Scribd
Upload
1K views27 pages

3D Transformations in Computer Graphics

The document discusses various 3D transformations in computer graphics including translation, rotation, scaling, and reflection. It provides the mathematical equations to perform each transformation on 3D objects by modifying the x, y, z coordinates. Examples are given to demonstrate translating an object by adding offsets to the coordinates, scaling by multiplying the coordinates by factors, and reflecting across the xz, yz, or xy planes by changing the sign of one coordinate.

Uploaded by

sam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
1K views27 pages

3D Transformations in Computer Graphics

The document discusses various 3D transformations in computer graphics including translation, rotation, scaling, and reflection. It provides the mathematical equations to perform each transformation on 3D objects by modifying the x, y, z coordinates. Examples are given to demonstrate translating an object by adding offsets to the coordinates, scaling by multiplying the coordinates by factors, and reflecting across the xz, yz, or xy planes by changing the sign of one coordinate.

Uploaded by

sam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
  • 3D Transformation in Computer Graphics
  • 3D Translation in Computer Graphics
  • 3D Scaling in Computer Graphics
  • 3D Reflection in Computer Graphics
  • 3D Shearing in Computer Graphics
  • 3D Rotation in Computer Graphics

3D Transformation in Computer Graphics-

In Computer graphics,
Transformation is a process of modifying and re-positioning the existing graphics.

 
 3D Transformations take place in a three dimensional plane.
 3D Transformations are important and a bit more complex than 2D Transformations.
 Transformations are helpful in changing the position, size, orientation, shape etc of the
object.
 
Transformation Techniques-
 
In computer graphics, various transformation techniques are-
 

 
1. Translation
2. Rotation
3. Scaling
4. Reflection
5. Shear
 
In this article, we will discuss about 3D Translation in Computer Graphics.
 

3D Translation in Computer Graphics-


 

In Computer graphics,
3D Translation is a process of moving an object from one position to another in a three
dimensional plane.

 
Consider a point object O has to be moved from one position to another in a 3D plane.
 
Let-
 Initial coordinates of the object O = (X old, Yold, Zold)
 New coordinates of the object O after translation = (X new, Ynew, Zold)
 Translation vector or Shift vector = (Tx, Ty, Tz)
 
Given a Translation vector (Tx, Ty, Tz)-
 Tx defines the distance the Xold coordinate has to be moved.
 Ty defines the distance the Yold coordinate has to be moved.
 Tz defines the distance the Zold coordinate has to be moved.
 
 
This translation is achieved by adding the translation coordinates to the old coordinates of
the object as-
 Xnew = Xold + Tx (This denotes translation towards X axis)
 Ynew = Yold + Ty (This denotes translation towards Y axis)
 Znew = Zold + Tz (This denotes translation towards Z axis)
 
In Matrix form, the above translation equations may be represented as-
 
 
 

PRACTICE PROBLEM BASED ON 3D TRANSLATION


IN COMPUTER GRAPHICS-
 

Problem-
 
Given a 3D object with coordinate points A(0, 3, 1), B(3, 3, 2), C(3, 0, 0), D(0, 0, 0). Apply
the translation with the distance 1 towards X axis, 1 towards Y axis and 2 towards Z axis
and obtain the new coordinates of the object.
 

Solution-
 
Given-
 Old coordinates of the object = A (0, 3, 1), B(3, 3, 2), C(3, 0, 0), D(0, 0, 0)
 Translation vector = (Tx, Ty, Tz) = (1, 1, 2)
 
For Coordinates A(0, 3, 1)
 
Let the new coordinates of A = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
 
Applying the translation equations, we have-
 Xnew = Xold + Tx = 0 + 1 = 1
 Ynew = Yold + Ty = 3 + 1 = 4
 Znew = Zold + Tz = 1 + 2 = 3
 
Thus, New coordinates of A = (1, 4, 3).
 
For Coordinates B(3, 3, 2)
 
Let the new coordinates of B = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
 
Applying the translation equations, we have-
 Xnew = Xold + Tx = 3 + 1 = 4
 Ynew = Yold + Ty = 3 + 1 = 4
 Znew = Zold + Tz = 2 + 2 = 4
 
Thus, New coordinates of B = (4, 4, 4).
 
