af Cort let EF |e k et] y - a Table 2.4 Data for Problem 2.1 The Working Fluid 2 Ale Complete Table 24 (p. 48) using steam tables. Insert a dash for irrelevant ins, interpolate where necessary. ? t c h " — Degree of (bar) ('C) (m? ker x superheat (kJ-kg) (kJ/kg) (2361 299 565 2400 09 Oss Hast 3335 Lei Os ous ‘The completed table is given on p. £0 as Table 2.6, The completed table is given in the text-book as Table 2.6. | Line 1: + ¥ = 2.361 m3/kg = vg, and hence theat p= 5 bar, v = 0.3565 m3/kg which is less than Vs. and hence the steam is wet with t = 151.8 °C the dryness fraction, x = 0.3565/0.3748 = 0.951. then, ho = ht # xheg = 640 + 0.951x2109 = 2046 bI/ko U = ur t xUtg = 639 § 0.9511 2562 - 039) = 2471 kI/ka. Line 4: at t= 188 °C. u = 2400 kJ/kg whicn is less than vs = 2588 kJ/kg and hence the steam is wet with p = 1? Be = u/ (ag — oe snore ot) 9-8 ed) hence. v = 0. se5x0 tase = 004s) yk .send h = 798 + 0.895x1986 = 2576 kJ/ka. Line 5: See geen is wer with t = 240-9 (C: v = 0.9x0.05875 ee hc 1042 1 0,9%176) = 2627 KI/ Kae kG = ese + 0.9( 2605 -.1058) = 2447 kJ/kg. Line 6: the steam is wet witn p = 0.5 bar: v = 0.85x3.239 se bayicgs bh = 540+ 0 05x2808 7 sa0NN/ Kee and vy = 340°+ 0.85(2483 — 340) = 2165 kJ/k9- Line 7: kip ee her. b.F 200 “C which is greater than to : : heated;and u can be read cff. Line 9: at p : 150 bar, nh = 3335 bI/kO which is greater than hg and hence the Steam is superheated with t = Soc “C; from superneat tables v and v can be read oft. Line 10: ey tesz50 (cv = ineome Ans eebicn is greater than ve and hence the stesr 15 superheated at P = 1.5 bar; from sunerheat tables and ucan be read oft. Line 11: Oe ceem eeu a Pe 3e.2 bar eee ot ge aise oe can oc found interpolating between the values and ey oa end tha values of Yt ate Y found using the eg gecs teraction; for ecanele. ee 36.2 - 38)(©-05246 - 0.04977) = 38) 9.05219 m3/k9 fe > v = 0:0x0.05219 =. 0.04175 mS/ka Line 12: the steam is wet with x = 0.95; as for line 11, the values can be found by interpolating, in this case<< between these values at t = 300 “C; for example, v= 1.316 - 0.3(1.316 - 0.8754) = 1.194 m3/kg Line 14: atp = 44 bar. t= 420 °C which js greater thant and hence the steam is superheated; in superheat wt tables values are tabulated for pressures of 40 bar and 50 bar at temperatures of 400 °C and 450 °C therefore a double interpolation is required; for example, at p = 40 bar and t = 420 °C, v = 0.0733 + (0.08 = 0.0733) = 0.076 m3/kg at p = S0 bar and t = 420 °C, 0.0578 + 20(0.0632 - 0.0578) = 0.06 m3/kg 50 ie v= 0.076 - 0.4(0.076 - 0,06) = 0.0696 m3/kg 2.2 A vessel of volume 0.03 m? contains dry saturated steam at 17 bar. Calculate th mass of steant in the vessel and the enthalpy .#f this mass. Solution At 17 bar, ve-= 0.1167 m3/kg, therefore, 2 Mass of steam = 0.03/0.1167 = 0.257 kg Also. hy = 2795 kJ/kg, therefore, H = mh = 0.257x2795 = 718 kJ 213 Stewm at 7bar and 280°C enters a pipeline and flows along it at constant pressure. Ifthe steam rejects heat steadily to the surroundings, at what temperature will droplets ‘of water begin to form in the vapour? Using the steady-flow energy equation, and neglecting changes in velocity of the steam. calculate the heat rejected per kilogram of steam flowing. Solution Water droplets will begin to form at the saturation temperature corresponding to 7 bar.Se ee ee ae ee Mc eee : From superheat tables, I = 2955 kJ/kg, and for saturated steam at 7 bar, hz = 2764 kJ/kg, then Q = 2764 - 2955 = ~ 191 kI/ky ie Heat rejected = 191 kJ/kg 2.4 0.05kg of steam at 15 bar is contained in a rigid: vessel of volume 0.0076 m?. is the temperature of the steam? If the vessel is cooled. at what temperature steam be just dry saturated? Cooling is continued until the pressure in the ved M1 bar: calculate the final dryness fraction of the steam. and the heat rejected be the initial and the final states. Solution v = 0.0076/0.05 = 0.152 m3/kg Hence the steam is superheated since v > v9 ; frd superheat tables at p = 15 bar and v = 6.152 m3/! 