LEA 2

“Comparative
Models in
Policing’’
Prepared by:
Jhon Mark C. Cuartero, RCrim
1st Placer Dec. CLE(Region IV-A)
Comparative Police System

• CPS- science and art of investigating and

comparing police system of nations.

• CPS-studies the degree of likeness and

unlikeness of two policing models.

• Basically, it is the comparison of two

different policing models.
THEORIES OF
COMPARATIVE
POLICING
• 1st- Alertness to Crime Theory
• 2nd- Economic or Migration Theory
• 3rd- Oppurtunity Theory
• 4th- Demographic Theory
• 5th- Deprivation Theory
• 6th- Modernization Theory
• 7th- Theory of Anomie
TYPES OF POLICE SYSTEMS
• Common law systems
• Civil law system
• Socialist System
• Islamic System
 GLOBALIZATION
• Refers to the rapid of western culture that
ultimately affects other cultures in the
world as brought by intellectual and
technological advances, in which some
crimes occurring in other countries are
attributed.
 TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES
• The crime that have actual
effect across national boarders
and crimes which are intra-state
but which offend fundamental
values of the international
community(Boister, 2002, as cited by Wikipedia)
 An offense is transnational in
nature if:
1. It is committed in more than one State;
2. It is committed in one state BUT the
substantial part of its preparation, planning,
direction or control takes place in another
State.
3. It is committed in one State but involves an
organized criminal group engages in criminal
activities in more than one state.
4. It is committed in one state but has
substantial effects in another State.
 Study of the Different Policing Models around the world.

• United States of America

• Japan
• Other countries
United States of America
 United States of America

• Law Enforcement in the United States is

one of the three major components of the
criminal justice system of America, along
with Courts and Corrections.

• Policing in the United States is conducted

by numerous types of agencies at many
DIFFERENT LEVELS.
 FEDERAL LEVEL

• FEDERAL POLICE possess full federal

authority as given to them under the
United States Code.

• FEDERAL LAW ENFORCEMENT

OFFICERS are authorized to enforce
various laws at the federal level.
 FEDERAL POLICE
The Department of Justice (DOJ) is responsible for most
law enforcement duties at the federal level.
It includes the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), the Bureau of
Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF), the
United States Marshals Service, and the Federal Bureau of
Prisons (BOP).
 FEDERAL POLICE
The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is another branch with
numerous federal law enforcement agencies reporting to it. U.S.
Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), United States Secret
Service (USSS), United States Coast Guard (USCG), Homeland Security
Investigations (HSI), and the Transportation Security Administration
(TSA) are some of the agencies that report to DHS.
 STATE POLICE
• Most states operate
statewide government
agencies that provide law
enforcement duties,
including investigations and
state patrols.
• They may be called State
Police or State Patrol and
are normally part of the state
Department of Public Safety.
 COUNTY POLICE

• Also known as Parishes

and Boroughs, county
law enforcement is
provided by SHERIFFS'
DEPARTMENTS or
offices and COUNTY
POLICE.
 MUNICIPAL POLICE
• MUNICIPAL POLICE range
from one-officer agencies to
thousand men and are
sometimes still called the
“TOWN MARSHAL”.
• Most municipal agencies
take the form (Municipality
Name) Police Department.
 METROPOLITAN POLICE

• Have jurisdiction
covering multiple
communities and
municipalities, often
over a wide area
typically COTERMINOUS
with one or more cities
or counties.
 SPECIALIST POLICE
• These agencies can be Transit Police, Campus
Police, Airport Police, Park Police or police
departments responsible for protecting government
property, such as the Los Angeles General
Services Police.
Japan
 NATIONAL POLICE ORGANIZATION

• NATIONAL PUBLIC SAFETY

COMMISSION (NPSC)
• NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY
(NPA)
Undertakes the planning of police policies and
systems; control of police operations on national
safety issues; and co-ordination of police
administration, while actual police duties are executed
by Prefectural Police organizations.
Structure

SECURITY
BUREAU
 NATIONAL PUBLIC
SAFETY COMMISSION (NPSC)
• An administrative board that exercises
administrative supervision over the NPA.
• Composed of a Chairman and five (5)
members appointed by the Prime Minister
to a five-year term.
• The Commission appoints the
Commissioner General of the NPA and
Senior Officials of prefectural police
organizations.
 NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY
(NPA)
• The NPA is headed by the Commissioner
General, who is appointed by the National
Public Safety Commission with the approval of
the Prime Minister.
• The Commissioner General administers the
Agency’s operations and supervises and
controls prefectural police organizations.
• NPA duties include planning and research on
police systems; the national police budget;
police communications; training; equipment;
forensics; and criminal statistics.
 IMPERIAL GUARDS

• The IMPERIAL
GUARD
HEADQUARTERS
provides escorts for
the Imperial Family
and is responsible for
the security of the
Imperial Palace.
 NATIONAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
OF POLICE SCIENCE
• The NATIONAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF POLICE
SCIENCE conducts a broad range of analysis,
identification and research work that requires
specialized knowledge and skills in biology, medicine
and other disciplines.
 NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY

• The National Police Academy holds training

courses for senior police officers.
 Internal Bureaus
Central Office – includes the Secretariat, with divisions
for general operations, planning, information, finance,
management, and procurement and distribution of police
equipment, and the five bureaus.