For Coordinates C(3, 0, 0)
 
Let the new coordinates of C = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
 
Applying the translation equations, we have-
 Xnew = Xold + Tx = 3 + 1 = 4
 Ynew = Yold + Ty = 0 + 1 = 1
 Znew = Zold + Tz = 0 + 2 = 2
 
Thus, New coordinates of C = (4, 1, 2).
 
For Coordinates D(0, 0, 0)
 
Let the new coordinates of D = (Xnew, Ynew, Znew).
 
Applying the translation equations, we have-
 Xnew = Xold + Tx = 0 + 1 = 1
 Ynew = Yold + Ty = 0 + 1 = 1
 Znew = Zold + Tz = 0 + 2 = 2
 
Thus, New coordinates of D = (1, 1, 2).
Thus, New coordinates of the object = A (1, 4, 3), B(4, 4, 4), C(4, 1, 2), D(1, 1, 2).
 

3D Scaling in Computer Graphics-


 

In computer graphics, scaling is a process of modifying or altering the size of objects.

 
 Scaling may be used to increase or reduce the size of object.
 Scaling subjects the coordinate points of the original object to change.
 Scaling factor determines whether the object size is to be increased or reduced.
 If scaling factor > 1, then the object size is increased.
 If scaling factor < 1, then the object size is reduced.
 
Consider a point object O has to be scaled in a 3D plane.
 
Let-
 Initial coordinates of the object O = (X old, Yold,Zold)
 Scaling factor for X-axis = Sx
 Scaling factor for Y-axis = Sy
 Scaling factor for Z-axis = Sz
 New coordinates of the object O after scaling = (X new, Ynew, Znew)
 
This scaling is achieved by using the following scaling equations-
 Xnew = Xold x Sx
 Ynew = Yold x Sy
 Znew = Zold x Sz
 
In Matrix form, the above scaling equations may be represented as-
 

PRACTICE PROBLEMS BASED ON 3D SCALING IN


COMPUTER GRAPHICS-
 

Problem-01:
 
Given a 3D object with coordinate points A(0, 3, 3), B(3, 3, 6), C(3, 0, 1), D(0, 0, 0). Apply
the scaling parameter 2 towards X axis, 3 towards Y axis and 3 towards Z axis and obtain
the new coordinates of the object.
 

Solution-
 
Given-
 Old coordinates of the object = A (0, 3, 3), B(3, 3, 6), C(3, 0, 1), D(0, 0, 0)
 Scaling factor along X axis = 2
 Scaling factor along Y axis = 3
 Scaling factor along Z axis = 3
 
For Coordinates A(0, 3, 3)
 
Let the new coordinates of A after scaling = (X new, Ynew, Znew).
 
Applying the scaling equations, we have-
 Xnew = Xold x Sx = 0 x 2 = 0
 Ynew = Yold x Sy = 3 x 3 = 9
 Znew = Zold x Sz = 3 x 3 = 9
 
Thus, New coordinates of corner A after scaling = (0, 9, 9).
 
For Coordinates B(3, 3, 6)
 
Let the new coordinates of B after scaling = (X new, Ynew, Znew).
 
Applying the scaling equations, we have-
 Xnew = Xold x Sx = 3 x 2 = 6
 Ynew = Yold x Sy = 3 x 3 = 9
 Znew = Zold x Sz = 6 x 3 = 18
 
Thus, New coordinates of corner B after scaling = (6, 9, 18).
 
For Coordinates C(3, 0, 1)
 
Let the new coordinates of C after scaling = (X new, Ynew, Znew).
 
Applying the scaling equations, we have-
 Xnew = Xold x Sx = 3 x 2 = 6
 Ynew = Yold x Sy = 0 x 3 = 0
 Znew = Zold x Sz = 1 x 3 = 3
 
Thus, New coordinates of corner C after scaling = (6, 0, 3).
 
