Rayat Shikshan Sanstha’s

KARMAVEER BHAURAO PATIL

POLYTECHNIC,
SATARA
Number System &
Codes
Department Of Electronics And Telecommunication Engineering
 Digital Techniques
EJ3I Subject Code: 22320 Second Year EJ

Amit Nevase
Lecturer,
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering,
Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil Polytechnic, Satara

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 Programme Educational Objectives (PEOs)
 PEO 1. Provide socially responsible, environment friendly
solutions to Electronics and Telecommunication
engineering related broad-based problems adapting
professional ethics.
 PEO 2. Adapt state-of-the-art Electronics and
Telecommunication engineering broad-based technologies
to work in multi-disciplinary work environments.
 PEO 3. Solve broad-based problems individually and as a
team member communicating effectively in the world of
work.
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 Programme Outcomes (POs)
 PO 1. Basic knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics, sciences and basic
engineering to solve the broad-based Electronics and Telecommunication engineering
problems.

 PO 2. Discipline knowledge: Apply Electronics and Telecommunication engineering

knowledge to solve broad-based Electronics and Telecommunications engineering
related problems.

 PO 3. Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to use

the results to solve broad-based Electronics and Telecommunication engineering
problems.

 PO 4. Engineering tools: Apply relevant Electronics and Telecommunications

technologies and tools with an understanding of the limitations.

 PO 5. The engineer and society: Assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural
issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to practice in field of Electronics
and Telecommunication engineering.

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 Programme Outcomes (POs)
 PO 6. Environment and sustainability: Apply Electronics and
Telecommunication engineering solutions also for sustainable development
practices in societal and environmental contexts.

 PO 7. Ethics: Apply ethical principles for commitment to professional ethics,

responsibilities and norms of the practice also in the field of Electronics and
Telecommunication engineering.

 PO 8. Individual and team work: Function effectively as a leader and team

member in diverse/ multidisciplinary teams.

 PO 9. Communication: Communicate effectively in oral and written form.

 PO 10. Life-long learning: Engage in independent and life-long learning

activities in the context of technological changes also in the Electronics and
Telecommunication engineering and allied industry.

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 Programme Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

 PSO 1. Electronics and Telecommunication

Systems: Maintain various types of Electronics
and Telecommunication systems.

 PSO 2. EDA Tools Usage: Use EDA tools to

develop simple Electronics and
Telecommunication engineering related circuits.

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 Course Outcomes

 Use number system and codes for interpreting working

of Digital System.

 Use Boolean Expressions to realize the logic circuits.

 Build simple combinational circuits.

 Build simple sequential circuits.

 Test data converters and PLDs in digital electronics

systems.

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 Teaching & Examination Scheme

Total
Cred Examination Scheme
Teaching
its
Scheme
(L+T Theory Marks Practical Marks
+P)

L T P C ESE PA Total ESE PA Total

Pap
er
Hrs.
Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min

04 -- 02 06

3 70 28 30 00 100 40 25# 10 25 10 50 20

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Passing Criterion for Theory Course
 Each Theory course consists of 2 components, ESE (End Semester
Examination) and PA (Progressive Assessment)
 The passing criterion for each theory course is obtaining minimum
40% of marks allotted to ESE & PA component together. [i.e. for total
marks of ESE (70 marks) + PA(30 marks) together = (Total 70+30 =100),
obtaining minimum 40 marks are mandatory for passing the Theory
course.]
 To qualify for above condition (i), obtaining minimum 40% of marks
allotted to ESE component is mandatory. [i.e. for total marks of ESE =
70, obtaining minimum 28 marks are mandatory. For passing ESE
component)

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Specification table for Question Paper

Distribution of Theory Marks

Unit Teaching
Unit title
No. Hours
Total
R Level U Level A Level
Marks

I Number System and Codes 06 2 2 4 08

II Logic Gates and Logic Families 10 4 4 4 12

III Combinational Logic Circuits 16 4 6 8 18

IV Sequential Logic Circuits 16 4 6 8 18

V Data Converters and PLDs 16 4 4 6 14

Total 64 18 22 30 70

Legends: R=Remember, U=Understand, A = Apply and above

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 Unit I – Number System and Codes
Number System: Base or radix of number systems,
Binary, Octal, Decimal and Hexadecimal number system.

Binary arithmetic: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication,

Division.

Subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement

Codes: BCD, Gray Code, Excess-3, ASCII code

BCD Arithmetic: BCD Addition

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 Unit II – Logic Gates & Logic Families
 Logic Gates: Symbol, diode/transistor switch circuit and logical
expression, truth table of basic gates (AND, OR, NOT), Universal
gates (NAND, NOR) and special purpose gates (Ex-OR, Ex-NOR),
Tristate Logic.

 Boolean Algebra: Laws of Boolean algebra, Duality Theorem,

De-Morgan’s Theorem

 Logic Families: Characteristics of Logic families: Noise Margin,

Power Dissipation, Figure of merit, Fan in and Fan out, Speed of
operation, Comparison TTL, CMOS, Types of TTL NAND gate.

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 Unit III – Combinational Logic Circuits
 Standard Boolean representation: Sum of Product (SOP) &
Product of Sum (POS), Maxterm and Minterm , Conversion
between SOP and POS forms, realization using NAND/NOR gates.

 K-map reduction technique for the Boolean expression:

Minimization of Boolean functions up to 4 variables (SOP & POS
form)

 Design of Airthmetic circuits and code converter using K-map:

Half and Full Adder, Half and Full Subtractor, Gray to Binary and
Binary to Gray Code Converter (up to 4 bit).

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 Unit III – Combinational Logic Circuits

 Airthmetic Circuits: (IC 7483) Adder & Subtractor, BCD Adder

 Encoder/Decoder: Basics of Encoder, decoder, comparison, (IC

7447) BCD to 7- Segment decoder/driver.

 Multiplexer and Demultiplexer: Working, truth table and

applications of Multiplexers and Demultiplexers, MUX tree, IC
74151 as MUX, DEMUX tree, DEMUX as decoder, IC 74155 as
DEMUX

 Buffer: Tristate logic, Unidirectional and Bidirectional buffer (IC

74LS244 and IC 74LS245)

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 Unit IV – Sequential Logic Circuit
 Basic Memory Cell: RS Latch- using NAND & NOR.

 Triggering Methods: Edge Trigger & Level Trigger.

 SR Flip Flops: SR Flip Flop, Clocked SR FF with preset & clear,

Drawbacks of SR FF

 JK Flip Flops: Clocked JK FF with preset & clear, Race around

condition in JK FF, Master Slave JK FF, D and T type Flip Flop,

Excitation Tables of Flip Flops, Block schematic and function table

of IC 7474, IC 7475.
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 Unit IV – Sequential Logic Circuit

 Shift Register: Logic diagram of 4 bit shift registers - SISO, SIPO,

PIPO, PISO, 4 Bit Universal Shift Registers.

 Counters: Asynchronous Counter: 4 bit Ripple Counter, 4 Bit

Up/Down Counter, Modulus of counter, Synchronous Counter:

Design of 4 bit Synchronous up/down counter. Decade Counter:

Block schematic of IC 7490, IC 7490 as MOD-N Counter, Ring

Counter and Twisted Ring Counter

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 Unit V – Data Converters and PLDs
 Data Converters: DAC: Types, weighted resistor circuit and R-2R

Ladder circuit, DAC IC 0808 specifications, ADC: Block diagram,

types and working of Dual Slope ADC, SAR ADC, ADC IC

0808/0809 specification

 Memory: RAM and ROM basic building blocks, read and write

operation, types of semiconductor memories.

 PLD: Basic building blocks and types of PLDs, PLA, PAL, GAL.

 CPLD: Basic building blocks and functionality.

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 Unit-I
Number System and
Codes

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 Unit Outcomes

 Convert the given number into the specified number

system.

 Perform the binary airthmetic operation on the given

binary numbers.

 Convert the given coded number into other specified

code.

 Add the given two decimal numbers using BCD code.