Administration Bureau – concerned with police

personnel, education, welfare, training, and unit
inspections.

Criminal Investigation Bureau – in charge of research

statistics and the investigation of nationally important
and international cases.
 Internal Bureaus
Traffic Bureau – licenses drivers, enforces traffic
safety laws, and regulates traffic.

Security Bureau – responsible for security

intelligence on foreigners and radical political
groups, including investigation of violations of
the Alien Registration Law.

Communications Bureau – supervises police

communications systems.
 LOCAL POLICE
ORGANIZATIONS
• The PREFECTURAL PUBLIC SAFETY
COMMISSION and the PREFECTURAL
POLICE HEADQUARTERS constitute
the local police organization.
• Each of the 47 PREFECTURES of Japan
has one Prefectural Public Safety
Commission and one Prefectural Police
Headquarters.
 Tokyo

The Prefectural Police

Headquarters for Tokyo
is called the

Metropolitan
Police
Department
and is the largest such
prefectural
headquarters in Japan.
KOBAN OR POLICE BOX
 CHUZAISHO OR
RESIDENTIAL POLICE BOX
 Comparison of Different Police Forces

Comparison of the different Policing Models around the World

Country Name of Agency Highest Rank Lowest Rank
Philippines Philippine National Police Police General Patrolman

China People’s Armed Police Commissioner of Police Constable

Police 2nd Class

Japan National Police Agency Commissioner Police

General Officer

Hong Kong Hong Kong Police Force Commissioner of Constable

Police

Singapore Singapore Police Force Commissioner of Police

Police Constable
 Comparison of Different Police Forces
Comparison of the different Policing Models around the World

Country Name of Agency Highest Rank Lowest Rank

Indonesia Indonesian National Police Jenderal Polisi Bhayangkara Dua

(Police General) (Patrolman)
Taiwan National Police Agency Police Supervisor Police
General Rank Four
Thailand Royal Thai Police Police General Police
Constable
Malaysia Royal Malaysian Police Inspector General Constable

South Korea Korean National Police Commissioner Police

Agency General Officer
 Comparison of Different Police Forces

Comparison of the different Policing Models around the World

Country Name of Agency Highest Rank Lowest Rank

India Indian Police Service Commissioner of Police

Police Constable

Brunei Royal Brunei Police Force Inspector General Corporal

Iraq Iraqi Police Service Chief of Police Patrolman

Macau Macau Police Superintendent Constable

General

Myanmar Myanmar Police Force Police Major General Police Lance

Corporal
United Nations
 United Nations

• The United Nations (UN) is an

intergovernmental organization to
promote international co-operation.
• The headquarters of the United
Nations is in Manhattan, New York
City with 193 member states.
 UN Structure

• The United Nations' system is

based on five principal organs:
• the General Assembly, the
Security Council, the Economic
and Social Council, the
Secretariat, and the International
Court of Justice.
 Languages Used
• The six official languages of the United Nations,
used in intergovernmental meetings and
documents, they are:
1. CHINESE
2. ARABIC
3. RUSSIAN,
4. SPANISH
5. FRENCH
6. ENGLISH
 SECRETARY GENERAL
• The UN's most prominent officer is the
Secretary-General, also acts as the CHIEF
ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER.

Antonio Guterres
GENERAL ASSEMBLY
 GENERAL ASSEMBLY
• Decides on the admission of new members,
following proposal by the UNSC;
• Adopts the budget;
• Elects the non-permanent members of the
UNSC; all members of ECOSOC; the UN
Secretary General (following his/her proposal
by the UNSC); and the fifteen judges of the
International Court of Justice (ICJ). Each
country has one vote.
SECRETARIAT
 SECRETARIAT
• Supports the other UN bodies
administratively (for example, in the
organization of conferences, the writing of
reports and studies and the preparation of
the budget);
• Its chairperson – the UN Secretary
General – is elected by the General
Assembly for a five-year mandate and is
the UN's foremost representative.
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
 INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