250. When cooling takes place at constant volume the steam is dry saturated when v = ve = 0.:5? m3/k9,| Hence interpolatin, Ups + able 191.6 -288) Pprob = 49-4 “6 At bar and v = 0.152 m3/by the steam is wet wi : a dryness fraction of, x = 0.152/0.1774 = 0.3857, and therefore, ‘ uz = 780 + 0.857(25B6 - 780) = 2327.4 bJ/ka Initially at p = 15 bar and v = 0.152 m3/kg. from superheat tables, ui = 2697 kJ/kg Hence, Q = 2327.4 ~ 2697 = - 369.6 kJ/kg Heat rejected = 369.6x0.05 = 18.5 kJmodynamics 25 Using the tables for ammonia given in ref. 2.1, calculate: (the spesificenthalpy and specific volume of ammonia at 0.7177 ba 09; (ii) the specific enthalpy and specific volume of ammonia at 13°C saturated: (310. the specific enthalpy of ammonia at 7.529 bar. 30°C. dryness fraction Solution G) S © + 0.9x1390 = 1251 kJ/kg S = 0.9x1.552 = 1.397 m3/kg Interpolating between 12 °C and 14 °C, h = 1457 kI/ka, and v = 0.1666 m3/kg Gi) The vapour is superheateg hence interpolating, bh 1459.5 + (30 50 16)(1591.7 ~ 1459.5) 1496.5 43/kg =o 26 Using the property values for rerigerant HEA 1344 given in Table 2.5 calculate: (i) the specific enthalpy and Specific volume of HFA I34aa1 —8 °C. dryness fraction 0.85: ii) the specific enthalpy of HEA 134: at $7024 bac. 35. C. Se Superheat Values degree of superh Saturation values 20K a Se 4, Pe h CC) (bar) (mykgy (A ky) 6 kg) =10 20051 009s 86.98 78846 suse <5 24371 0081 9346 17731308 20 5.7024 0.036 169230622 325.93 ee G) Interpolating, — te zee ee 26 at 550. ty 5 93,4e. ¢ 0.85(291.77 - 93-48) : 2 262.02 Therefore at -B °C, h = 258.58 4 0.4(262.02 - 258-58) : = 259.96 kI/k9 et -10 °C v = 6.8540.098 = 7.0835 in3/ko at 5"c, v= 0.85x0.621 = 0.06885 m3/ko Therefore at -8 “C, v = 0.0833 - 0.4(0.0833 - 0.06885) = 0.0775 mi/hg ii) Interpoleting, h = 306.22 + (38.2 , 20 20)(328.93 - 306.22) = 323.25 kI/K2 WZ 21 The relative molecular mass of carbon dioxide. CO: valus of for CO, was found to be 1.3 Asseming tha: CO, is a perfect gas, calculate the specific gus constant. R, and the specific heat capacities at constant pressure and = constant volume, ¢, and ¢, is 44. In an experiment the ae R = 6.3143/44 = 0.189 kJ/kg K = cp - cy&. wuurerdal oO “8 taal energy and enthalpy of 1 kg of air occupying 0.05 m? at 20 bar. Wthe jaternal energy is inercased by 120 kJ as the ait ie compressed 10 50 bar, calculate the new volume occupied by I kg of the air, : Solution Te: PV/m8 = 20%105x0.05/1x287_1 = 348.3 Therefore. WS OOF 20. 718348.3 F 759.1 bi/ng oh 2 e_t = 1.005x348.3 = 350.1 KIS kg A ee a ee 120. = S708 bhI/kg fe or, 370.1/0.718 S15 54K, Therefore, V2 = 4%287-1%515_5/sox105 = 0.0296 m3 ee A OO 3h 200 bes is 10 be shored in a see! sexed at 20°C. The capacity of the Be 8 0 aiming tha Oy is 9. pecteevigas tales the mass. of oxygen that can be stored in the vessel. The vessel is protected against excessive pressure by a fusible plug which will melt if the temperature rises too high. At what temperature Suust the plug melt to limit the pressure in the vessel 10 240 bar? The moter mass of oasgen is 32 ke kmol, Solution R= B.5142/32 = 0.26 «3/kg x Mass of oxygen = 200r:05¥0.04/0. 264x293 10/8 kg AL constant volume, Tz = Trp2/pi = 293x240/209 = 351.6 K * ie" limiting teaperature = 351.6 - 273 = 78.6 -c See aT in perfect gas is heated at constant pressure from 15 C 10 95°C, the heat hae 3 i 1136ud he Wen the same gas is heated at constant volume between the sume temperatures the heat required is SO8KJ he. Calculate ¢,..,, 3. R and the molar mass of the gas. t pressure, Sotuven ‘At constant pr 210the weormiag thu 2.10 Then, Mmentronio, index, = eafeu = tai 1710sis 146s Poke, (Ge fide 10) =a nayko molar mass = 6.5145/4.1 = 21028 kg/Kmol a ee 2-41 In an air compressor the pressures at inlet and outlet are | bar and 5 bar respy Bee weuiberafure of We oie at let ws 13 C aad the valine at asc begi Sree ot we ares times that at the end of compression, Caleulire’ the temp: r of the ait at outlet and the increase of internal energy per he of ais Solution Be uses zeae: san 5) i Piva ays i Oe el 1) 01 716(480 a5) . F138 kI/kg oo. Anz A Guantity of & ceriain perfect gas is compressed from an initial state of 0.085 m ee eel RIE ODO Ma bare Thal specsietiat av Sandia solume i: O521K1 ke K. and the specific heat at constant pressute i 102019 Ke K The observed rN Cte thes spccilc “sas comison the mag ot ‘creave of internal enerey of the gas. Solution Pe ee = 1? 710,724 20 Doc ayng & Be he ceo oes: jez Te ty 9.085 oe Also, Bee Te ise x: Therefore, 1S6m = 1) = ag ae Ts 2146/0056" =) 261, Therefore, Bete Of 983 -= G19) 781;