PLANNING, ANALYSIS

AND DESIGNING OF
PRIMARY SCHOOL BUILDING

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by
[Link] KUMAR (610915103050)
[Link] KUMAR (610915103058)
[Link] (610915103076)
[Link] (610915103077)

In partial Fulfilment for the award of the degree

of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
CIVIL ENGINEERING

JAYALAKSHMI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

THOPPUR – 636352

ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600025

OCTOBER – 2018
 ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600025

BONAFIED CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report ‘PLANNING, ANALYSIS AND

DESIGN OF PRIMARY SCHOOL BUILDING’ Is the bonafied work of
‘[Link] KUMAR, [Link] KUMAR, [Link],
[Link] who carried out of the project work under my

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
[Link], M.E.,(Ph.D) [Link]
Head of the department Supervisor
Department of civil engineering Department of civil engineering
Jayalakshmi institute of technology, Jayalakshmi institute of technology
Thoppur Thoppur

Submitted for university project examination held on

……………………… at Jayalakshmi Institute Of Technology

………………………… …………………………
Internal Examiner External Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our sincere gratitude to [Link], M.E.,(Ph.D) Principal

of our college for his whole hearted encouragement and direction.
We express our sincere gratitude to Prof. [Link],
M.E.,(Ph.D)Head of department of civil Engineering for his advice and whole
hearted encouragement and direction.
We are very happy to express our proud reverence and deep sense of
gratitude to our guide Mr., project coordinator and Assistant Professor, Department
of Civil Engineering for guiding and helping us in bringing out this project
successfully.
We extend our thanks to all our faculty members and Technical Assistance
of our department.
We also thank one and all who have helped us in all way to bring out this
project a successful one
 ABSTRACT

On the present day life the population of our society is increasing in such a
rapid way .To meet the demand of education school also has to be increased with
better infrastructure. The objective of the project is to develop independent and
creative thinking correlation the fundamental and structural design skills. We have
obtained during the course of study, to the practical application of the field.
Our project is “planning and design of school building”. This project aims
at the design of various RCC components like slab, beam, sunshade, lintel,
staircase, column, and footing.
The design is carried out by the “Limit state methodology”. The members
are designed for the load acting on them, live load, dead load, floor finish load,
etc., the load calculation are done as per the Indian standard recommendations. The
structure is designed for the obtained conditions.
The design of beam, slab, column, staircase and footing are carried out as
per IS: 456-2000 recommendations and using SP-16.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO

ABSTRACT
LIST OF SYMBOLS
LIST OF FIGURES

1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 SPECIFICATIONS 5
3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 8
4 DESIGN OF SLAB 9
4.1 Types of slab 9
4.2 Design of one way slab 11
4.3 Design of passage slab 19
5 DESIGN OF BEAM 26
6 DESIGN OF COLUMN 32
6.1 General 32
6.2 Classification of column 32
6.3 Design of column 33
7 DESIGN OF LINTEL 37
8 DESIGN OF SUNSHADE 40
9 DESIGN OF FOOTING 42
9.1 General 42
9.2 Types of footing 42
9.3 Design of footing 44
10 STAIRCASE 48
 1 0.1 General 48
10.2 Types of staircase 48
10.3 Design of staircase 51
11 DETAILED DRAWING 56
 SPECIFICATION

CLEANING THE SITE:

The proposed area is to be cleaned off and all the loose stone, plants and
trees. Materials rubbish of all kinds is entirely rubbed out.

EARTHWORK EXCAVATION:
After cleaning the site marking of center lines and earth work excavation
are started the depth of excavation is 1.5m below ground level.

COLUMN FOOTING:
The footing in the form of sloped square footing, 1/5m below the ground
level. Column footing is provided is a square of size 2.0m x 2.0m in R.C.C 1:1.5:3
mix.

COLUMNS:
Column provided is a square size 300mm x 300mm in R.C.C 1:1.5:3 mix.