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Analog Vs Digital

Analog Signal Digital Signal

• Continuous • Discrete
• Infinite range of values • Finite range of values (2)
• More exact values, but • Not as exact as analog, but
more difficult to work with easier to work with

Example:
A digital thermostat in a room displays a temperature of 72. An analog
thermometer measures the room temperature at 72.482. The analog value is
continuous and more accurate, but the digital value is more than adequate for
the application and significantly easier to process electronically.

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Example of Analog Vs Digital System

Digital
advantages:
Battery life
Programmability
Accuracy

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The World is Analog
 The world we live in is analog.

 We are analog.

 Any inputs we can perceive are analog.

 For example,

– sounds are analog signals; they are continuous time and continuous
value.

– Our ears listen to analog signals and we speak with analog signals.

– Images, pictures, and video are all analog at the source and our eyes are
analog sensors.

– Measuring our heartbeat, tracking our activity, all requires processing

analog sensor information.

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 Examples of Analog Signal
 An analog signal can be any time-varying signal.
 Minimum and maximum values can be either positive or negative.
 They can be periodic (repeating) or non-periodic.
 Sine waves and square waves are two common analog signals.
 Note that this square wave is not a digital signal because its minimum value is
negative.
 Video and Audio

0 volts

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Amit Nevase Random-Periodic 23
(not digital)
Parts of Analog Signal

Period
(T)

Frequency:
Amplitude
(peak) 1
F  Hz
Amplitude T
(peak-to-peak)

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Pros and Cons Analog Signal
 Advantages
 Major advantages of the Analog signal is infinite amount of data.
 Density is much higher.
 Easy processing.

 Disadvantages
 Unwanted noise in recording.
 If we transmit data at long distance then unwanted disturbance is
there.
 Generation loss is also a big con of analog signals.

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Logic Levels
Before examining digital signals, we must define logic levels. A logic
level is a voltage level that represents a defined digital state.
 Logic HIGH: The higher of two voltages, typically 5 volts
 Logic LOW: The lower of two voltages, typically 0 volts

5.0 v

Logic High
Logic Level Voltage True/False On/Off 0/1

2.0 v HIGH 5 volts True On 1

Invalid LOW 0 volts False Off 0
Logic
0.8 v Level

0.0 v Logic Low

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 Examples of Digital Signal
 Digital signal are commonly referred to as square waves or clock
signals.
 Their minimum value must be 0 volts, and their maximum value
must be 5 volts.
 They can be periodic (repeating) or non-periodic.
 The time the signal is high (tH) can vary anywhere from 1% of the
period to 99% of the period.
 Text and Integers.
5 volts

0 volts

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 Parts of Digital Signal
Amplitude:
For digital signals, this will ALWAYS be Falling Edge
5 volts.
Period:

Amplitude
The time it takes for a periodic signal to
repeat. (seconds) Time Time
High Low
Frequency: (tH) (tL)
A measure of the number of
occurrences of the signal per second.
(Hertz, Hz)
Rising Edge
Time High (tH):
Period (T)
The time the signal is at 5 v.
Time Low (tL):
The time the signal is at 0 v. Frequency:
Duty Cycle: 1 tH
The ratio of tH to the total period (T). F Hz DutyCycle   100%
T T
Rising Edge:
A 0-to-1 transition of the signal.
Falling Edge:
A 1-to-0 transition of the signal.
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Pros and Cons Digital Signal

Advantages
Because of their digital nature they can travel faster
in over digital lines.

Ability to transfer more data as compared to analog.

Disadvantages
Greater bandwidth is essential.

Systems and processing is more complex.

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Example of using digital over analog:

Noisy channel

Noisy channel

 Digital systems are less sensitive to noise

 As long as 0 is distinguishable from 1

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Analog Vs Digital

Analog system
The physical quantities or signals may vary
continuously over a specified range.

Digital system
The physical quantities or signals can assume only
discrete values.
Greater accuracy

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Analog Vs Digital

X(t) X(t)

t t
Analog signal Digital signal

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Advantages of Digital System over Analog System

 Digital Systems are easier to design

 Information storage is easy
 Accuracy & Precision are greater
 Digital systems are more versatile
 Digital circuits are less affected by noise
 More digital circuitry can be fabricated on IC chips
 Reliability is more
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What is Signal?
 A signal is a physical quantity (sound, light, voltage, current) that
carries information

– The power cable supplies power but no information (not a

signal)

– A USB cable carries information (files)

 Examples of quantities used as digital information signals

– Voltage: 5V (logic 1), 0V (logic 0) in digital circuits

– Magnetic field orientation in magnetic hard disks

– Pits and lands on the CD surface reflect the light from the
laser differently, and that difference is encoded as binary data
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 Unit I – Number System and Codes
Number System: Base or radix of number systems,
Binary, Octal, Decimal and Hexadecimal number system.

Binary arithmetic: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication,

Division.

Subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement

Codes: BCD, Gray Code, Excess-3, ASCII code

BCD Arithmetic: BCD Addition

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Number System

A number system defines a set of values used to

represent quantity.

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Different Number Systems

 Decimal Number System

- Base/Radix 10
 Binary Number System
- Base/Radix 2
 Octal Number System
- Base/Radix 8
 Hexadecimal Number System

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 Unit I – Number System and Codes
Number System: Base or radix of number systems,
Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal and Decimal number
system.

Binary arithmetic: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication,

Division.

Subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement

Codes: BCD, Gray Code, Excess-3, ASCII code

BCD Arithmetic: BCD Addition

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Decimal Number System

 Decimal number system contains ten unique symbols

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9

 Since counting in decimal involves ten symbols, we can

say that its base or radix is ten.

 It is a positional weighted system

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Decimal Number System

In this system, any number (integer, fraction or

mixed) of any magnitude can be represented by

the use of these ten symbols only

Each symbols in the number is called a “Digit”

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 Decimal Number System

Structure:
MSD LSD

Decimal No. ...... d 3 d2 d1 d 0 . d  1 d  2 ....

Positional Weights 103 102 101 100 101 102

Decimal Point
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Decimal Number System

 MSD: The leftmost digit in any number representation,

which has the greatest positional weight out of all the
digits present in that number is called the “Most
Significant Digit” (MSD)

 LSD: The rightmost digit in any number representation,

which has the least positional weight out of all the digits
present in that number is called the “Least Significant
Digit” (LSD)

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Decimal Number System

Examples

1214

1897

9875.54

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 Unit I – Number System and Codes
Number System: Base or radix of number systems,
Hexadecimal, Octal, Decimal and Binary number
system.

Binary arithmetic: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication,

Division.

Subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement

Codes: BCD, Gray Code, Excess-3, ASCII code

BCD Arithmetic: BCD Addition

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Binary Number System

 Binary number system is a positional weighted

system

 It contains two unique symbols 0 and 1

 Since counting in binary involves two symbols, we

can say that its base or radix is two.

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Binary Number System

A binary digit is called a “Bit”

A binary number consists of a sequence of

bits, each of which is either a 0 or a 1.

The binary point separates the integer and

fraction parts
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 Binary Number System

Structure:

MSB LSB

Binary No. ...... b3 b2 b1 b0 . b  1 b  2 ....

Positional Weights 3 2 1 0 1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2

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Binary Point 47
Binary Number System

MSB: The leftmost bit in a given binary number

with the highest positional weight is called the
“Most Significant Bit” (MSB)

LSB: The rightmost bit in a given binary number

with the lowest positional weight is called the
“Least Significant Bit” (LSB)
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Binary Number System

Decimal No. Binary No. Decimal No. Binary No.

0 0000 8 1000

1 0001 9 1001

2 0010 10 1010

3 0011 11 1011

4 0100 12 1100

5 0101 13 1101

6 0110 14 1110

7 0111 15 1111

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Terms related to Binary Numbers

BIT: The binary digits (0 and 1) are called bits.

- Single unit in binary digit is called “Bit”

- Example 1

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Terms related to Binary Numbers

NIBBLE: A nibble is a combination of 4 binary

bits.

