The Working Fluid eh Conti tL = APPL oe ek Jf lap t. Table 2.4 Data for Problem 2.1 ‘Complete Table 2.4 (p. 48) using steam tables. Insert a dash for irrelevant ais, a interpolate where necessary. ? t t h « — — Degree of ——— (bar) UC) tm? ker x superheat (kJ-kg) (kJ/kg) 2361 20 799 s 2400 0.9 Oss nist 3085 Lei os ays The completed table is given on p. S0.us Table 26, ‘Solution The completed table is given in the text-book as Table 2.6. Line 1: att = 90 “C . v = 2.361 m3/kg = ve. and hence the steam is dry saturated.at p = 5 bar. v = 0.3565 m3/kg which is less than Ve. and hence the steam is wet with t = 151.8 °C: the dryness fraction, x 0.3565/0.3748 = 0.951, then, hoz he t xhtg = 640 + 0.951x2109 = 2046 kI/ko U = uF t xure = 639 1 0,951(2562 - e539) = 2471 kI/ka. Line 4: at t = 188 °C. u = 2400 kJ/kg which is less than ve = 2588 KI/ke and hence the steam is wet with p = 12 Barr = uflus — ur) = es0o/(zsaa— 777) = 0rBPa: and hence. v = 0.895x0.1632 = 0.1461 mi/kg. and h = 798 + 0.895x1986 = 2576 kI/ka- Line 5: ghia Geen tapevonith.t.= 24019 “Coy = 0.9x0.05875 Dp eeeeinifis, b= 1022 4 091 76))= 2627 kI/k9. Brac y= s0ser soo. a(a60s =. 1058)! = 2447 KI/kg. Line 6 the steam is wet with p = 0.5 bar: v = 0.85x3.239 Br se rassiae tis S40) -cxbewrsose = anc w/ Kar jane Gpimcsao s orseczass - $40) =i2tes Kt/Ke- Line 7: at p= 3 bar, t= 200 °C which Ss: greater than te = superheated; fromsuperheated at t and vu can be read eff. Line 9: at pot 130. Bar.eh.= 3335 kJ/kg which is greater than hg and hence the ‘steam is superheated with t $0c “C; from superheat tables ¥ and uv can be read) off. Line 10: at t.2 250 feumboiae iheanien 15 Seahe® than vs and hence the stess is superheated at P = 1.5 bar; from sunerheat tables P and u can be read oft. Line 11: Peecenesmcierce: wether = Sts Pe 38.2 bar values of te. Vor hr, hey. GF and Us can 0€ found be See berdeen the values ae 58 cer and 40 bar and the values of v. rh and u found using the Gepiees treciiens for exemels. ve = 0.05246 ~ (3 (3a) (.05246 - 0.04977) 38) = 9.05219 m3/k9 ie v = 0-8x0.05219 = 0.04178 mF /ka Line 12: the steam is wet with x = 0.95; a& for line 11, the values can be found by interpolating, in this case ion t = 295 "c and t = 299.2 “C.2.2 Solution 23 Solution between these values at t = 300 °C; for example, voz 1.316 - 0.3(1.316 - 0.8754) = 1.194 m3/kg Line 14: at p = 44 bar. t= 420 ‘C which js greater chante and hence the steam is superheated: in superheat tables values are tabulated for pressures of 40 bar and 50 bar at temperatures of 400 °C and 450 °C therefore a double interpolation is required; for example, at p = 40 bar and ti pane! *E.,. v = 0.0733 + 20(0.08 - 0.0733) = 0.076 m3/kg at p = SO bar and t = 420 °C, 0.0578 + 20(0.0632 - 0.0578) = 0.06 m3/kg . 50 ie v= 0.076 - 0.4(0.076 - 0,06) = 0.0696 m3/kg A vessel of volume 0. 2 vessel and the enthalpy of this mass. ss of steam i At 17 bar, ve-= 0.1167 m3/kg, therefore, mass of steam = 0.03/0.1167 = 0.257 kg Also, hy = 2795 kJ/kg, therefore, H = mh = 0.257x279S = 718 kJ Stewm at 7 bar and 250°C enters a pipeline and flows along it at constant pressure, If the steam rejects heat steadily to the surroundings, at what temperature will droplets of water begin 10 form in the vapour? Using the steady-flow energy equation, and neglecting changes in velocity of the stearn, calculate the heat rejected per kilogram of steam flowing. Water droplets will begin to form at the saturation temperature corresponding to 7 bar.FF Re hese EER RY 8 : From superheat tables, hi = 2955 kJ/kg, and for|® saturated steam at 7 bar, hz = 2764 kJ/kg, then} f Q = 2764 - 2995 = ~ 191 kI/ky F ie Heat rejected = 191 kJ/kg ‘ 2.4 Q0Skg of sicam at 15 bar is contained in a rigid-sessel of volume 0.0076 m?. is the temperature of the steam? If the vessel is cooled, at what temperature wf steam be just dry saturated? Cooling is continued until the pressure in the ved M1 bar; calculate the final dryness fraction of the steam, and the heat rejected be the initial and