurocode 2: Load assumptions
EN 1992-1-1: 2005 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures Part 1: General rules and rules for buildings
EN 1993-5: 2008 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures Part 5: Piling
EN 1997-1: 2009 Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design Part 1: General rules
EN 1998: 2006-9 Seismic actions
EN 10080: 2005 Steel for the reinforcement of concrete – Weldable reinforcing steel – General
EN 10204: 2005 Metallic products – Types of inspection documents
EN 12501-1: 2003 Protection of metallic materials against corrosion – Corrosion likelihood in soil Part 1: General
EN 12501-2: 2003 Protection of metallic materials against corrosion – Corrosion likelihood in soil Part 2: Low alloyed and non
alloyed ferrous materials
EN 14199: 2005 Execution of special geotechnical works – Micropiles
EN 14490: 2010 Soil nailing
EN ISO 1461: 1999 Hot-dipped galvanized coatings on fabricated iron and steel products – Specification and test methods
EN ISO 15630-1:2002 Steel for the reinforcement and prestressing of concrete Test methods Part 1: Reinforcing bars, wire rod and wire
ISO 1720: 1974 Rock drilling – Extension drill-steel equipment for percussive long-hole drilling – Rope threaded equipments
1½ to 2 inches (38 bis 51mm)
ISO 10208: 1991 Rock drilling equipment – left-hand rope threads
EN 1537: 2001 Ground anchors
DIN 4128: 1983 Grouted piles
DIN 1054: 2005 Soil, Verification of the safety of earthworks and foundations
DIN 21521: 1990 Rock bolts
DIN 1054: 2005 Soil, Verification of the safety of earthworks and foundations
DIN 4128: 1983 Grouted piles
DIN 4125: 1990 Temporary and permanent anchors
DIN 4149: 2005 Seismic actions
ISO 9001 Quality management
ISO 14001 Environmental management
[1] European Technical Approval (ETA) 08/0277 Self-drilling rock and soil nail system Minova MAI, Types R25 to R51
based on CUAP 01.02/03:2008
[2] European Technical Approval (ETA) Self-drilling micropile system Minova MAI, Types R32 to T111 based on
CUAP 01.03/10:2009
[3] Jungwirth, Jeltsch: Pragmatische Betrachtung zum Korrosionsschutz von geotechnischen Sicherungsmitteln
gemäß europäischer Regelwerke; OIAZ N 2-3/ 2005, Vienna
[4] L. Wichter, W. Meininger: Verankerung und Vernagelung im Grundbau. Bauingenieur- Praxis; Ernst+ Sohn 2000
[5] Terzaghi, Jelinek: Bodenmechanik, Springer Berlin 1954
[6] Proceedings International Symposium: Ground anchors, Limelette test field results 2005-2007, Volume: 1, 2a+2b
14 May 2008

28
3.13 Calculation examples
3.13.1 How large is the corrosion depth for a 80 µm galvanized
hollow core anchor rod R51N after 30 years and medium
soil aggressiveness according to Table 4, see page 13:

According to Fig. 9, page 13 the corrosion depth is 0.4mm (graph mB). The load-bearing capacity of the
hollow core anchor rod thus decreases by 5 to 6 % according to Table 5, see page 13.

3.13.2 How long is the required load transfer length for Minova
MAI SDA self-drilling anchors (external stability under
tension or compression), type R51N, without postgrouting,
in sandy marl, grout cover 25mm; Type R51N: Ultimate load
800, yield-point load 630 kN):

The load transfer hollow core anchor rod/grout is not decisive, since τu = 3000 kN/m².

According to section. 1.7.1 . . . . . . L= Ultimate load kN/ (π x (Ø+0.05) τM) applies

Based on Fig.10b τM for 360 kN/m², with an estimated length of 7m

Test: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L = 800/ (3.14 x (0.051+0.05) x 360) = 7.01m

Thus, an allowable load can be transferred, composed of 2/3 dead load γ=1.35 und 1/3 traffic load γ = 1.5
(γ mean = 1.4) (factors of safety according to section 1.7.2, γ grout =1.5):
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allowable load = Ultimate load 800 kN/(1.35 x 2/3+1.5 x 1/3) x 1.5 = 380 kN

In the suitability test, see e.g. [4], with a transfer length of only 6 m, the failure load was 750 kN, with a creep
criterion of 2 mm, so that an allowable load of (γ = 2 according to section.1.7.1) 750/2 = 375 kN is to be assumed.

According to the internal stability as defined in section 8.2 : 630/(1,15 x 1,4) = 391 kN would be permissible.

The lowest value is decisive: . . . . . allowable N = 375 kN.

