HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
CE423
by
Dr. Ibrahim Elsebaie
College of Engineer, KSU
Operation &
Economy Maintenance
Properties of
Material
Fluid Hydraulic Theory of
Hydraulics Static
Mechanics Structures Structures
Foundation
Survey Environment
Soil Mechanics
Course Contents
• Introduction
• Dams, Reservoirs and Spillways
• Energy dissipation and stilling basins
• Crossing Structures
• Culverts
• Head and Cross Regulators
• Miscellaneous Structures
Importance of Hydraulic Structures
1. Irrigation: The objective of irrigation is to increase the agricultural
production. Various works required for irrigation are dams, reservoirs, wells,
canals, distribution systems, drainage facilities, farmland grading, etc.
2. Hydroelectric powers: The objective of hydroelectric power development is
generation of electric powers for economic development and improving
living standards. The works include forebay, penstocks, turbines, generators,
transformers, transmission lines, etc.
3. Flood control: Flood control works are required for prevention or reduction
of flood damage, protection of areas, river regulation, recharging of water,
etc. The various works and measures include dams, storage reservoirs,
levees, flood walls, channel improvements, flood ways, flood-plain zoning,
flood forecasting, etc.
4. Domestic and industrial water supply: The objective to be achieved is to
provide safe and adequate water for domestic, industrial, commercial,
municipal and other uses. The various works and measures adopted are
dams, reservoirs, wells, conduits, pumping plants, treatment plants,
distribution systems, etc.
5. Navigation: Inland navigation facilities are provided for transportation of
goods and passengers. The various works and measures adopted are
dams, reservoirs, canals, locks, channel improvement, harbour
improvement, etc.
Secondary Purposes: The following secondary purposes are also served by
various projects.
Recreational: The objective is to provide recreational facilities for the health and
welfare of the people. Various works and measures include reservoirs,
swimming pools, facilities for boating and water sports, preservation of
scenic beauty, etc.
Watershed management: The various objectives of the watershed management
are conservation and improvement of soil, sediment reduction, runoff
retardation, forest and grass land improvement, etc. The various works and
measures include soil-conservation practices, forest and range management
practices, debris detention dams, small reservoirs and farm ponds.
Sediment control: The objectives are reduction or control of silt load in streams,
prevention of silting of reservoirs, preservation of fertility of soil, etc. The
various works and measures adopted include soil conservation, afforestation,
desilting works, revetment works, bank stabilisation, check dams, special
reservoir operation, etc.
Reservoir
Spillway
Dam
Reservoirs
• Reservoirs are natural basins.
• It is usually surrounded with mountains or high areas.
• It has a narrow exits.
Physical Characteristics of the Reservoir
• Topography
• Soil properties
1. Solid rock base
2. Low permeability
• Elevation Capacity Curve.
• Elevation Surface Area Curve.
• Elevation Capacity Curve. • Elevation Surface Area Curve.
18 18
16 16
14 14
12 12
Elevation
Elevation
10 10
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Surface Area
Volum e
Operation Policy
• Balance Equation:
Release = Inflow + Δ S – losses
• Constraints:
Release ≤ Qmax
Storage ≤ Maximum Storage
Selection of Capacity
Selection of capacity depends on:
• Physical characteristics
• Inflow outflow characteristics
Long term storage means to store water during high inflows years
for the benefit of low inflows years
Inflow Outflow Hydrographs
30
25
Discharge
20
Inflow
15
10 Outflow
5
0
0 5 10 15
Time
Mass Curve Method
The mass curve is used to determine the capacity of the reservoir.
A plot of the accumulated inflow and outflow is prepared.
The maximum difference between the two curves represents the
required capacity.
Mass curve
200
Accumulated
Discharge
150
Acc. Inflow
100
Acc. Outflow
50
0
0 5 10 15
Time
What is a dam?
A dam is a barrier built across a stream, river or estuary to hold and
control the flow of water for such uses as drinking water supplies,
irrigation, flood control and hydropower generation etc.
Drinking water
Irrigation
Flood control
Hydropower
Navigation
Recreational purposes
Parts of a dam
• Dam body: Body forms the main part of a dam as an
impervious barrier
• Reservoir: It is the artificial lake behind a dam body
• Spillway: is that part of a dam to evacuate the flood water
from reservoir.
• Water intake structures: is a facility to withdraw water from a
reservoir.
• Sluiceway: Facilities for discharging the dam reservoir
completely, reducing the spillway capacity, and releasing the
water to be discharged to the downstream of the river when
necessary.
• Diversion facilities: To redirect the streamflow from
construction area
Water intake
structuresSluiceway Dam body
Reservoir
Flow
Spillway
Upstream
Reservoir
Dam body
Spillway
Downstream
Right abutment
Downstream slope
Upstream slope
Principal chute spillway
Spillway training walls
Berm
Top of dam
Riprap
Toe drain outlet
Toe of
embankment
Left abutment
Storage Zones
• Dead Zone is reserved for
sediments deposits.
Flood
• Live zone is active zone Protection
Zone
where outflow calculation is
Live Storage
based on. Zone
• Flood protection zone is
reserved to protect the dam Dead
Storage
from successive high floods. Zone
D) Determination of dam site
◘ Factors should be taken into consideration:
•Topography
•Geology and dam foundation
– (faults and weak geologic formations should be avoided)
– Type of soil affects the overall stability of dam body
•Available of construction materials
•Flood hazard
•Seismic hazard
•Spillway location and possibilities
•Construction time
•Climate (earth fill dam is not appropriate for rainy climates)
•Diversion facilities
•Sediment problem
•Water quality
•Transportation facilities
•Right of way cost
Determination of dam location
•Characteristics of dam location:
•Geologic formation
•Spillway location and capacity
•Diversion conditions
•Sediment condition
•Transportation facilities
•Structural design
•Availability of materials
Project design
◘ involves the computation of dimensions of the dam.
1. Hydrologic design (max. lake elevation + spillway
cap. + crest elevation)
2. Hydraulic design (static & dynamic loads + spillway
profile + outlet dimensions)
3. Structural design (stress distribution + required
reinforcement)