Examples, 1110
0000
1001
0101

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Terms related to Binary Numbers

 BYTE: A byte is a combination of 8 binary bits.

 The number of distinct values represented by a byte is 256

ranging from 0000 0000 to 1111 1111.

b 7 b 6 b5 b 4 b3 b 2 b1 b 0
Higher order Lower order
nibble nibble
MSB LSB

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 Terms related to Binary Numbers

WORD: A word is a combination of 16 binary

bits. Hence it consists of two bytes.

b15 b14 b13 b12 b11 b10 b9 b8 b7 b 6 b5 b 4 b3 b 2 b1 b 0

Higher order byte Lower order byte

MSB LSB
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Terms related to Binary Numbers

DOUBLE WORD: A double word is exactly what

its name implies, two words.

-It is a combination of 32 binary bits.

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 Unit I – Number System and Codes
Number System: Base or radix of number systems,
Binary, Hexadecimal, Decimal and Octal number
system.

Binary arithmetic: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication,

Division.

Subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement

Codes: BCD, Gray Code, Excess-3, ASCII code

BCD Arithmetic: BCD Addition

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Octal Number System

 Octal number system is a positional weighted

system

 It contains eight unique symbols 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 and

7

 Since counting in octal involves eight symbols, we

can say that its base or radix is eight.
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Octal Number System

The largest value of a digit in the octal system

will be 7.

That means the octal number higher than 7 will

not be 8, instead of that it will be 10.

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 Octal Number System

Structure:

MSD LSD

Octal No. ...... O3 O2 O1 O 0 . O  1 O  2 ....

Positional Weights 83
8 2
8 1
8 0
81 82

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Radix Point 58
Octal Number System

Since its base 8  23 , every 3 bit group of binary

can be represented by an octal digit.

An octal number is thus 1/3rd the length of the

corresponding binary number

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Octal Number System
Decimal No. Binary No. Octal No.
0 0000 0
1 0001 1
2 0010 2
3 0011 3
4 0100 4
5 0101 5
6 0110 6
7 0111 7
8 1000 10
9 1001 11
10 1010 12
11 1011 13
12 1100 14
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Amit Nevase 15 60
 Unit I – Number System and Codes
Number System: Base or radix of number systems,
Binary, Octal, Decimal and Hexadecimal number
system.

Binary arithmetic: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication,

Division.

Subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement

Codes: BCD, Gray Code, Excess-3, ASCII code

BCD Arithmetic: BCD Addition

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Hexadecimal Number System (HEX)

 Binary numbers are long. These numbers are fine

for machines but are too lengthy to be handled by
human beings. So there is a need to represent the
binary numbers concisely.

 One number system developed with this objective

is the hexadecimal number system (or Hex)

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Hexadecimal Number System (HEX)

 Hex number system is a positional weighted

system

 It contains sixteen unique symbols

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E and F.

 Since counting in hex involves sixteen symbols, we

can say that its base or radix is sixteen.
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 Hexadecimal Number System (HEX)

Structure:

MSD LSD

Hex No. ...... H 3 H2 H1 H 0 . H  1 H  2 ....

Positional Weights 163 162 161 160 161 162

Radix Point
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Hexadecimal Number System (HEX)

 Since its base16  24, every 4 bit group of binary can

be represented by an hex digit.

 An hex number is thus 1/4th the length of the

corresponding binary number

 The hex system is particularly useful for human

communications with computer
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 Hexadecimal Number System (HEX)
Decimal No. Binary No. Hex No. Decimal No. Binary No. Hex No.

0 0000 0 8 1000 8

1 0001 1 9 1001 9

2 0010 2 10 1010 A

3 0011 3 11 1011 B

4 0100 4 12 1100 C

5 0101 5 13 1101 D

6 0110 6 14 1110 E

7 0111 7 15 1111 F

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Conversion Among Bases

Possibilities

Decimal Octal

Binary
Hexadecimal

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Conversion from Decimal Number to Binary Number

Decimal Octal

Binary
Hexadecimal

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Conversion of Decimal number into Binary number
(Integer Number)

Procedure:
1. Divide the decimal no by the base 2, noting the
remainder.
2. Continue to divide the quotient by 2 until there is
nothing left, keeping the track of the remainders
from each step.
3. List the remainder values in reverse order to find
the number’s binary equivalent
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Example: Convert 105 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent binary number.

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Example: Convert 105 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent binary number.

2 105

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Example: Convert 105 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent binary number.

2 105
2 52 1

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Example: Convert 105 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent binary number.

2 105
2 52 1

2 26 0

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Example: Convert 105 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent binary number.

2 105
2 52 1

2 26 0
2 13 0

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Example: Convert 105 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent binary number.

2 105
2 52 1

2 26 0
2 13 0

2 6 1

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Example: Convert 105 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent binary number.

2 105
2 52 1

2 26 0
2 13 0

2 6 1
2 3 0

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Example: Convert 105 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent binary number.

2 105
2 52 1

2 26 0
2 13 0

2 6 1
2 3 0
2 1 1

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Example: Convert 105 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent binary number.

2 105
2 52 1

2 26 0
2 13 0

2 6 1
2 3 0
2 1 1

0 1
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Example: Convert 105 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent binary number.

2 105
2 1 LSB
52
2 26 0
2 13 0

2 6 1
(105)10  (1101001)2
2 3 0
2 1 1

0 1 MSB

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 Conversion of Decimal number into Binary number
(Fractional Number)

Procedure:

1. Multiply the given fractional number by base 2.

2. Record the carry generated in this multiplication as

MSB.

3. Multiply only the fractional number of the product in

step 2 by 2 and record the carry as the next bit to MSB.

4. Repeat the steps 2 and 3 up to 5 bits. The last carry will

represent the LSB of equivalent binary number
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Example: Convert 0.42 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent binary number.

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Example: Convert 0.42 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent binary number.

0.42 X 2 = 0.84 0

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Example: Convert 0.42 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent binary number.

0.42 X 2 = 0.84 0

0.84 X 2 = 1.68 1

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 83

Example: Convert 0.42 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent binary number.

0.42 X 2 = 0.84 0

0.84 X 2 = 1.68 1

0.68 X 2 = 1.36 1

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 84

Example: Convert 0.42 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent binary number.

0.42 X 2 = 0.84 0

0.84 X 2 = 1.68 1

0.68 X 2 = 1.36 1

0.36 X 2 = 0.72 0

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 85

Example: Convert 0.42 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent binary number.

0.42 X 2 = 0.84 0

0.84 X 2 = 1.68 1

0.68 X 2 = 1.36 1

0.36 X 2 = 0.72 0

0.72 X 2 = 1.44 1

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 86

Example: Convert 0.42 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent binary number.

0.42 X 2 = 0.84 0 MSB

0.84 X 2 = 1.68 1

0.68 X 2 = 1.36 1

0.36 X 2 = 0.72 0
(0.42)10  (0.01101)2
0.72 X 2 = 1.44 1 LSB

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 87

Exercise

• Convert following Decimal Numbers in to its

equivalent Binary Number:
1. (1248.56)10 = ( ? )2

2. (8957.75)10 = ( ? )2

3. (420.6)10 = ( ? )2

4. (8476.47)10 = ( ? )2

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 88

Conversion from Decimal Number to Octal Number

Decimal Octal

Binary
Hexadecimal

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 89

Conversion of Decimal Number into Octal Number
(Integer Number)
Procedure:
1. Divide the decimal no by the base 8, noting the
remainder.
2. Continue to divide the quotient by 8 until there is
nothing left, keeping the track of the remainders
from each step.
3. List the remainder values in reverse order to find
the number’s octal equivalent
9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 90
Example: Convert 204 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent octal number.

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 91

Example: Convert 204 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent octal number.

8 204

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 92

Example: Convert 204 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent octal number.

2 5
8 204
8 204
8 25 4 - 16
44
- 40
4

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 93

Example: Convert 204 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent octal number.