3.13.3 How large is the allowable pile load under compression

(internal stability) for T76S, with a 30mm grout cover fcm,
cube = 40 N/mm²:

The yield-point load of T76S is 1500 kN. Using the same load factors as in the example above, the allowable
load share of the steel is (γ=1.15): . . 1500/(1.35 x 2/3+1.5 x 1/3) x 1.15 = 1500/(1.4 x 1.15) = 932 kN

The share of the grout in composite piles is dependent on the local building regulations (not permitted in all
countries): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grout area (76+2 x 30)² - 76²) x π/4 = 9985 mm² (γ = 1.5)

According to EN 1992-1-1 9985 x 40 x 0.8/1.5 = 213 kN, divided by γ load = 1.4 results in
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213/1.4 = 152 kN, together with the steel share 1084 kN total service load.

A cone resistance may not be assumed. The allowable internal stabilities for other types are summarized in
Table 7, see page 20.

29
 3.13.4 Dymanic stability
For the above pile T76S the dynamic share of the service load shall be 225 kN. The amplitude in the steel is
then (Steel cross-section = 2400 mm²) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225000/2400 = 93.8 N/mm²

The fatigue strength of the hollow-core bar is much higher, couplers and anchorages, however, only have a
fatigue strength of 80 N/mm².

The allowable value in the serviceability limit state may only be assumed to be 80/1.15 = 69.6 N/mm².

Through an additional bond length lv in the structure and in the free length the high value of 93.8 can be
reduced to = 69.6 N/mm²:

Load to be decreased . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (93.8-69.6) x 2400 = 58080 N

Additional bond length in the structural concrete,

τ = 3.5 N/mm² . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lv = 58080/76 x 3.14 x 3.5 = 70 mm
Additional bond length in the free length, τ zul = 360/2
= 180 kN/m² = 0.18 N/mm² according to example 2 . . . . . . . lv = 58080/(76+2 x 30) x 3.14 x 0.18 = 756 mm

The required additional bond lengths may be taken into consideration in the application, so that the
amplitudes to the anchorage and next coupler in the free length are = 69.6 N/mm².
5. Buckling risk in weak soil layers
3.13.5 Buckling risk in weak soil layers
The
Thehollow-core pile T111N
MAI SDA micropile penetratesaaweak
T111N penetrates weaksoilsoil layer.
layer. HowHow
thickthick may
may this thisbe?
layer layer be ?
Simplified, the
Simplified, the buckling
bucklinglength
length LkL
can be estimated
k can be estimatedaccording to Euler
according to case 1. Lateral
Euler case [Link] support
Lateral soilis
support is not carried out. The grout stiffness outside and inside the hollow-core bar is no
not carried out. The grout stiffness outside and inside the hollow core anchor rod is disregarded,
unintentional
disregarded, noeccentricity is assumed
unintentional (cross section
eccentricity values according
is assumed to Table
(cross section 1 page
values 9):
according to Table
1):

Lkk =
L = E·I·π ²/Pstreck = 205 000·4110000·3,14²/2750 000 =1738mm
= 1738 mm

Lk = Buckling length
LkE = Modulus
= Buckling length
of elasticity
E I = Moment
= Modulus of elasticity
of inertia
I = Moment of inertia
Pstreck = Yield-point load
Pstreck = Yield-point load

If a buckling length of 1738/1.75 = 993 mm ~ 1m is conservatively chosen, the T111N pile can penetrate a
Ifmoor layer oflength
a buckling 1 m. of 1738/1.75 = 993mm ~ 1m is conservatively chosen, the T111N pile can
penetrate a moor layer of 1 m.

30
4. Attachments
4.1 Figures
Fig. 1 System
Fig. 2 Drill bits
Fig. 3 Grout pump
Fig. 4 Allowable torque/impact energy
Fig. 5 Coupler
Fig. 6 Nut
Fig. 7 Domed plate, solid plate
Fig. 8a Spacer
Fig. 8b Pile neck protection tube
Fig. 9 Corrosion rates
Fig. 10a Bond strengths for cohesive soils with post-grouting [4]
Fig. 10b Bond strengths for cohesive soils without post-grouting [4]
Fig. 11 Bond strengths for non-cohesive soils [4]
Fig. 13 Minova MAI nails R25 to R51N
Fig. 14 Corrosion protection of nail head
Fig. 15 Stability verifications
Fig. 18 Minova MAI piles R32N to T111N
Fig. 19 Pile head design
Fig. 20 Effect of uplift [4]
Fig. 21 Buckling
Fig. 22 Load distribution for a pile foundation [5]
Fig. 23 Load polygon anchored wall [5]