BEAMS:
The beams are casted in RCC 1:1.5:3 mixes. The various sizes of the beam
provided are 0.3m x 0.6m. The beam is constructed to connect the column and for
the distribution of loads from slabs to columns.

SAND FILLING:
From ground level to the height of plinth beam is filled with excavated
soil and river sand to the depth of 0/45m.

FLOORING:
 Provide cc of [Link] mix for flooring to a depth of 150mm with cement
mortar 1:3, 20mm thick over cc [Link] for floor finish.

SUPER STRUCTURE:
All the main walls in square structure will be country brick II class in C.M
1:5 mix above floor level to a ht of roof level [Link] the main walls are 300mm
thick.

Doors and Windows:

D = 1200 x 2100mm
D1 = 1000 x 2100mm
W = 1500 x 1200mm
V = 900 x 750mm

LINTELS:
The lintel over the door and windows consists of R.C.C 1:1.5:3 mix having
150mm thick, it is provided with necessary reinforcement as per design.

ROOFING:
Roofs slab will be laid in RCC 1:1.5:3 for 120mm thick.

WEATHERING COURSE:
The weathering course provided is in brick for 75mm thick.

PLASTERING:
The interior and extension face of wall are to be provided with C.M 1:4 mix
having 12mm thick, the plastering work is also done in ceiling.
WHITE WASHING:
Exterior face of walls are white washed with two coats over one coat
shell lime and interior face of walls are white washed with two coats of shell lime.

PAINTING:
All the frames of doors, windows, ventilators and gate are painted with two
coats of ready mix emulasion paint.
 LIST OF SYMBOLS

P - Axial load

fck - Characteristics strength of concrete

fy - Characteristics strength of steel

Pt - Percentage of steel

Muxx - Factored moment in the XX axis

Muyy - Factored moment in the YY axis

# - Diameter of the road

Ast - Area of steel

τc - Nominal shear stress

τv - design shear stress

τcmax - Permissible shear stress

Ld - development length

Lx - length in longer span

Ly - Length in shorter span

d - Effective depth

D - Overall depth

Wd - Dead load

WL - Live load

Vus - strength of shear reinforcement

 INTRODUCTION

GENERAL:

The advancement in construction technology and architecture has tempted the

people to live in comfortable and economical buildings. Moreover the increase in
population and scarcity of land and the increase trend towards the urbanization
makes civil engineers to think of constructing high rise structure instead of the
conventional construction with horizontal expansion. Hence nowadays the
construction of multistoried building with number of stored are being carried out
all over the country.

The structural design deals with the selection of proper material, proper size,
proportion and shape of each member. The selection is such that it is economical
and safe. It satisfies all the stress requirements imposed by most severe
combination of the loads to which the structure is required to transmit or resist
including its self weight. The structural design further deals with the preparation
of the final layout of structure.

The specifications of our design project in the building are listed as below
Plinth area of proposed building = 1945 sq.m

Total area of the land = 4333 sq.m

 DESIGN OF SLAB

TYPES OF SLAB:

According To Side Ratio

1. One way slab
2. Two way slab
According To Material Used
1. Reinforced Cement Concrete Slabs
2. Timber Slabs
According To Support Conditions
1. Cantilever Slabs
2. Simply Supported Slabs
3. Continuous Slab
According To Fixity at Support
1. Simply Supported Slabs
2. Restrained slabs
According To the Cross section
1. Solid Slabs
2. Ribbed Slabs
3. Hollow Slabs

ONE WAY SLAB

The slab which bends in one direction, is known as one way slab is
followed when two supports are available on opposite side. When length to breath
ratio is more than two is case of support available on all four sides, the slabs bends
strong shorter span. In one way slabs main reinforcement is provided along the
shorter span and distribution steel is provided along the longer direction.

TWO WAY SLAB

The slab which bends in two direction is known as two way slabs are
followed when supports are available in all the four sides and when the ratio of
larger to shorter span does not exceeds. Two. In two way slab main reinforcement
are provided in both direction.