the final states. Solution V = 0,0076/0.05 = 0.152-m3/kg Hence the steam is superheated since v > vg ; fr superheat tables at p = 15 bar and v 0.152 m3/I t 250 “Cc. When cooling takes placs at constant volume the steam is dry saturated when v = va = 0.752 m3/Ko. Hence interpolating, cs + uble pales, 20 191.6 180) Pron ‘ A rama "eS At U-bar and v = 0.152 m3/hu the steam is wet wi : a dryness fraction of, 0.152/9.1774 = 0.897, % (98. f and therefore, . uz = 780 + 0.857(2586 - 780) = 2327.4 ho/ka fg Initially at p = 15 bar and v = 0.152 m3/kg. from superheat tables, ui = 2697 k3/kg Hence, @ = 2527.4 - 2697 = - 369.6 kI/kg Heat rejected = 369.6x0.05 = 18.5 kJ‘modynamica 2.5 Using the tables for ammonia given in tel. 2.1, calculate: (2) the specific enthalpy and specific vohume of ammonia at 0.7177 bar, dryness fraction 09; : the specific enthalpy and specilic volume of ammonia at 13°C saturated: the specific enthalpy of ammonia at 7.529 bar. 30°C. Solution ty hoe ©.9%1390 = 1281 kJ/kg v = 0.9x1.952 = 1.397 m3/kg (ii) Interpolating between 12 °c and 14 °C, = 1457 kJ/kg, and v = 0.1866 m3/kg (iii) The vapour is superheateo hence interpolating. b= 1459.5 + (30_= 16)(1591.7 - 1459.5) so 1496.5 43/kg Se ee eee 26 Using the property values for ref (i) thespecific enthalpy and speci (ii) the specific enthalpy of HFA 1342 at $7024 &. erant HFA 1344 civen in Table 2.5, calculate: volume of HFA 1}uat ~8 °C, dry ness fraction 0.85: BC. a ata for Superheut aalues degree © of supetheat Saturation values 20K h Cy (bar) (m*ykgy (KJ ket Ab ke) ~10 2.0051 09s 8698 28886 duxod —5 24371 0051 9346 91.77 31205 20 $7024 0036 12692 306.22 3ak.93 ee ‘Solution qa) Interpolating, a at -10 “Cc, iee ee 26 at -5 °C, fh 93.40 ¢ 0,85(291.77 ~ 93-48). i = Pe7.02 Therefore at -8 “C. h = 258.58 + 0.4(262.02 - 258-58) = 289.96 kI/kg at -10 “C v = 6.8520.098 = 7.0833 #/k9 v= 0.850.021 = 0.06885 a7/k9 Therefore at -8 v = 0.0833 - 0.4(0.0835 - 0.06885) = 0.0775 mi/ha (ai) Interpoleting, 20)(328.93 - 306.22) 21 The relative molecular mass of carbon dioxide. COs. i vals of ¥ for CO, was found to be 12 Assuming thar CO, is a perfect gas, calculate the specitic gus constant, R. and the spscifie heat capacities at constant pressure and ~ constant volume. ¢, and ¢ is 4. In an experiment the Solution R = 6.3143/44 = 0.189 kJ/kg K = cp - cv Also, Coley = 1.3 Th refo TeSes Socys=to spas:& wr dal eee 28 ulate the ihfcnal energy sand, enthsipy of I ky of air vecupying 0.05 m? at 20 bar, Whe internal energy is ineevased by 120 KJ as the ais ie compressed 19 50 bar, calculate the new volume occupial by I kg of the air, 2 Solution T= pY/mB_ = 20x108%0.05/1%287.1 = 348.3 x Therefore, MOS EE 8 0-7URREIBLS & 059.4 buying + PS Cok 1 00Sx340.5: = 35024 kI/kg tis 00: 1120) 237081 ayieg feo) la = ayoityo 7a a.108¥0 04/0 26x293 FAOLS kg At constant volume, V2 = Trp2/p. = 293x240/209 = 351 6 k * ie" limiting teaperature = 351.6 - 272 = 78.6 “C eee i is 95°C, the heat When a certain perfect gas is heated at constant pressure from 15 C 19 95°C. oa ae i 1136K Ky. When the same gas is heated at t pressure, Solution BS SeRAS ARE Br ss B 2 e9(ts - ti)Vhe eeoray tu 2.10 Then, 14.1/10.1 = 1.405 isentropic index = ce/ev = Paha or aAvel lO = alt eryRger molar mass = 8.3143/4.1 : 2.028 ko/kmol z ee 2.11 In am aie compressor the pressures at inlet and outlet are | bar and 3 bar respectively Riis Tee eae) of the aie al let 1S C aia he Glos otto beginning of Tapas Vai 20 2bonew1)=<4a0.% © 265 io Pi Ve" xs , Bin pee Claes th) = Son7 16460 - gas) = 138 kJ/kg (fs cettaly perfect ess i compressed froin an inital state oF 0.085 Pe ean, 39ers The'specifc Heat at constant volume i nthe specific heat at constant pressures 10204 ke K The obsencea sonsiant, Ro the mass of 242 A quan Vbar to a final OF24KI kg temperature rise is 136K. Caleula:e the specific Present. and the inezease of internal energy of the gas Solution 0.296 ba/te Kk Also, acetates x: Therefore, 150M = ty = sag fe” = 146/0.56-: ze1 , Therefore, wav /RIy