For Coordinates D(0, 0, 0)
 
Let the new coordinates of D after scaling = (X new, Ynew, Znew).
 
Applying the scaling equations, we have-
 Xnew = Xold x Sx = 0 x 2 = 0
 Ynew = Yold x Sy = 0 x 3 = 0
 Znew = Zold x Sz = 0 x 3 = 0
 
Thus, New coordinates of corner D after scaling = (0, 0, 0).
 

3D Reflection in Computer Graphics-


 
 Reflection is a kind of rotation where the angle of rotation is 180 degree.
 The reflected object is always formed on the other side of mirror.
 The size of reflected object is same as the size of original object.
 
Consider a point object O has to be reflected in a 3D plane.
 
Let-
 Initial coordinates of the object O = (X old, Yold, Zold)
 New coordinates of the reflected object O after reflection = (X new, Ynew,Znew)
 
In 3 dimensions, there are 3 possible types of reflection-
 
 
 Reflection relative to XY plane
 Reflection relative to YZ plane
 Reflection relative to XZ plane
 
Reflection Relative to XY Plane:
 
This reflection is achieved by using the following reflection equations-
 Xnew = Xold
 Ynew = Yold
 Znew = -Zold
 
In Matrix form, the above reflection equations may be represented as-
 
 
Reflection Relative to YZ Plane:
 
This reflection is achieved by using the following reflection equations-
 Xnew = -Xold
 Ynew = Yold
 Znew = Zold
 
In Matrix form, the above reflection equations may be represented as-
 
 
Reflection Relative to XZ Plane:
 
This reflection is achieved by using the following reflection equations-
 Xnew = Xold
 Ynew = -Yold
 Znew = Zold
 
In Matrix form, the above reflection equations may be represented as-
 
 

PRACTICE PROBLEMS BASED ON 3D REFLECTION


IN COMPUTER GRAPHICS-
 

Problem-01:
 
Given a 3D triangle with coordinate points A(3, 4, 1), B(6, 4, 2), C(5, 6, 3). Apply the
reflection on the XY plane and find out the new coordinates of the object.
 

Solution-
 
Given-
 Old corner coordinates of the triangle = A (3, 4, 1), B(6, 4, 2), C(5, 6, 3)
 Reflection has to be taken on the XY plane
 
For Coordinates A(3, 4, 1)
 
Let the new coordinates of corner A after reflection = (X new, Ynew, Znew).
 
Applying the reflection equations, we have-
 Xnew = Xold = 3
 Ynew = Yold = 4
 Znew = -Zold = -1
 
Thus, New coordinates of corner A after reflection = (3, 4, -1).
 
For Coordinates B(6, 4, 2)
 
Let the new coordinates of corner B after reflection = (X new, Ynew, Znew).
 
Applying the reflection equations, we have-
 Xnew = Xold = 6
 Ynew = Yold = 4
 Znew = -Zold = -2
 
Thus, New coordinates of corner B after reflection = (6, 4, -2).
 
For Coordinates C(5, 6, 3)
 
Let the new coordinates of corner C after reflection = (X new, Ynew, Znew).
 
Applying the reflection equations, we have-
 Xnew = Xold = 5
 Ynew = Yold = 6
 Znew = -Zold = -3
 
Thus, New coordinates of corner C after reflection = (5, 6, -3).
Thus, New coordinates of the triangle after reflection = A (3, 4, -1), B(6, 4, -2), C(5, 6, -3).
 

Problem-02:
 
Given a 3D triangle with coordinate points A(3, 4, 1), B(6, 4, 2), C(5, 6, 3). Apply the
reflection on the XZ plane and find out the new coordinates of the object.
 

Solution-
 
Given-
 Old corner coordinates of the triangle = A (3, 4, 1), B(6, 4, 2), C(5, 6, 3)
 Reflection has to be taken on the XZ plane
 
For Coordinates A(3, 4, 1)
 
Let the new coordinates of corner A after reflection = (X new, Ynew, Znew).
 
Applying the reflection equations, we have-
 Xnew = Xold = 3
 Ynew = -Yold = -4
 Znew = Zold = 1
 
Thus, New coordinates of corner A after reflection = (3, -4, 1).
 
