Hypothesis
Testing
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Learning Objectives:
● define and formulate statistical hypothesis;
● distinguish null hypothesis from alternative
hypothesis, and determine whether a
hypothesis test if non-directional or
directional; and
● manifest the value of integrity in decision
making.
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Getting Ready!
Innocent until he is proven
guilty
Null Hypothesis(H0 called as
“H zero”):
“The defendant is not guilty or
innocent.”
Alternate Hypothesis(H1 or
Ha):
“The defendant is guilty.”
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01
Understanding Hypothesis
Testing
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Hypothesis testing
A decision-making process for evaluating
claims about a population based on the
characteristics of a sample purportedly
coming from the population
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Types of Hypotheses
Alternative Hypothesis,
Null Hypothesis, denoted denoted by Ha , is a
by H0 , is a statement that statement that there is a
there is no difference difference between a
between a parameter and parameter and a specific
a specific value, or that value, or that there is a
there is no difference difference between two
between two parameters parameters
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Null Hypothesis, there is no
difference between two
parameters
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Example 1:
The average TV viewing time of all
five-year old children is 4 hours daily.
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Example 2:
The owner of a factory that sells a particular
bottled fruit juice claims that the average
capacity of a bottle of their product is 250 ml.
Is the claim true?
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Example 3:
The farmer believes that using organic fertilizers
on his plants will yield greater income. His average
income from the past was Php 200 000 per
year. State the hypotheses in symbols.
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Non-directional test Directional test
“two-tailed test” “one-tailed”
A test of a statistical left-tailed or right-tailed
hypothesis, where the A test of a statistical
region of rejection is on hypothesis, where the
both sides of the sampling region of rejection is on
distribution only one side of the
sampling distribution
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Hypothesis-Testing Common Phrases
Alternative Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis
One-tailed Test Two-tailed Test
…is equal to ...is less (or greater) than ...is not equal to
... is above (or below) ...is different from
...is not the same as
...is higher (or lower) than
...is the same as
...is longer (or shorter) than
...is bigger (or smaller) than
...has not changed from ...has increased (or reduced) from ...has changed from
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The probability is found at
the right tail of the
distribution
The probability is found at
the left tail of the
distribution
The probability is found on
both tails of the
distribution
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“Greater, effective,
increases, etc.”
“Decrease, less than,
smaller, etc”
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Example 4:
A teacher wants to know if listening to popular music affects the
performance of pupils. A class of 50 grade 11 students was used in
the experiment. The mean score was 83 and the standard
deviation is 5. A previous study revealed that μ=82 and the
standard deviation is 10.
1. State the null and alternative hypothesis in words and in
symbol
2. State whether the test is directional or non-directional
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Example 4:
Non-directional
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02
Types of Error
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Four Possible Outcomes in Decision-Making
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Example 1:
Justine insists that she is 30 years old when,
in fact, she is 32 years old. What error is
Justine committing?
Justine is rejecting the truth.
She is committing a Type I error
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Example 2:
Stephen says that he is not bald. His hairline
is just receding. Is he committing an error?
If so, what type of error
Yes. A receding hairline indicates balding.
This is Type I error.
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Example 3:
A man plans to go hunting the Philippine
monkey-eating eagle believing that it is a
proof of his mettle. What type of error is
this?
Hunting the Philippine eagle is prohibited
by law. Thus, it is Type II error.
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Types of Error
Type I error Type II error
Occurs when the Occurs when the
researcher rejects a null researcher fails to
hypothesis when it is true reject a null hypothesis
that is false
The probability of
committing a Type I error The probability of
is called the significance committing a Type II error
level (“alpha, α”) is called the beta (β)
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Two-tailed Critical Values
“Confidence Coefficients”
95% confidence level -1.96 and +1.96
99% confidence level -2.58 and +2.58
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Rejection Region
“Critical Region”
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03
Conducting the Hypothesis
Test using the Traditional
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Method and P value method
“Significance Level”
The probability of committing
Type I error “0.05 or 0.01”
For any hypothesis test,
P value = probability of
committing Type I error
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Test Statistic
It is a value used to determine the
probability needed in decision-making.
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One-population Test
“Significance test for a single mean”
A test conducted on one sample
purportedly coming from a
population with mean μ
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Two cases to consider for testing the
mean of a single population:
1. The sample is large (n≥30). Thus, we can apply the
Central Limit Theorem and we use the normal curve as
a model.
2. When CLT is applied, sample standard deviation s may be
used as an estimate of the population standard deviation
when the value of σ is unknown.
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Example 1: Case 1
Find the value of z.
Given: x̅=90, μ=88, σ=6, n=100
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Example 1: Case 2
Find the value of z given s.
Given: x̅=80, μ=83, s=4,
n=100
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Example 2:
A researcher used a developed problem solving test to randomly
selected 50 Grade 11 students. In this sample, x̄ =80 and s=10. The
mean μ and the standard deviation of the population used in the
standardization of the test were 75 and 15, respectively. Use the
95% confidence level to answer the following questions:
1. Does the sample mean differ significantly from the population
mean?
2. Can it be said that the sample is above average?
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Example 2:
Describe the population The parameter of interest is
parameter of interest the mean μ of the population
where the sample comes
from.
Formulate the hypothesis
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Example 2:
Check the assumptions.
➔ Is the sample size large
Since n=50, by the Central
enough for the Central Limit Theorem, the
Limit Theorem? distribution is normally
distributed.
➔ Are the samples selected
randomly? Yes
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Example 2:
Choose a significance level
for alpha
Is the test two-tailed or
one-tailed?
Two-tailed
Get the critical values from Z critical values: ± 1.96
the statistic table
Establish the critical regions
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Example 2:
Test statistic: z and σ=15
Compute the test statistic
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Example 2:
State the decision rule
Reject the null hypothesis if the
computed test statistics ≤
negative critical value or if the
computed test statistic ≥
positive critical value.
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Example 2:
Compare the test statistic
and the critical value
2.36 > 1.96
Reject the null hypothesis
Interpretation There is a significant difference
between the sample mean and the
population mean
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Example 3:
The owner of a factory that sells a particular bottled fruit
juice claims that the average capacity of their product is 250
ml. To test the claim, a consumer group gets a sample of 100
such bottles, calculates the capacity of each bottle, and then
finds the mean capacity to be 248 ml. The standard deviation
s is 5 ml. Is the claim true?
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Example 2:
Describe the population The parameter of interest is
parameter of interest the mean μ of the population
where the sample comes
from.
Formulate the hypothesis
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Example 2:
Check the assumptions.
➔ Is the sample size large
Since n=100, by the Central
enough for the Central Limit Theorem, the
Limit Theorem? distribution is normally
distributed.
➔ Are the samples selected
randomly? Yes
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Example 2:
Choose a significance level
for alpha
Is the test two-tailed or
one-tailed?
One-tailed
Get the critical values from Z critical values: -1.645
the statistic table
Establish the critical regions
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Example 2:
Test statistic: z and s=5
Compute the test statistic
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Example 2:
State the decision rule
Reject the null hypothesis if the
computed test statistics ≤
negative critical value or if the
computed test statistic ≥
positive critical value.
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Example 2:
Compare the test statistic -4 < -1.645
and the critical value
Reject the null hypothesis
Interpretation There is a significant difference
between the sample mean and the
population mean
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