3
8 204
8 25
8 25 4 - 24

8 3 1 1

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 94

Example: Convert 204 decimal number in to it’s equivalent
octal number.

8 204

8 25 4

8 3 1

0 3

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 95

Example: Convert 204 decimal number in to it’s equivalent
octal number.

8 204
LSD
8 25 4

8 3 1

0 3 MSD

(204)10  (314)8

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 96

Conversion of Decimal Number into Octal Number
(Fractional Number)
Procedure:

1. Multiply the given fractional number by base 8.

2. Record the carry generated in this multiplication as

MSD.

3. Multiply only the fractional number of the product in

step 2 by 8 and record the carry as the next bit to MSD.

4. Repeat the steps 2 and 3 up to 5 bits. The last carry will

represent the LSD of equivalent octal number
9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 97
Example: Convert 0.6234 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent Octal number.

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 98

Example: Convert 0.6234 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent Octal number.

0.6234 X 8 = 4.9872 4

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 99

Example: Convert 0.6234 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent Octal number.

0.6234 X 8 = 4.9872 4

0.9872 X 8 = 7.8976 7

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 100

Example: Convert 0.6234 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent Octal number.

0.6234 X 8 = 4.9872 4

0.9872 X 8 = 7.8976 7

0.8976 X 8 = 7.1808 7

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 101

Example: Convert 0.6234 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent Octal number.

0.6234 X 8 = 4.9872 4

0.9872 X 8 = 7.8976 7

0.8976 X 8 = 7.1808 7

0.1808 X 8 = 1.4464 1

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 102

Example: Convert 0.6234 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent Octal number.

0.6234 X 8 = 4.9872 4

0.9872 X 8 = 7.8976 7

0.8976 X 8 = 7.1808 7

0.1808 X 8 = 1.4464 1

0.4464 X 8 = 3.5712 3

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 103

Example: Convert 0.6234 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent Octal number.

0.6234 X 8 = 4.9872 4 MSD

0.9872 X 8 = 7.8976 7

0.8976 X 8 = 7.1808 7

0.1808 X 8 = 1.4464 1

0.4464 X 8 = 3.5712 3 LSD

(0.6234)10  (0.47713)8
9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 104
Exercise

• Convert following Decimal Numbers in to its

equivalent Octal Number:
1. (1248.56)10 = ( ? )8

2. (8957.75)10 = ( ? )8

3. (420.6)10 = ( ? )8

4. (8476.47)10 = ( ? )8

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 105

Conversion from Decimal Number to Hex Number

Decimal Octal

Binary
Hexadecimal

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 106

Conversion of Decimal Number into Hexadecimal
Number (Integer Number)
Procedure:
1. Divide the decimal no by the base 16, noting the
remainder.
2. Continue to divide the quotient by 16 until there is
nothing left, keeping the track of the remainders
from each step.
3. List the remainder values in reverse order to find
the number’s hex equivalent
9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 107
Example: Convert 2003 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent Hex number.

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 108

Example: Convert 2003 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent Hex number.

16 2003

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 109

Example: Convert 2003 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent Hex number.

1 2 5
16 2003
16 2003
16 125 3 3
- 16
40
- 32
83
- 80
3

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 110

Example: Convert 2003 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent Hex number.

7
16 2003
16 125
16 125 3 3
- 112
16 7 13 D 13

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 111

Example: Convert 2003 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent Hex number.

16 2003
16 125 3 3

16 7 13 D

0 7 7

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 112

Example: Convert 2003 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent Hex number.

16 2003
LSD
16 125 3 3

16 7 13 D

0 7 7 MSD

(2003)10  (7 D3)16

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 113

Conversion of Decimal Number into Hexadecimal
Number (Fractional Number)
Procedure:

1. Multiply the given fractional number by base 16.

2. Record the carry generated in this multiplication as

MSD.

3. Multiply only the fractional number of the product in

step 2 by 16 and record the carry as the next bit to MSD.

4. Repeat the steps 2 and 3 up to 5 bits. The last carry will

represent the LSD of equivalent hex number
9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 114
Example: Convert 0.122 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent Hex number.

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 115

Example: Convert 0.122 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent Hex number.

0.122 X 16 = 1.952 1 1

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 116

Example: Convert 0.122 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent Hex number.

0.122 X 16 = 1.952 1 1

0.952 X 16 = 15.232 15 F

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 117

Example: Convert 0.122 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent Hex number.

0.122 X 16 = 1.952 1 1

0.952 X 16 = 15.232 15 F

0.232 X 16 = 3.712 3 3

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 118

Example: Convert 0.122 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent Hex number.

0.122 X 16 = 1.952 1 1

0.952 X 16 = 15.232 15 F

0.232 X 16 = 3.712 3 3

0.712 X 16 = 11.392 11 B

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 119

Example: Convert 0.122 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent Hex number.

0.122 X 16 = 1.952 1 1

0.952 X 16 = 15.232 15 F

0.232 X 16 = 3.712 3 3

0.712 X 16 = 11.392 11 B

0.392 X 16 = 6.272 6 6

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 120

Example: Convert 0.122 decimal number in to it’s
equivalent Hex number.

0.122 X 16 = 1.952 1 1 MSD

0.952 X 16 = 15.232 15 F

0.232 X 16 = 3.712 3 3

0.712 X 16 = 11.392 11 B

0.392 X 16 = 6.272 6 6 LSD

(0.122)10  (0.1F3B6)16
9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 121
Exercise

• Convert following Decimal Numbers in to its

equivalent Hex Number:
1. (1248.56)10 = ( ? )16

2. (8957.75)10 = ( ? )16

3. (420.6)10 = ( ? )16

4. (8476.47)10 = ( ? )16

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 122

Conversion from Binary Number to Decimal Number

Decimal Octal

Binary
Hexadecimal

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 123

Conversion of Binary Number into Decimal Number

Procedure:
1. Write down the binary number.
2. Write down the weights for different positions.
3. Multiply each bit in the binary number with the
corresponding weight to obtain product numbers
to get the decimal numbers.
4. Add all the product numbers to get the decimal
equivalent
9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 124
Example: Convert 1011.01 binary number in to it’s
equivalent decimal number.

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 125

 Example: Convert 1011.01 binary number in to it’s
equivalent decimal number.

Binary No. 1 0 1 1 . 0 1

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 126

 Example: Convert 1011.01 binary number in to it’s
equivalent decimal number.

Binary No. 1 0 1 1 . 0 1

Positional Weights 3 2 1 0 1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 127

 Example: Convert 1011.01 binary number in to it’s
equivalent decimal number.

Binary No. 1 0 1 1 . 0 1

Positional Weights 3 2 1 0 1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2

 (1 23 )  (0  22 )  (1 21 )  (1 20 ).(0  21 )  (1 22 )

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 128

 Example: Convert 1011.01 binary number in to it’s
equivalent decimal number.

Binary No. 1 0 1 1 . 0 1

Positional Weights 3 2 1 0 1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2

 (1 23 )  (0  22 )  (1 21 )  (1 20 ).(0  21 )  (1 22 )

= 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 . 0 + 0.25

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 129

 Example: Convert 1011.01 binary number in to it’s
equivalent decimal number.

Binary No. 1 0 1 1 . 0 1

Positional Weights 3 2 1 0 1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2

 (1 23 )  (0  22 )  (1 21 )  (1 20 ).(0  21 )  (1 22 )

= 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 . 0 + 0.25

= 11.25

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 130

 Example: Convert 1011.01 binary number in to it’s
equivalent decimal number.

Binary No. 1 0 1 1 . 0 1

Positional Weights 3 2 1 0 1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2

 (1 23 )  (0  22 )  (1 21 )  (1 20 ).(0  21 )  (1 22 )

= 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 . 0 + 0.25

= 11.25
(1011.01) 2  (11.25)10

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 131

Exercise

• Convert following Binary Numbers in to its

equivalent Decimal Number:

1. (1101110.011)2 = ( ? )10

2. (1101.11)2 = ( ? )10

3. (10001.01)2 = ( ? )10

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 132

Conversion from Octal Number to Decimal Number

Decimal Octal

Binary
Hexadecimal

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 133

Conversion of Octal Number into Decimal Number

Procedure:
1. Write down the octal number.
2. Write down the weights for different positions.
3. Multiply each bit in the binary number with the
corresponding weight to obtain product numbers
to get the decimal numbers.
4. Add all the product numbers to get the decimal
equivalent
9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 134
Example: Convert 365.24 octal number in to it’s
equivalent decimal number.