• Decides disputes between states that

recognize its jurisdiction;
• Issues legal opinions;
• Renders judgment by relative majority.
• Its fifteen (15) judges are elected by the
UN General Assembly for nine-year
terms.
SECURITY COUNCIL
 SECURITY COUNCIL
• Responsible for the maintenance of
international peace and security;
• May adopt compulsory resolutions;
• Fifteen members: FIVE (5)
PERMANENT members with veto
power and ten elected members.
• US, UK, FRANCE, RUSSIA & CHINA
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL
 Economic and Social Council
• Responsible for co-operation between
states as regards economic and social
matters;
• Co-ordinates co-operation between the
UN's numerous specialized agencies;
• Has 54 members, elected by the
General Assembly to serve staggered
three-year mandates.
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL
POLICE ORGANIZATION
 INTERPOL

• INTERPOL (ICPO) or
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL
POLICE ORGANIZATION
• The world’s largest
international police
organization, with 195 member
countries.
 Languages Used
• Official languages of the INTERPOL, used in
intergovernmental meetings and documents,
they are:
1. SPANISH,
2. ARABIC,
3. FRENCH, and
4. ENGLISH.
 Structure of Govenance

• The General Assembly and

Executive Committee form the
Organization's governance.
 General Assembly
• INTERPOL’s supreme governing
body and composed of delegates
appointed by each member country.
• It meets annually to take all important
decisions related to policy, resources,
working methods, finances, activities
and programs.
 Executive Committee
• Elected by the General Assembly, it is
headed by the President of the
Organization.
• It provides guidance and direction to
the Organization and oversees the
implementation of decisions made at
the annual General Assembly.
 General Secretariat
• Located in Lyon, France, it operates 24
hours a day, 365 days a year and is run by
the Secretary General.
• The Secretariat has seven regional offices
across the world along with Special
Representatives at the United Nations in
New York and at the European Union in
Brussels.
 NATIONAL CENTRAL BUREAUS OR NCB’S

• Each member country maintains a

National Central Bureau linking national
police with its global network.
• Staffed by highly trained national law
enforcement officers, NCBs are the
lifeblood of INTERPOL, contributing to its
criminal databases and cooperating
together on cross-border investigations,
operations and arrests.
Interpol NCB’s
 Red Notice

• To seek the location

and arrest of
wanted persons
with a view to
extradition or similar
lawful action.
Red Notice
 Yellow Notice

• To help locate
missing persons,
often minors, or to
help identify
persons who are
unable to identify
themselves.
Yellow Notice
 Blue Notice

• To collect additional
information about a
person’s identity,
location or activities
in relation to a
crime.
 Black Notice

• To seek
information on
unidentified
bodies.
 Green Notice

• To provide warnings
and intelligence
about persons who
have committed
criminal offenses
and are likely to
repeat these crimes
in other countries.
 Orange Notice
• To warn of an event,
a person, an object
or a process
representing a
serious and
imminent threat to
public safety.
 Purple Notice

• To seek or provide
information on
modus operandi,
objects, devices
and concealment
methods used by
criminals.
 Special Notice

• Issued for
groups and
individuals who
are the targets
(Wanted) of UN
Security Council
Sanctions.
Special Notice
 ASEANAPOL OR
ASEAN CHIEFS OF NATIONAL POLICE
 MEMBER COUNTRIES

1. MALAYSIA 6. SINGAPORE
2. MYANMAR 7. LAOS
3. PHILIPPINES 8. VIETNAM
4. INDONESIA 9. BRUNEI
5. THAILAND 10. CAMBODIA
 Objectives

• Enhance police professionalism.

• Forge stronger regional cooperation
in policing.
• Promote lasting friendship amongst
police officers of member countries.
 ASEANAPOL Conference
The CONFERENCE shall be held annually on a
rotational basis amongst member countries. The
Conference will be attended by the Chiefs of Police.
 The Secretariat

• Ensure the effective implementation of all

resolutions adopted at the ASEANAPOL
Conferences;
• Serve as a coordination and communication
mechanism to allow members to establish
and to maintain all channels of interaction
amongst members;
 Executive Director

• The EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF THE SECRETARIAT shall

be appointed by the ASEANAPOL Conference upon
nomination on a rotational basis in alphabetical order for a
term of two (2) years.
• The Executive Director of the Secretariat shall be a Senior
Police Officer of the rank of Colonel and above or its
equivalent.
• The Executive Director will be assisted by a Director for
Police Services and Director for Plans and Programs and
shall be a Senior Police Officer of the rank of Major and
above or its equivalent.
 Executive Committee
• Comprised of DEPUTY HEADS OF DELEGATION attending
the annual Conference, meeting annually, immediately
before the Conference.
• The Executive Director of the ASEANAPOL Secretariat shall
present a report of its activities, including amongst others,
issues on financial performance, procurement of works,
supplies and services and control and management of
contracts, to the Executive Committee.
• The Executive Committee shall provide a summary report of
the activities of the Secretariat to the Heads of Delegation at
the Conference and at the Closing Plenary Session of the
Conference.
Thank You and Mabuhay Future RCrims!!

☺☺☺