4.2 Tables
Table 1 Hollow-core bar parameters R25 to T111N
Table 2 Allowable shear force
Table 3 Centre and edge distances
Table 4 Criteria to evaluate the corrosion load
Table 5 Cross section loss due to corrosion
Table 6 Pile neck protection tube
Table 7

31
32
33
 Typ R Typ T
Component Parameter R25N R32L R32N R32S R38N R51L R51N T76N+S T111L+N
Outer ø A mm 33,7 42,2 42,4 42,2 51,0 63,5 63,5 95 140
Coupler Length B mm 150 145 145 190 220 170 220 220 250
Minimum torque Nm 300 500
Height C 1) mm 35 45 45 45 60 70 70 80 120
Nut Width across flats AF mm 412) 462) 462) 462) 502) 752) 752) 1002) 1503)
Minimum torque Nm 300 500
1)
The lock nut may be half as high
2)
Hexagonal nut
3)
Ringnut ø160 mm with 4 width flats

34
 Type R Type T
Component Dimensions
R25 R32L R32N R32S R38N R51L R51N T76N T76S T111L T111N
A mm 150 150 200 200 200 - - - - - -
B mm 8 8 8 10 12 - - - - - -
Domed plate
Ø-C mm 30 35 35 35 41 - - - - - -
D mm 25 25 28 28 28 - - - - - -
A mm - - 95 120 140 150 180 250 250 300 350
Solid plate B mm - - 25 30 35 40 45 60 60 80 90
Ø-C mm - - 35 35 41 56 56 90 90 130 130

Type R Type T
Dimensions
R25 R32 R38 R51 T76 T111
A mm 65 72 78 91 130 170
B mm 30 30 30 30 40 50

Type R Type T
Component Dimensions
R32 R38 R51 T76 T111
A mm 76,1 76,1 88,9 114,3 159,0
Steel tube d 1) mm 2,9 2,9 3,2 4,5 4,5
L 1) mm 420 480 610 630 650
Plastic tube A mm ≥ 63 ≥ 75 ≥ 80 ≥ 100 ≥ 160
(smooth or d mm ≥1 ≥1 ≥ 1,5 ≥ 1,5 ≥2
corrugated) L mm 300 300 300 300 300

1)
For temporary use of the micropile, the wall thicknesses may be reduced by
1.0 mm and the length by 100 mm

35
 Example 1

36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
 Type R Type T
Line Parameter R25 R32L R32N R32S R38N R51L R51N T76N T76S T111L T111N
1 Nominal diameter Da, nom mm 25 32 32 32 38 51 51 76 76 111 111
2 Outer diameter Da mm 24,7 31,3 31,3 31,3 38,0 50,0 50,0 75,4 75,4 111,0 111,0
1)
3 Inner diameter Di mm 14 20,6 18,5 15,0 19,0 33,3 30,2 51,0 44,0 85,0 75,5
2) 2
4 Nominal cross sectional area S0 mm 300 350 430 520 750 900 1070 1870 2400 3185 4395
3)
5 Nominal mass m kg/m 2,35 2,75 3,4 4,1 5,9 7,05 8,4 14,7 18,85 25,0 34,5
6 Relative rib area fR ¾ 0,12 0,24
4)
7 Nominal yield load Fp0.2, nom kN 150 160 230 280 400 450 630 1200 1500 2000 2750
Nominal tensile load-bearing capacity
4)
8 Fm, nom kN 200 210 280 360 500 550 800 1600 1900 2640 3650
5) 2
9 Yield strength Rp0,2 N/mm 500 460 530 530 530 500 590 640 630 630 630
2
10 Tensile strength Rm 5) N/mm 670 600 650 690 660 610 750 860 790 830 830
6)
11 Rm / Rp0,2 - ≥ 1,15
12 Total elongation at maximum load Agt % ≥ 2,5 ≥ 5,0
2
13 Fatique strength 2·σa 7) N/mm ≥ 120 ≥ 100
2
14 Notch effect according to EN 1993-1-9 N/mm 90 70
2
15 Bond strength ak 8) N/mm 2,8 5,3
9) 10) 4
16 Moment of inertia I mm - - 29.800 33.300 75.700 197.000 211.000 863.000 977.000 3.580.000 4.110.000
1) 7)
Mean value Determined at an upper load of Fup = 0,7 * Fp0,2, nom
8)
2)
computed based on nominal mass m , S0 = 10³ . m / 7,85 Characteristic value, determined in pull-out tests. The values
are based on a mean value with a slip of 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0mm
3)
Allowable deviation - 3% to + 9% and a cement grout cylinder compressive strengt of ≥40 N/mm²
4) 9)
Characteristic value as 5% fractile Determined in bending test. Relative to a modulus of elasticity
5)
Computed based on nominal force and nominal cross sectional area, of 205 000 N/mm² and reduction by 5% to take the deviations in
rounded value the mass tolerances into account.
6) 10)
Characteristic value as 10% fractile 16 not relevant for Soil and Rock Nails