ONE WAY CONTINUOUS SLAB

When a one way slab is cost over more than two supports, it is known as
one way continuous slab. When span is larger than 3 to 4m in any direction, we go
for one way continuous slabs over beams.

TWO WAY CONTINUOUS SLAB

When two Way continuous slabs in one or more direction, is known
as two way continuous slab. Two way continuous slab are followed when spans is
larger in both directions.
 DESIGN OF ONE WAY CONTINUOUS SLAB 1

Data:
Grade of concrete and steel = M20 , Fe 415
Size of class room = 8m x 9m
Size of panel = 8m x 2.8m
Clear span between column = 2.8 m

Ly/lx = 2.85 > 2

Hence it is one way slab.
Depth of slab:
Dreq = span/ BV X MF

Where;
Span = 2800 mm
BV = 26
Assume MF = 1.4
dreq = 2800/ 26 x 1.4
= 76.92 mm
Say ‘d` = 100 mm
Assume clear cover of 15 mm and dia of bar 12mm
D = 100 + (10/2) + 15 = 120mm
d = 120 – (10/2) + 15 = 100mm

D = 120mm
d = 100mm
Effective span:
 C/c of supportS = 2800 = (300/2) + (300/2)
= 3100 mm

(or)

lear span + d = 2800 + 100

= 2900 mm
Whichever is less
ffective span (L) = 2900 mm
Loadings :
Calculation of load per m width of slab

Imposed load = 3.0 KN/m2 x 1 = 3.0 KN/m

Floor finish load = 1.5 KN/m2 x 1 = 1.5 KN/m
Self wt. of slab = 0.12 x 25 x 1 = 3.0 KN/m
Total load = 7.5 KN/m
Total factored load = 7.5 x 1.5 = 11.25 KN/m
Factored live load (w1 ) = 1.5 x 3 = 4.5 KN/m
Factored dead load = 1.5 (1,5 + 3) = 6.75 KN/m

Design Bending Moment:

(Using IS 456: 2000, Table 12, pg. no . 36)
@ near middle of end span = +(wd l2/12) + (w1 l2/10)
= ((6.75 x 2.92 ) + ((4.5 x 2.92)/10)
= 4.73 + 3.784
= 8.515 KN.m
BM @ near middle interior span = + (wdl2/16)+(w1l2/12)
 = +(6.75 x 2.92)/16) + ((42.92)/12)
= 3.547 + 3.153
= 6.701 KN.m
BM @ support next to the end support = - (wdl2/10)-(w1l2/9) i
= -5.676 – 4.205
= - 9.881 KN.m
BM @ other interior supports = -(wdl2/12) - (w1l2/9)
= -((6.75 x 2.92)/12)-
= -((4.5 x 2.92)/9)
=-4.73 -4.205
= -8.935KNm
e maximum bending moment = 9.881 KN.m (-ve)

Effective depth of required:

Mu (limit) = 0.36 Xu max/d (1- 0.42 Xu max/d) b d2
fck
9.881 x 106 = 0.36 x 0.48 (1-0.42 x 0.48) x 1000 x d2 x 20
d = 59.84 mm < dpro
Hence safe
To find area of steel:
Mu (limit) = Qubd2
= 2.759 x 1000 x 1002
= 27.59 KN.m
Mu < Mu (limit)
Hence the section is under reinforced section

Ast @ near middle of end span :

 Using sp 16 Pg .No. 48, Table 2,
BM = 8.515 KN.m
Mu/(bd2) = 0.8515
Pt = 0.248%
Ast = 248 mm2
Spacing calculated using SP 16,Table 96, [Link] 230
Provide @ 10mm dia bars at 300 mm c/c (Ast =262mm2)
Ast @ middle of interior span :
BM = 6.701 KN.m
Mu/ (bd2) = 0.6701
Pt = 0.1741%
Ast = 174.1 mm2
Provide @ 8mm bar at 280mm c/c (Ast = 179mm2 )

Ast @ support at next to the end support :

BM = -9.881 KN.m
Mu/(bd2) = 0.9881
Pt = 0.2914%
Ast = 291.43 mm2
Provide @ 10mm bar at 270mm c/c (Ast = 291mm2)