For Coordinates B(6, 4, 2)
 
Let the new coordinates of corner B after reflection = (X new, Ynew, Znew).
 
Applying the reflection equations, we have-
 Xnew = Xold = 6
 Ynew = -Yold = -4
 Znew = Zold = 2
 
Thus, New coordinates of corner B after reflection = (6, -4, 2).
 
For Coordinates C(5, 6, 3)
 
Let the new coordinates of corner C after reflection = (X new, Ynew, Znew).
 
Applying the reflection equations, we have-
 Xnew = Xold = 5
 Ynew = -Yold = -6
 Znew = Zold = 3
 
Thus, New coordinates of corner C after reflection = (5, -6, 3).
Thus, New coordinates of the triangle after reflection = A (3, -4, 1), B(6, -4, 2), C(5, -6, 3).
 

3D Shearing in Computer Graphics-


 

In Computer graphics,
3D Shearing is an ideal technique to change the shape of an existing object in a three
dimensional plane.

 
In a three dimensional plane, the object size can be changed along X direction, Y direction
as well as Z direction.
So, there are three versions of shearing-
 

 
1. Shearing in X direction
2. Shearing in Y direction
3. Shearing in Z direction
 
Consider a point object O has to be sheared in a 3D plane.
 
Let-
 Initial coordinates of the object O = (X old, Yold, Zold)
 Shearing parameter towards X direction = Shx
 Shearing parameter towards Y direction = Shy
 Shearing parameter towards Z direction = Shz
 New coordinates of the object O after shearing = (X new, Ynew, Znew)
 
Shearing in X Axis-
 
Shearing in X axis is achieved by using the following shearing equations-
 Xnew = Xold
 Ynew = Yold + Shy x Xold
 Znew = Zold + Shz x Xold
 
In Matrix form, the above shearing equations may be represented as-
 
 
Shearing in Y Axis-
 
Shearing in Y axis is achieved by using the following shearing equations-
 Xnew = Xold + Shx x Yold
 Ynew = Yold
 Znew = Zold + Shz x Yold
 
In Matrix form, the above shearing equations may be represented as-
 

 
Shearing in Z Axis-
 
Shearing in Z axis is achieved by using the following shearing equations-
 Xnew = Xold + Shx x Zold
 Ynew = Yold + Shy x Zold
 Znew = Zold
 
In Matrix form, the above shearing equations may be represented as-
 
 

PRACTICE PROBLEMS BASED ON 3D SHEARING IN


COMPUTER GRAPHICS-
 

Problem-01:
 
Given a 3D triangle with points (0, 0, 0), (1, 1, 2) and (1, 1, 3). Apply shear parameter 2 on
X axis, 2 on Y axis and 3 on Z axis and find out the new coordinates of the object.
 

Solution-
 
Given-
 Old corner coordinates of the triangle = A (0, 0, 0), B(1, 1, 2), C(1, 1, 3)
 Shearing parameter towards X direction (Shx) = 2
 Shearing parameter towards Y direction (Shy) = 2
 Shearing parameter towards Y direction (Shz) = 3
 

Shearing in X Axis-
 
For Coordinates A(0, 0, 0)
 
Let the new coordinates of corner A after shearing = (X new, Ynew, Znew).
 
Applying the shearing equations, we have-
 Xnew = Xold = 0
 Ynew = Yold + Shy x Xold = 0 + 2 x 0 = 0
 Znew = Zold + Shz x Xold = 0 + 3 x 0 = 0
 
Thus, New coordinates of corner A after shearing = (0, 0, 0).
 
For Coordinates B(1, 1, 2)
 
Let the new coordinates of corner B after shearing = (X new, Ynew, Znew).
 
Applying the shearing equations, we have-
 Xnew = Xold = 1
 Ynew = Yold + Shy x Xold = 1 + 2 x 1 = 3
 Znew = Zold + Shz x Xold = 2 + 3 x 1 = 5
 
Thus, New coordinates of corner B after shearing = (1, 3, 5).
 