Modulus of elasticity E ≈ 205.000 N/mm²

47
48
 Centre dis tance A Edge distance R
Nail type*) mm mm
R32N 170 75+C
R32S 220 100+C
R38N 260 120+C
R51L 280 130+C
R51N 340 160+C
T76N 470 225+C
T76S 520 250+C
T111L 620 300+C
T111N 730 355+C
*) for R25 and R32S only domed plates are us ed
(no plate anchorages)

49
 Corrosion load in soils
Soil parameters Low Medium High
Ventilation Moderate to very good poor to moderately good Very poor to poor
Possibly content
of organic substances;
Mostly sand, gravel, High amounts of silt, high amounts of clay (fine-
friable rock (coarse to fine sand (medium to fine- grained), industrial waste,
Soil structure medium grained) grained) de-icing salt
Generally high,
Water content Low (draining) Generally medium (moist) Water change zones
Neutral salinity Low Possibly increased Possibly high
pH-value 5 to 8 5 to 8 5 to 8
Soil resistivity
in > 70 10 to 70 < 10
m

- with pH values <5 for bare and galvanised steel

- with pH values <8 for galvanised steel

the corrosion load is assigned to the next higher corrosion load, i.e.

low → medium
medium → high
high → limited service life

Corrosion in mm x Da x 3,14
So
Sacrifical corrosion depth in mm
Nail type Parameter 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 1.0
R25 % 0 3 5 8 10 13 15 18 25
R32L % 0 3 6 8 11 14 17 19 27
R32N % 0 2 5 7 9 11 14 16 22
R32S % 0 2 4 6 8 9 11 13 18
R38N % 0 2 3 5 6 8 9 11 16
R51L % 0 2 3 5 7 8 10 12 17
R51N % 0 1 3 4 6 7 8 10 14
T76N % 0 1 3 4 5 6 8 10 13
T76S % 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10
T111L % 0 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 11
T111N % 0 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 8

50
 Type of joint
Non force-fitted Force-fitted 2)
Temporary Permanent Temporary Permanent
1)
Load type of micropile micropile micropile micropile micropile
3) 3)
Tension Plastic tube Plastic tube - Plastic tube 3)
Compression Steel tube 3) Steel tube 3) - Plastic tube 3)
Alternating load Steel tube 3) Steel tube 3) - Plastic tube 3)
1)
If piles are subjected to a compressive test load and subsequently used as structural
piles, they must be fitted with a pile neck protection steel tube.
2)
Form and force-fit construction joint between grout and structural concrete. For this,
impurities, cement laitance and loose cement grout must be removed and the cement grout
of the pile head pre-moistened prior to pouring.
3)
100 mm extension of the pile neck protection tube into the base.

51
 Based on the assumptions of example 3:

Safety factors Permanent load 1.35

Traffic 1.5
Ratio permanent load/traffic 2
Mean safety factor γload=2/3·1.35+1/3·1.5=1.4
Safety factor steel γs=1.15
Safety factor grout γc=1.5
Grout cover c=30mm
fem cube strength fem =40N/mm2
Allowable load-bearing capacity of Yield point load / 1.4·1.15
the hollow-core bar
of the grout
(if nationally permitted) [(Ø+2·30)²-ز]·π/4·0.8·40/1.4·1.5
no point bearing pressure

Allowable service load for

Yield-point load nail, bolt, tension / Grout area Allowable load-bearing Allowable service load for
Fp0,2 in kN compression pile in kN ¹) in mm² capacity of grout in kN compression pile
Type including grout in kN
1 2 3 4 5 6=3+5
R25 150 93,2 - - -
R32L 160 99,4 - - -
R32N 230 142,9 5840 89,0 231,9
R32S 280 173,9 5840 89,0 262,9
R38N 400 248,4 6406 97,6 346,0
R51L 450 279,5 7630 116,3 395,8
R51N 630 391,3 7630 116,3 507,6
T76N 1200 745,3 9985 152,2 897,5
T76S 1500 931,7 9985 152,2 1083,9
T111L 2000 1242,2 13282 202,4 1444,6
T111N 2750 1708,1 13282 202,4 1910,5
¹) excluding grout

52
53
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