Ast @ other interior supports:

BM = -8.935 KN.m
Mu /(bd2) = 0.8935
Pt = 0.2619%
 Ast = 261.92mm2
Provide @ 10mm bars at 300mm c/c (Ast = 262mm2 )

Area of secondary reinforcement:

Ast = 0.12/100 x C.S.A
= 0.0012 X 1000 X 120
= 144mm2
Provide # 8mm dia bar at 280mm c/c (Ast = 179 mm2)

Check for stiffness:

dreq = span/BV X MF
Ast provided = 291 mm2
Percentage of Ast = 0.2914%
Fsc =0.58 fy x (Ast required)
=240.7N/mm2
Using IS456:2000 [Link].38,
From graph,MF =1.5
Dreq =((2900/(26 x 1.5))
=74.35mm
Dreg < dpro
Hence safe in deflection
Check for shear:
Vu =0.6 (Wd + W1) x 1
=0.6(6.75+4.5) x 2.9
=19.575 KN
Nominal shear stress τv =(vu/bd)
= ((19.575 x 103)/(1000 x 1000))
 =0.1957 N/mm2
IS 456 table 19, [Link].72
Permissible shear stress τc =0.379N/mm2
Maximum shear stress τcmax =2.8 mm2
(1/2) τcmax =1.4 N/mm2
K =1.3 ([Link].72,class [Link]
Design shear strength K τc =1.3 x 0.379
=0.4927N/mm2
Τv < kτ < τcmax
Hence safe in shear

10 mm dia @270 c/c 8 mm dia @250 c/c

CROSS SECTION OF ONEWAY SLAB 1

 DESIGN OF ONEWAY CONTINUOUS SLAB 2 (PASSAGE SLAB)

Data:
M20, Fe415
Size of the panel for passage slab =2.8 x 5.9m
Clear span between =2.8m
Ly/lx =2.107 >2
Hence it is one way continuous slab
Depth of slab:
dreq =Span/BV x MF
Where;
Span =2800mm
BV =26
Assume MF =1.4
dreq =2800/26 x 1.4
=76.92
Say as ‘d’ =100mm
Assume clear cover of 15mm and dia of bar 12mm
D =100 + (10/2) +15 =120mm
d =120 - (10/2) + 15 =100mm
Effective span:
c/c of support = 2800 + (300/2) + (300/2)
= 3100mm
(or)
lear span + d =2800 + 100
=900mm
Whichever is less
 Effective span (1) = 2900mm
Loadings:
Calculation of load per m width of slab
Imposed load =3.0 KN /m x 1 = 3.0 KN/m
Floor finish load =1.5 KN/m x 1 = 1.5 KN/m
Self wt of slab =0.12 KN/m x 1 = 3.0 KN/m
Total load =7.5 KN/m
Total factored load =7.5 x 1.5 =11.25 KN/m
actored live load (W1) =1.5 x 3 =4.5 KN/m
Factored dead load (W2)=1.5 (1.5 + 3) =6.75 KN/m
Design Bending Moment:
(Using IS 456:2000, Table 12 ,[Link].36)
M @ near middle of end span = (Wdl2/12) + (W1l2/10)
=((6.75 x 2.92)/12)+
((4.5 x 2.92)/10)
= 4.73 + 3.784
= 8.515 KN m
@ middle of interior span = (Wdl2/16) + (W1l2/12)
= (6.75 x 2.92/16) +
(4.5 x 2.92)/12)
=3.547 + 3.153
=6.701 KN m
BM @ support next to the end support = -(Wdl2/10) –
(W1l2/9)
=-5.676 -4.205
=-9.881 KN m
BM @ other interior support = - (Wdl2/12) – (W1l2/9)
= -4.73 -4.205
= -8.935 KN m
The maximum bending moment = 9.881 KN m (-ve)
Effective depth of required:
Mu(limit) = 0.36 xu max/d (1-0.42xumax/d)bd2fck
9.881 x 106 =0.36 x 0.48 9(1-0.42 x 0.48) x 1000 x d2 x 20
D =59.84mm <drop
Hence safe