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 135

 Example: Convert 365.24 octal number in to it’s
equivalent decimal number.

Octal No. 3 6 5 . 2 4

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 136

 Example: Convert 365.24 octal number in to it’s
equivalent decimal number.

Octal No. 3 6 5 . 2 4

Positional Weights 82 81 80 81 82

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 137

 Example: Convert 365.24 octal number in to it’s
equivalent decimal number.

Octal No. 3 6 5 . 2 4

Positional Weights 82 81 80 81 82

 (3  82 )  (6  81 )  (5  80 ).(2  81 )  (4  82 )

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 138

 Example: Convert 365.24 octal number in to it’s equivalent
decimal number.

Octal No. 3 6 5 . 2 4

Positional Weights 82 81 80 81 82

 (3  82 )  (6  81 )  (5  80 ).(2  81 )  (4  82 )

= 192 + 48 + 5 . 0.25 +0.0625

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 139

 Example: Convert 365.24 octal number in to it’s
equivalent decimal number.

Octal No. 3 6 5 . 2 4

Positional Weights 82 81 80 81 82

 (3  82 )  (6  81 )  (5  80 ).(2  81 )  (4  82 )

= 192 + 48 + 5 . 0.25 +0.0625

= 245.3125

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 140

 Example: Convert 365.24 octal number in to it’s
equivalent decimal number.

Octal No. 3 6 5 . 2 4

Positional Weights 82 81 80 81 82

 (3  82 )  (6  81 )  (5  80 ).(2  81 )  (4  82 )

= 192 + 48 + 5 . 0.25 +0.0625

= 245.3125

(365.24)8  (245.3125)10
9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 141
Exercise

• Convert following Octal Numbers in to its

equivalent Decimal Number:

1. (3006.05)8 = ( ? )10

2. (273.56)8 = ( ? )10

3. (6534.04)8 = ( ? )10

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 142

Conversion from Hex Number to Decimal Number

Decimal Octal

Binary
Hexadecimal

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 143

Conversion of Hexadecimal Number into Decimal Number

Procedure:

1. Write down the hex number.

2. Write down the weights for different positions.
3. Multiply each bit in the binary number with the
corresponding weight to obtain product numbers
to get the decimal numbers.
4. Add all the product numbers to get the decimal
equivalent
9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 144
Example: Convert 5826 hex number in to it’s equivalent
decimal number.

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 145

 Example: Convert 5826 hex number in to it’s equivalent
decimal number.

Hex No. 5 8 2 6

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 146

 Example: Convert 5826 hex number in to it’s equivalent
decimal number.

Hex No. 5 8 2 6

Positional Weights 163 162 161 160

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 147

 Example: Convert 5826 hex number in to it’s equivalent
decimal number.

Hex No. 5 8 2 6

Positional Weights 163 162 161 160

 (5 163 )  (8 162 )  (2 161 )  (6 160 )

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 148

 Example: Convert 5826 hex number in to it’s equivalent
decimal number.

Hex No. 5 8 2 6

Positional Weights 163 162 161 160

 (5 163 )  (8 162 )  (2 161 )  (6 160 )

=20480 + 2048 + 32 + 6

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 149

 Example: Convert 5826 hex number in to it’s equivalent
decimal number.

Hex No. 5 8 2 6

Positional Weights 163 162 161 160

 (5 163 )  (8 162 )  (2 161 )  (6 160 )

=20480 + 2048 + 32 + 6

= 22566

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 150

 Example: Convert 5826 hex number in to it’s equivalent
decimal number.

Hex No. 5 8 2 6

Positional Weights 163 162 161 160

 (5 163 )  (8 162 )  (2 161 )  (6 160 )

=20480 + 2048 + 32 + 6

= 22566

(5826)16  (22566)10
9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 151
Exercise

• Convert following Hexadecimal Numbers in to

its equivalent Decimal Number:
1. (4056)16 = ( ? )10

2. (6B7)16 = ( ? )10

3. (8E47.AB)16 = ( ? )10

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 152

Conversion from Binary Number to Octal Number

Decimal Octal

Binary
Hexadecimal

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 153

Conversion of Binary Number into Octal Number

Procedure:

1. Group the binary bits into groups of 3 starting

from LSB.

2. Convert each group into its equivalent decimal.

As the number of bits in each group is
restricted to 3, the decimal number will be
same as octal number
9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 154
Example: Convert 11010010 binary number in to it’s
equivalent octal number.

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 155

Example: Convert 11010010 binary number in to it’s
equivalent octal number.

0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 156

Example: Convert 11010010 binary number in to it’s
equivalent octal number.

LSB
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 157

Example: Convert 11010010 binary number in to it’s
equivalent octal number.

0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0

3 2 2

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 158

Example: Convert 11010010 binary number in to it’s
equivalent octal number.

0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0

3 2 2

(11010010)2  (322)8

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 159

Exercise

• Convert following Binary Numbers in to its

equivalent Octal Number:

1. (1101110.011)2 = ( ? )8

2. (1101.11)2 = ( ? )8

3. (10001.01)2 = ( ? )8

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 160

Conversion from Binary Number to Hexadecimal
Number

Decimal Octal

Binary
Hexadecimal

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 161

Conversion of Binary Number to Hexadecimal Number

Procedure:

1. Group the binary bits into groups of 4 starting

from LSB.

2. Convert each group into its equivalent decimal.

As the number of bits in each group is
restricted to 4, the decimal number will be
same as hex number
9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 162
Example: Convert 11010010 binary number in to it’s
equivalent hex number.

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 163

Example: Convert 11010010 binary number in to it’s
equivalent hex number.

LSB
1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 164

Example: Convert 11010010 binary number in to it’s
equivalent hex number.

LSB
1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 165

Example: Convert 11010010 binary number in to it’s
equivalent hex number.

1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0

D 2

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 166

Example: Convert 11010010 binary number in to it’s
equivalent hex number.

1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0

D 2

(11010010)2  (D 2)16

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 167

Exercise

• Convert following Binary Numbers in to its

equivalent Hexadecimal Number:

1. (1101110.011)2 = ( ? )16

2. (1101.11)2 = ( ? )16

3. (10001.01)2 = ( ? )16

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 168

Conversion from Octal Number to Binary Number

Decimal Octal

Binary
Hexadecimal

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 169

Conversion of Octal Number into Binary Number

To get the binary equivalent of the given octal

number we have to convert each octal digit into

its equivalent 3 bit binary number

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 170

Example: Convert 364 octal number in to it’s equivalent
binary number.

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 171

Example: Convert 364 octal number in to it’s equivalent
binary number.

3 6 4

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 172

Example: Convert 364 octal number in to it’s equivalent
binary number.

3 6 4

011 110 100

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 173

Example: Convert 364 octal number in to it’s equivalent
binary number.

3 6 4

011 110 100

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 174

Example: Convert 364 octal number in to it’s equivalent
binary number.

3 6 4

011 110 100

(364)8  (011110100) 2
OR
(364)8  (11110100) 2

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 175

Exercise

• Convert following Octal Numbers in to its

equivalent Binary Number:

1. (3006.05)8 = ( ? )2

2. (273.56)8 = ( ? )2

3. (6534.04)8 = ( ? )2

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 176

Conversion from Hex Number to Binary Number

Decimal Octal

Binary
Hexadecimal

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 177

Conversion of Hexadecimal Number into Binary Number

To get the binary equivalent of the given hex

number we have to convert each hex digit into

its equivalent 4 bit binary number

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 178

Example: Convert AFB2 hex number in to it’s
equivalent binary number.