For Coordinates C(1, 1, 3)
 
Let the new coordinates of corner C after shearing = (X new, Ynew, Znew).
 
Applying the shearing equations, we have-
 Xnew = Xold = 1
 Ynew = Yold + Shy x Xold = 1 + 2 x 1 = 3
 Znew = Zold + Shz x Xold = 3 + 3 x 1 = 6
 
Thus, New coordinates of corner C after shearing = (1, 3, 6).
Thus, New coordinates of the triangle after shearing in X axis = A (0, 0, 0), B(1, 3, 5), C(1,
3, 6).
 

Shearing in Y Axis-
 
For Coordinates A(0, 0, 0)
 
Let the new coordinates of corner A after shearing = (X new, Ynew, Znew).
 
Applying the shearing equations, we have-
 Xnew = Xold + Shx x Yold = 0 + 2 x 0 = 0
 Ynew = Yold = 0
 Znew = Zold + Shz x Yold = 0 + 3 x 0 = 0
 
Thus, New coordinates of corner A after shearing = (0, 0, 0).
 
For Coordinates B(1, 1, 2)
 
Let the new coordinates of corner B after shearing = (X new, Ynew, Znew).
 
Applying the shearing equations, we have-
 Xnew = Xold + Shx x Yold = 1 + 2 x 1 = 3
 Ynew = Yold = 1
 Znew = Zold + Shz x Yold = 2 + 3 x 1 = 5
 
Thus, New coordinates of corner B after shearing = (3, 1, 5).
 
For Coordinates C(1, 1, 3)
 
Let the new coordinates of corner C after shearing = (X new, Ynew, Znew).
 
Applying the shearing equations, we have-
 Xnew = Xold + Shx x Yold = 1 + 2 x 1 = 3
 Ynew = Yold = 1
 Znew = Zold + Shz x Yold = 3 + 3 x 1 = 6
 
Thus, New coordinates of corner C after shearing = (3, 1, 6).
Thus, New coordinates of the triangle after shearing in Y axis = A (0, 0, 0), B(3, 1, 5), C(3,
1, 6).
 

Shearing in Z Axis-
 
For Coordinates A(0, 0, 0)
 
Let the new coordinates of corner A after shearing = (X new, Ynew, Znew).
 
Applying the shearing equations, we have-
 Xnew = Xold + Shx x Zold = 0 + 2 x 0 = 0
 Ynew = Yold + Shy x Zold = 0 + 2 x 0 = 0
 Znew = Zold = 0
 
Thus, New coordinates of corner A after shearing = (0, 0, 0).
 
For Coordinates B(1, 1, 2)
 
Let the new coordinates of corner B after shearing = (X new, Ynew, Znew).
 
Applying the shearing equations, we have-
 Xnew = Xold + Shx x Zold = 1 + 2 x 2 = 5
 Ynew = Yold + Shy x Zold = 1 + 2 x 2 = 5
 Znew = Zold = 2
 
Thus, New coordinates of corner B after shearing = (5, 5, 2).
 
For Coordinates C(1, 1, 3)
 
Let the new coordinates of corner C after shearing = (X new, Ynew, Znew).
 
Applying the shearing equations, we have-
 Xnew = Xold + Shx x Zold = 1 + 2 x 3 = 7
 Ynew = Yold + Shy x Zold = 1 + 2 x 3 = 7
 Znew = Zold = 3
 
Thus, New coordinates of corner C after shearing = (7, 7, 3).
Thus, New coordinates of the triangle after shearing in Z axis = A (0, 0, 0), B(5, 5, 2), C(7,
7, 3).

3D Rotation in Computer Graphics-


 

In Computer graphics,
3D Rotation is a process of rotating an object with respect to an angle in a three dimensional
plane.

 
Consider a point object O has to be rotated from one angle to another in a 3D plane.
 
Let-
 Initial coordinates of the object O = (X old, Yold, Zold)
 Initial angle of the object O with respect to origin = Φ
 Rotation angle = θ
 New coordinates of the object O after rotation = (X new, Ynew, Znew)
 
In 3 dimensions, there are 3 possible types of rotation-
 X-axis Rotation
 Y-axis Rotation
 Z-axis Rotation
 
For X-Axis Rotation-
 
This rotation is achieved by using the following rotation equations-
 Xnew = Xold
 Ynew = Yold x cosθ – Zold x sinθ
 Znew = Yold x sinθ + Zold x cosθ
 
In Matrix form, the above rotation equations may be represented as-
 

 
For Y-Axis Rotation-
 
This rotation is achieved by using the following rotation equations-
 Xnew = Zold x sinθ + Xold x cosθ
 Ynew = Yold
 Znew = Yold x cosθ – Xold x sinθ
 
In Matrix form, the above rotation equations may be represented as-
 
 
For Z-Axis Rotation-
 
This rotation is achieved by using the following rotation equations-
 Xnew = Xold x cosθ – Yold x sinθ
 Ynew = Xold x sinθ + Yold x cosθ
 Znew = Zold
 
In Matrix form, the above rotation equations may be represented as-
 
 

PRACTICE PROBLEMS BASED ON 3D ROTATION IN


COMPUTER GRAPHICS-
 

Problem-01:
 
Given a homogeneous point (1, 2, 3). Apply rotation 90 degree towards X, Y and Z axis and
find out the new coordinate points.
 

Solution-
 
Given-
 Old coordinates = (Xold, Yold, Zold) = (1, 2, 3)
 Rotation angle = θ = 90º
 
For X-Axis Rotation-
 
Let the new coordinates after rotation = (X new, Ynew, Znew).
 
Applying the rotation equations, we have-
 Xnew = Xold = 1
 Ynew = Yold x cosθ – Zold x sinθ = 2 x cos90° – 3 x sin90° = 2 x 0 – 3 x 1 = -3
 Znew = Yold x sinθ + Zold x cosθ = 2 x sin90° + 3 x cos90° = 2 x 1 + 3 x 0 = 2
 
Thus, New coordinates after rotation = (1, -3, 2).
 
For Y-Axis Rotation-
 
Let the new coordinates after rotation = (X new, Ynew, Znew).
 
Applying the rotation equations, we have-
 Xnew = Zold x sinθ + Xold x cosθ = 3 x sin90° + 1 x cos90° = 3 x 1 + 1 x 0 = 3
 Ynew = Yold = 2
 Znew = Yold x cosθ – Xold x sinθ = 2 x cos90° – 1 x sin90° = 2 x 0 – 1 x 1 = -1
 
Thus, New coordinates after rotation = (3, 2, -1).
 
For Z-Axis Rotation-
 
Let the new coordinates after rotation = (X new, Ynew, Znew).
 
Applying the rotation equations, we have-
 Xnew = Xold x cosθ – Yold x sinθ = 1 x cos90° – 2 x sin90° = 1 x 0 – 2 x 1 = -2
 Ynew = Xold x sinθ + Yold x cosθ = 1 x sin90° + 2 x cos90° = 1 x 1 + 2 x 0 = 1
 Znew = Zold = 3
 
Thus, New coordinates after rotation = (-2, 1, 3).
 
To gain better understanding about 3D Rotation in Computer Graphics,

Common questions

Powered by AI

3D scaling is a uniform transformation that enlarges or shrinks an object's dimensions by multiplying its coordinates by scaling factors (Sx, Sy, Sz), modifying its size without altering its shape. For instance, scaling an object with factors 2, 3, and 3 transforms coordinates B(3, 3, 6) to (6, 9, 18). In contrast, 3D shearing distorts the object's shape by skewing it along defined axes using shearing parameters (Shx, Shy, Shz). Shearing in the X direction, for example, modifies Y and Z coordinates based on the X coordinate, changing positions like B(1, 1, 2) to (1, 3, 5). Thus, scaling alters size while retaining proportion, and shearing alters shape by slanting without changing size.