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 179

Example: Convert AFB2 hex number in to it’s equivalent
binary number.

A F B 2

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 180

Example: Convert AFB2 hex number in to it’s equivalent
binary number.

A F B 2

1010 1111 1011 0010

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 181

Example: Convert AFB2 hex number in to it’s equivalent
binary number.

A F B 2

1010 1111 1011 0010

(AFB2)16  (1010111110110010)2

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 182

Exercise

• Convert following Hexadecimal Numbers in to

its equivalent Binary Number:

1. (4056)16 = ( ? )2

2. (6B7)16 = ( ? )2

3. (8E47.AB)16 = ( ? )2

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 183

Conversion from Octal Number to Hex Number

Decimal Octal

Binary
Hexadecimal

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 184

Conversion of Octal Number into Hexadecimal Number

To get hex equivalent number of given octal

number, first we have to convert octal number

into its 3 bit binary equivalent and then convert

binary number into its hex equivalent.

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 185

Example: Convert 364 octal number in to it’s
equivalent hex number.

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 186

Example: Convert 364 octal number in to it’s equivalent
hex number.

3 6 4 Octal Number

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 187

Example: Convert 364 octal number in to it’s equivalent
hex number.

3 6 4 Octal Number

011 110 100 Binary Number

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 188

Example: Convert 364 octal number in to it’s equivalent
hex number.

3 6 4 Octal Number

011 110 100 Binary Number

011110100 Binary Number

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 189

Example: Convert 364 octal number in to it’s equivalent
hex number.

3 6 4 Octal Number

011 110 100 Binary Number

011110100 Binary Number

0 F 4 Hex Number

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 190

Example: Convert 364 octal number in to it’s equivalent
hex number.

3 6 4 Octal Number

011 110 100 Binary Number

011110100 Binary Number

0 F 4 Hex Number

(364)8  (F 4)16
9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 191
Exercise

• Convert following Octal Numbers in to its

equivalent Hex Number:
1. (3006.05)8 = ( ? )16

2. (273.56)8 = ( ? )16

3. (6534.04)8 = ( ? )16

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 192

Conversion from Hex Number to Octal Number

Decimal Octal

Binary
Hexadecimal

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 193

Conversion of Hexadecimal Number into Octal Number

 To get octal equivalent number of given hex

number, first we have to convert hex number into

its 4 bit binary equivalent and then convert

binary number into its octal equivalent.

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 194

Example: Convert 4CA hex number in to it’s equivalent
octal number.

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 195

Example: Convert 4CA hex number in to it’s equivalent
octal number.

4 C A Hex Number

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 196

Example: Convert 4CA hex number in to it’s equivalent
octal number.

4 C A Hex Number

0100 1100 1010 Binary Number

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 197

Example: Convert 4CA hex number in to it’s equivalent
octal number.

4 C A Hex Number

0100 1100 1010 Binary Number

010011001010 Binary Number

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Example: Convert 4CA hex number in to it’s equivalent
octal number.

4 C A Hex Number

0100 1100 1010 Binary Number

010011001010 Binary Number

2 3 1 2 Octal Number

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Example: Convert 4CA hex number in to it’s equivalent
octal number.

4 C A Hex Number

0100 1100 1010 Binary Number

010011001010 Binary Number

2 3 1 2 Octal Number

(4CA)16  (2312)8

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Exercise

• Convert following Hexadecimal Numbers in to

its equivalent Octal Number:

1. (4056)16 = ( ? )8

2. (6B7)16 = ( ? )8

3. (8E47.AB)16 = ( ? )8

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 201

 Unit I – Number System and Codes
Number System: Base or radix of number systems,
Binary, Octal, Decimal and Hexadecimal number system.

Binary arithmetic: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication,

Division.

Subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement

Codes: BCD, Gray Code, Excess-3, ASCII code

BCD Arithmetic: BCD Addition

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Binary Addition

 Following are the four most basic cases for binary

addition
0 + 0 = 0
0 + 1 = 1
1 + 0 = 1
1 + 1 = 10 i.e. 0 with carry 1

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Binary Addition

Example: Perform (10111)2  (11001)2

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Binary Addition

Example: Perform (10111)2  (11001)2

1 0 1 1 1

1 1 0 0 1

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Binary Addition

Example: Perform (10111)2  (11001)2

1 1

1 0 1 1 1

1 1 0 0 1

0 0

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Binary Addition

Example: Perform (10111)2  (11001)2

1 1

1 0 1 1 1

1 1 0 0 1

0 0 0

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Binary Addition

Example: Perform (10111)2  (11001)2

1 1

1 0 1 1 1

1 1 0 0 1

0 0 0 0

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Binary Addition

Example: Perform (10111)2  (11001)2

1 0 1 1 1

1 1 0 0 1

1 1 0 0 0 0

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Binary Addition

Example: Perform (10111)2  (11001)2

1 1 1 1

1 0 1 1 1

1 1 0 0 1

1 1 0 0 0 0

(10111)2  (11001)2  (110000)2

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Binary Addition

Example: Perform (1101.101)2  (111.011)2

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Binary Addition

Example: Perform (1101.101)2  (111.011)2

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 0 1 . 1 0 1

1 1 1 . 0 1 1

1 0 1 0 1 . 0 0 0

(1101.101)2  (111.011)2  (10101.000) 2

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Exercise

• Perform Binary Addition of following:

1. (11011)2+(1101)2

2. (1011)2+(1101)2+(1001)2+(1111)2

3. (1010.11)2+(1101.10)2+(1001.11)2+(1111.11)2

4. (10111.101)2+(110111.01)2

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 213

 Unit I – Number System and Codes
Number System: Base or radix of number systems,
Binary, Octal, Decimal and Hexadecimal number system.

Binary arithmetic: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication,

Division.

Subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement

Codes: BCD, Gray Code, Excess-3, ASCII code

BCD Arithmetic: BCD Addition

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Binary Subtraction

 Following are the four most basic cases for binary

subtraction
Subtraction Borrow
0 - 0 = 0 0
0 - 1 = 1 1
1 - 0 = 1 0
1 - 1 = 0 0

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Binary Subtraction

Example: Perform (1010.010)2  (111.111)2

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Binary Subtraction

Example: Perform (1010.010)2  (111.111)2

1 1 1 10
0 10 0 10 10 0 10
1 0 1 0 . 0 1 0

1 1 1 . 1 1 1

0 0 1 0 . 0 1 1

(1010.010)2  (111.111)
9/10/2018
2  (0010.011) 2
Amit Nevase 217
Exercise

• Perform Binary Subtraction of following:

1. (1011)2- (101)2

2. (1100.10)2- (111.01)2

3. (10110)2- (1011)2

4. (10001.01)2- (1111.11)2

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 218

 Unit I – Number System and Codes
Number System: Base or radix of number systems,
Binary, Octal, Decimal and Hexadecimal number system.

Binary arithmetic: Addition, Subtraction,

Multiplication, Division.

Subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement

Codes: BCD, Gray Code, Excess-3, ASCII code

BCD Arithmetic: BCD Addition

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 219

Binary Multiplication

 Following are the four most basic cases for binary

multiplication
0 X 0 = 0
0 X 1 = 0
1 X 0 = 0
1 X 1 = 1

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Binary Multiplication

Example: Perform (1001)2  (1000)2

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Binary Multiplication

Example: Perform (1001)2  (1000)2

1 0 0 1

1 0 0 0

0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 x
0 0 0 0 x x
1 0 0 1 x x x

1 0 0 1 0 0 0

(1001)2  (1000)2  (1001000)2

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Exercise

• Perform Binary Multiplication of following:

1. (1101)2 X (101)2

2. (1101.11)2 X (101.1)2

3. (11001)2 X (10)2

4. (10110)2 X (10.1)2

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 223

 Unit I – Number System and Codes
Number System: Base or radix of number systems,
Binary, Octal, Decimal and Hexadecimal number system.

Binary arithmetic: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication,

Division.

Subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement

Codes: BCD, Gray Code, Excess-3, ASCII code

BCD Arithmetic: BCD Addition

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Binary Division

Example: Perform (110110)2 / (101)2

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Binary Division

Example: Perform (110110)2 / (101)2

1 0 1 0

101 1 1 0 1 1 0
-1 0 1
0 0 1 1
-0 0
1 1 1
-1 0 1
0 1 0 0
-0 0 0
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1 0 0 Amit Nevase 226
Exercise

• Perform Binary Division of following:

1. (1010)2 by (11)2

2. (11110)2 by (101)2

3. (11011)2 by (10.1)2

4. (110111.1)2 by (101)2

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 227

 Unit I – Number System and Codes
Number System: Base or radix of number systems,
Binary, Octal, Decimal and Hexadecimal number system.

Binary arithmetic: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication,

Division.

Subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement

Codes: BCD, Gray Code, Excess-3, ASCII code

BCD Arithmetic: BCD Addition

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1’s Complement

 The 1’s complement of a number is obtained by

simply complementing each bit of the number that

is by changing all 0’s to 1’s and all 1’s to 0’s.

 This system is called as 1’s complement because

the number can be subtracted from 1 to obtain

result
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1’s Complement

Example: Obtain 1’s complement of the 1010

1 1 1 1

1 0 1 0

0 1 0 1

1’s complement of the 1010 is 0101

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1’s Complement

Sr. No. Binary Number 1’s Complement

1 1101 0101 0010 1010

2 1001 0110

3 1011 1111 0100 0000

4 1101 1010 0001 0010 0101 1110

5 1110 0111 0101 0001 1000 1010

6 1011 0100 1001 0100 1011 0110

7 1100 0011 0010 0011 1100 1101

8 0001 0010 1000 1110 1101 0111

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 Subtraction Using 1’s Complement

 In 1’s complement subtraction, add the 1’s complement

of subtrahend to the minuend.
 If there is carry out, bring the carry around and add it to
LSB.
 Look at the sing bit (MSB), if this is 0, the result is positive
and is in its true binary form.
 If the MSB is 1(whether there is a carry or no carry at all),
the result is negative & is in its 1’s complement form. So
take 1’s complement to obtain result.
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Subtraction using 1’s Complement

Example: Perform using 1’ complement (9)10  (4)10

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 Subtraction using 1’s Complement

Example: Perform using 1’ complement (9)10  (4)10

Step 1: Take 1’ complement of (4)10  (0100)2
 1011
Step 2: Add 9 with 1’ complement of 4

1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1

1 0 1 0 0
final carry Result

Step 3:If carry is generated add final carry to the result

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Example Continue

1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1

1 0 1 0 0 Result
final carry
1

0 1 0 1 Final Result

When the final carry is produced the answer is positive and is in its true
binary form

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Exercise

• Perform Binary Subtraction using 1’s

Complement method

1. (52)10 - (17)10

2. (46)10 - (84)10

3. (63.75)10-(17.5)10

4. (73.5)10-(112.75)10

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2’s Complement

The 2’s complement of a number is obtained

by adding 1 to the 1’s complement of that
number

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2’s Complement

Example: Obtain 2’s complement of the 1010

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2’s Complement

Example: Obtain 2’s complement of the 1010

1 1 1 1

1 0 1 0

0 1 0 1 ---1’s complement
1

0 1 1 0 ----2’s complement

2’s complement of the 1010 is 0110

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 239
 2’s Complement

Sr. No. Binary Number 1’s Complement 2’s Complement

1 1101 0101 0010 1010 0010 1011

2 1001 0110 0111

3 1011 1111 0100 0000 0100 0001

4 1101 1010 0001 0010 0101 1110 0010 0101 1111

5 1110 0111 0101 0001 1000 1010 0001 1000 1011

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 Subtraction Using 2’s Complement

 In 2’s complement subtraction, add the 2’s complement of

subtrahend to the minuend.

 If carry is generated then the result is positive and in its

true form.

 If the carry is not produced, then the result is negative and

in its 2’s complement form.

*Carry is always to be discarded

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 Subtraction Using 2’s Complement

Example: Perform using 2’ complement (9)10  (4)10

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 Subtraction Using 2’s Complement

Example: Perform using 2’ complement (9)10  (4)10

Step 1: Take 2’ complement of (4)10  (0100)2

 1011  1  1100
Step 2: Add 9 with 2’ complement of 4

1 0 0 1
1 1 0 0

1 0 1 0 1
final carry Final Result
Discard

If Carry is generated, discard carry. The result is positive and its true
binary form
9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 243
Exercise

• Perform Binary Subtraction using 2’s

Complement method

1. (46)10 - (19)10

2. (27)10 - (75)10

3. (125.3)10-(46.7)10

4. (36.75)10-(89.5)10

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 244

 Unit I – Number System and Codes
Number System: Base or radix of number systems,
Binary, Octal, Decimal and Hexadecimal number system.

Binary arithmetic: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication,

Division.

Subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement

Codes: BCD, Gray Code, Excess-3, ASCII code

BCD Arithmetic: BCD Addition

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 245

BCD or 8421 Code

 The smallest BCD number is (0000) and the largest is

(1001). The next number to 9 will be 10 which is

expressed as (0001 0000) in BCD.

 There are six illegal combinations 1010, 1011, 1100,

1101, 1110 and 1111 in this code i.e. they are not part

of the 8421 BCD code

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 Decimal to BCD Conversion

Sr. No. Decimal Number BCD Code

1 8 1000

2 47 0100 0111

3 345 0011 0100 0101

4 99 1001 1001

5 10 0001 0000

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 Unit I – Number System and Codes
Number System: Base or radix of number systems,
Binary, Octal, Decimal and Hexadecimal number system.

Binary arithmetic: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication,

Division.

Subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement

Codes: BCD, Gray Code, Excess-3, ASCII code

BCD Arithmetic: BCD Addition

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Gray Code

The gray code is non-weighted code.

It is not suitable for arithmetic operations.

It is a cyclic code because successive code words

in this code differ in one bit position only i.e.
unit distance code

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 Binary to Gray Code Conversion

If an n bit binary number is represented by

Bn, Bn  1,.......B1 and its gray code equivalent by
Gn, Gn  1,.......G1 where Bn and Gn are the MSBs,
then gray code bits are obtained from the
binary code as follows;
Gn  Bn Gn  1  Bn  Bn  1 Gn  2  Bn  1  Bn  2 ………… G1  B2  B1

*where the symbol represents Exclusive-OR operation

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Binary to Gray Code Conversion

Example 1: Convert 1011 Binary Number into Gray Code

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Binary to Gray Code Conversion

Example 1: Convert 1011 Binary Number into Gray Code

Binary Number 1 0 1 1

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 Example 1: Continue

Binary Number 1 0 1 1

Gray Code 1

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 Example 1: Continue

Binary Number 1  0 1 1

Gray Code 1 1

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 Example 1: Continue

Binary Number 1 0  1 1

Gray Code 1 1 1

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 Example 1: Continue

Binary Number 1 0 1  1

Gray Code 1 1 1 0

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 Example 1: Continue

Binary Number 1  0  1  1

Gray Code 1 1 1 0

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Binary to Gray Code Conversion

Example 2: Convert 1001 Binary Number into Gray Code

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Binary to Gray Code Conversion

Example 2: Convert 1001 Binary Number into Gray Code

Binary Number 1  0  0  1

Gray Code 1 1 0 1

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Binary to Gray Code Conversion

Example 3: Convert 1111 Binary Number into Gray Code

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Binary to Gray Code Conversion

Example 3: Convert 1111 Binary Number into Gray Code

Binary Number 1  1  1  1

Gray Code 1 0 0 0

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Binary to Gray Code Conversion

Example 4: Convert 1010 Binary Number into Gray Code

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Binary to Gray Code Conversion

Example 4: Convert 1010 Binary Number into Gray Code

Binary Number 1  0  1  0

Gray Code 1 1 1 1

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Binary and Corresponding Gray Codes
Decimal No. Binary No. Gray Code
0 0000 0000
1 0001 0001
2 0010 0011
3 0011 0010
4 0100 0110
5 0101 0111
6 0110 0101
7 0111 0100
8 1000 1100
9 1001 1101
10 1010 1111
11 1011 1110
12 1100 1010
13 1101 1011
14 1110 1001
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15 1111 1000
Exercise

• Convert following Binary Numbers into Gray

Code

1. (1011)2

2. (110110010)2

3. (101010110101)2

4. (100001)2

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 265

Gray Code to Binary Conversion

If an n bit gray code is represented by

Gn, Gn  1,.......G1 and its binary equivalent
Bn, Bn  1,.......B1 then binary bits are obtained
from gray bits as follows;

Bn  Gn Bn  1  Bn  Gn  1 Bn  2  Bn  1  Gn  2 ………… B1  B2  G1

*where the symbol represents Exclusive-OR operation

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Gray Code to Binary Conversion

Example 1: Convert 1110 Gray code into Binary Number.

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Gray Code to Binary Conversion

Example 1: Convert 1110 Gray code into Binary Number.

Gray Code 1 1 1 0

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Example 1: Continue

Gray Code 1 1 1 0

Binary Number 1

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Example 1: Continue

Gray Code 1 1 1 0

Binary Number 1 0

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Example 1: Continue

Gray Code 1 1 1 0

Binary Number 1 0 1

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Example 1: Continue

Gray Code 1 1 1 0

Binary Number 1 0 1 1

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Example 1: Continue

Gray Code 1 1 1 0

 


Binary Number 1 0 1 1

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Gray Code to Binary Conversion

Example 2: Convert 1101 Gray code into Binary Number.

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Gray Code to Binary Conversion

Example 2: Convert 1101 Gray code into Binary Number.

Gray Code 1 1 0 1

 


Binary Number 1 0 0 1

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Gray Code to Binary Conversion

Example 3: Convert 1100 Gray code into Binary Number.

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Gray Code to Binary Conversion

Example 3: Convert 1100 Gray code into Binary Number.

Gray Code 1 1 0 0

 


Binary Number 1 0 0 0

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Exercise

• Convert following Gray Numbers into Binary

Numbers

1. (1111)GRAY

2. (101110) GRAY

3. (100010110) GRAY

4. (11100111) GRAY

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 Unit I – Number System and Codes
Number System: Base or radix of number systems,
Binary, Octal, Decimal and Hexadecimal number system.

Binary arithmetic: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication,

Division.

Subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement

Codes: BCD, Gray Code, Excess-3, ASCII code

BCD Arithmetic: BCD Addition

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 279

Excess-3 Code (XS-3)

 The Xs-3 is non-weighted BCD code.

 This code derives its name from the fact that each
binary code word is the corresponding 8421 code
word plus 0011.

 It is a sequential code & therefore can be used for

arithmetic operations.

 It is a self complementing code

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 280
Excess-3 Code (XS-3)

Excess-3 Code=
Decimal No. BCD Code
BCD + Excess-3
0 0000 0011

1 0001 0100

2 0010 0101

3 0011 0110

4 0100 0111

5 0101 1000

6 0110 1001

7 0111 1010

8 1000 1011

9 1001 1100
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Excess-3 Code (XS-3)

Example 1: Obtain Xs-3 Code for 428 Decimal

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Excess-3 Code (XS-3)

Example 1: Obtain Xs-3 Code for 428 Decimal

4 2 8

0100 0010 1000

+ 0011 0011 0011

0111 0101 1011

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Exercise

• Convert following Decimal Numbers into Excess-

3 Code

1. (40)10

2. (88) 10

3. (64) 10

4. (23) 10

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 Unit I – Number System and Codes
Number System: Base or radix of number systems,
Binary, Octal, Decimal and Hexadecimal number system.

Binary arithmetic: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication,

Division.

Subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement

Codes: BCD, Gray Code, Excess-3, ASCII code

BCD Arithmetic: BCD Addition

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 285

ASCII Codes

 The American Standard Code for Information

Interchange is a character-encoding scheme
originally based on the English alphabet.
 ASCII codes represent text in computers,
communications equipment, and other devices that
use text.
 Most modern character-encoding schemes are
based on ASCII, though they support many
additional characters.
9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 286
ASCII Codes

 ASCII developed from telegraphic codes. Its first

commercial use was as a seven-bit tele-printer code
promoted by Bell data services.

 Work on the ASCII standard began on October 6,

1960, with the first meeting of the American
Standards Association's (ASA) X3.2 subcommittee.

 The first edition of the standard was published

during 1963.
9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 287
ASCII Codes

ASCII includes definitions for 128 characters: 33

are non-printing control characters (many now
obsolete) that affect how text and space is
processed and 95 printable characters, including
the space (which is considered an invisible
graphic)

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 288

 ASCII Codes
B7 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

ASCII Codes B6 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
B5 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
B4 B3 B2 B1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 0 0 0 0 NUL DLE SP 0 @ P ‘ p
0 0 0 1 1 SOH DC1 | 1 A Q a q
0 0 1 0 2 STX DC2 “ 2 B R b r
0 0 1 1 3 ETX DC3 # 3 C S c s
0 1 0 0 4 EOT DC4 $ 4 D T d t
0 1 0 1 5 ENQ NAK % 5 E U e u
0 1 1 0 6 ACK SYN & 6 F V f v
0 1 1 1 7 BEL ETB ‘ 7 G W g w
1 0 0 0 8 BS CAN ( 8 H X h x
1 0 0 1 9 HT EM ) 9 I Y i y
1 0 1 0 10 LF SUB “ : J Z j z
1 0 1 1 11 VT ESC + ; K [ k {
1 1 0 0 12 FF FC , < L \ l !
1 1 0 1 13 CR GS = M ] m }
1 1 1 0 14 SO RS . > N ^ n ~
1 1
9/10/2018 1 1 15 SI US Nevase /
Amit ? O _ o DEL
289
 Unit I – Number System and Codes
Number System: Base or radix of number systems,
Binary, Octal, Decimal and Hexadecimal number system.

Binary arithmetic: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication,

Division.

Subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement

Codes: BCD, Gray Code, Excess-3, ASCII code

BCD Arithmetic: BCD Addition

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 290

 BCD Addition

 The BCD addition is performed by individually

adding the corresponding digits of the decimal

number expressed in 4 bit binary groups starting

from LSD.

 If there is no carry & the sum term is not an illegal

code, no correction is needed.

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 BCD Addition

If there is a carry out of one group to the next

group or if the sum term is an illegal code then 6

i.e. 0110 is added to the sum term of that group

and resulting carry is added to the next group.

This is done to skip the six illegal states.

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 292

 BCD Addition

Addition of two BCD numbers

Sum≤9, Carry=0 Sum≤9, Carry=1 Sum>9, Carry=0

Answer is correct. Add 6 to the sum Add 6 to the sum

No correction term to get the term to get the
required. correct answer correct answer

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BCD Addition

Example: Perform in BCD (57)10  (26)10

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BCD Addition

Example: Perform in BCD (57)10  (26)10

57 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
26 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0

83 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1

Final Carry 0 Valid BCD Invalid BCD

Code Code

Thus we have to add 0110 in illegal BCD code

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 295
Example Continue

Add 0110 in
only invalid
0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 code

0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

(57)10  (26)10  (83)10

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Exercise

• Perform BCD Addition

1. (275)10 +(493)10

2. (109)10 +(778)10

3. (88.7)10 +(265.8)10

4. (204.6)10 +(185.56)10

9/10/2018 Amit Nevase 297

References

 Digital Principles by Malvino

Leach
 Modern Digital Electronics by
R.P. Jain
 Digital Electronics, Principles
and Integrated Circuits by Anil
K. Maini
 Digital Techniques by A. Anand
Kumar
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Online Tutorials

http://nptel.ac.in/video.
php?subjectId=1171060
86

http://www.electronics-
tutorials.ws/binary/bin_
1.html
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