Shearing transformations differ by axis in that each affects the object's coordinates differently. Shearing in the X-axis modifies Y and Z coordinates based on X, using Ynew = Yold + Shy * Xold and Znew = Zold + Shz * Xold . This changes only the relative angle of the shape in Y and Z planes. Shearing in the Y-axis uses Xnew = Xold + Shx * Yold and Znew = Zold + Shz * Yold, shifting the X and Z planes based on Y . Similarly, shearing in Z modifies X and Y, through Xnew = Xold + Shx * Zold and Ynew = Yold + Shy * Zold, based on the Z coordinate. Each axis results in unique transformations of the object's shape in the parallel perpendicular planes, affecting objects' directions according to the axis applied.

Scaling a 3D object involves altering its size in the 3D space by applying scaling factors (Sx, Sy, Sz) to its original coordinates (Xold, Yold, Zold). The process modifies these coordinates with Xnew = Xold * Sx, Ynew = Yold * Sy, and Znew = Zold * Sz . The effect is a proportionate increase or decrease in size, maintaining the shape. For instance, applying scaling factors 2, 3, and 3 to initial coordinates B(3, 3, 6) results in a new position at (6, 9, 18). This transformation affects the spatial relationship of the object, expanding or contracting it uniformly across each axis, but it preserves its geometric proportions.

In 3D rotation, the rotation angle θ and the initial orientation determined by the initial angle Φ with respect to the origin are crucial. The rotation changes the object's position by rotating it around one of the coordinate axes (X, Y, or Z) according to θ. For example, rotating around the X-axis uses the equations Xnew = Xold, Ynew = Yold * cosθ - Zold * sinθ, Znew = Yold * sinθ + Zold * cosθ. This retains the X coordinate while altering the Y and Z coordinates based on trigonometric functions of the angle .

In 3D scaling, applying a scaling factor greater than 1 increases the size of the object by stretching its coordinates proportionally in the specified direction. Conversely, using a scaling factor less than 1 reduces the size by compressing the coordinates in that direction. For instance, applying scaling factors of 2, 3, and 3 to the initial coordinates results in new coordinates such as B changing from (3, 3, 6) to (6, 9, 18).

Reflecting a point across the XY plane involves keeping the X and Y coordinates the same while taking the negative of the Z coordinate. The equations are Xnew = Xold, Ynew = Yold, Znew = -Zold. This transformation mirrors the object across the plane, flipping its depth. For example, reflecting the point A(3, 4, 1) across the XY plane results in new coordinates (3, 4, -1).

Reflection relative to the YZ plane in 3D space negates the X coordinate while keeping the Y and Z coordinates unchanged. The transformation is represented by Xnew = -Xold, Ynew = Yold, and Znew = Zold. This creates a mirror image on the opposite side of the plane parallel to YZ. For instance, starting with initial coordinates A(3, 4, 1), the reflection gives new coordinates (-3, 4, 1).

The 3D translation equations transform an object's coordinates by adding translation factors (Tx, Ty, Tz) to the original coordinates (Xold, Yold, Zold). The new coordinates are calculated as Xnew = Xold + Tx, Ynew = Yold + Ty, and Znew = Zold + Tz. This shifts the object in the respective directions by the specified amounts. For example, applying a translation of (1, 1, 2) to point B(3, 3, 2) results in new coordinates (4, 4, 4).

Shearing along the X-axis modifies an object's shape by adjusting its Y and Z coordinates based on the original X coordinate and specified shearing parameters (Shy, Shz). The equations used are Xnew = Xold, Ynew = Yold + Shy * Xold, and Znew = Zold + Shz * Xold. This slanting effect retains the X dimension but distorts the shape in the other planes. For example, applying shearing parameters (2, 3) on X to point B(1, 1, 2) results in coordinates (1, 3, 5).

Reflecting a 3D object on the XZ plane reverses the sign of the Y coordinate while keeping the X and Z coordinates the same, effectively flipping the object on the horizontal plane along its vertical axis. For instance, reflecting point A(3, 4, 1) over the XZ plane changes the coordinates to (3, -4, 1), inverting its position above or below the plane of reflection . This transformation mirrors the object's orientation without altering its shape or size, similar to viewing it from below when it's initially above the plane.

You might also like