To find area of steel:

Mu(limit) =Qubd2
=2.759 x 1000 x 1002
=27.59 KN m
Mu < Mu(limit)
Hence the section is under reinforced section

Ast @ near middle of end span:

BM 8.515 KN m
Using sp 16 [Link].48,table 2,

Mu/(bd2) =0.8515
Pt =0.248%
Ast =248mm2
Spacing calculated using SP 16, table [Link] 230
Provide # 10mm bars at 300mm c/c (Ast =262mm2)

Ast @ middle of interior span:

BM =6.701 KN m
Mu/(bd2) =0.6701
Pt =0.1741%
Ast =174.1 mm2
Provide # 8mm bars at 280mm c/c

Ast @ support at next to the end support:

BM =-9.881 KN m
Mu/(bd2) =0.9881
Pt =0.2914%
Ast =291 43 mm2
Provide #10mm bars at 270mm c/c (Ast=291mm2)

Ast @ other interior support:

BM = - 8.935
Mu = 0.8935
Pt = 0.2619%
Ast =261.92mm2
Provide #10mm bars at 300mm c/c (Ast=262mm2)

Area of secondary reinforcement:

Ast =0.12/100 x C.S.A\
=0.0012 x 1000 x 120
 =144mm2
Provide #8mm dia bars at 280mm c/c (Ast=179mm2)
Check for stiffness:
Dreq =span/BV x MF
Ast provide =291mm2
Percentage of Ast =0.2914%
fsc =0.58fy x (Ast required / Ast provided)
=240.7 N/mm2
Using IS456 :2000 [Link].38,
From graph,MF =1.5
dreg =((2900/(26 x 1.5))
=74.35 mm
Dreg < dpro
Hence safe in deflection

Check for shear:

Vu = 0.6 (Wd + W1) x 1
= 0.6 (6.75 + 4.5) x 2.9
= 19.575 KN
Nominal shear stress τv = (Vu / bd)
= ((19.575 x 103)/(1000 x 100))
= 0.1957 N/mm2
IS 456 table 19,[Link]. 72
Permissible shear stress τc = 0.379 N/mm2
Maximum shear stress, τcmax = 2.8 N/mm2
(1/2) τcmax =1.4 N/mm2
K =1.3 ([Link] 72,class [Link])
Design shear strength of concrete K x τc = 1.3 x 0.379
=0.4927 N/mm2
Τv < kτ < τcmax /2
Hence safe in shear

10 mm dia @270 c/c 8 mm dia @250 c/c

CROSS SECTION OF ONEWAY CONTINUOUS SLAB 2

 DESIGN OF TEE BEAM

Data:
M20, Fe415
Clear span = 8000mm
Depth of slab, Df = 120mm
Width of web bw = 300mm

Trial section:
Over all depth = (1 / 12) to (1 / 15) of clear span
D = (1 / 12) x 8000 = 666 .67m
D = (1 / 15) x 8000 =533.33mm
D =600mm
d = 600 – 40 =540mm
Width of flange = (1 / 6) + bf + 6 Df
= ( 8300 / 6) + 300 + 6 x 120
= 2405mm

Loading:
Imposed load = 3 x 3.1 =9.30 KN/m
Floor finish load = 1.5 x 3.1 = 4.65 KN/m
Self wt of slab = 3.1 x 0.12 x 25 = 9.30 KN /m
Self wt of web =0.3 x 0.48 x 25 =3.6 KN/m
Total load on the beam = 26.85 KN/m
Total factored load = 26.85 x 1.5
= 40.275 KN/m
Effective span:

c/c of support = 8 + (0.32/2) + (0.32/2)

= 8.30 m
(or)
Clear span + d = 8 + 0.54 = 8.54 m
Which is less
Effective span (L) = 8.30 m

Design bending moment:

Mu = wl2 / 8
= 40.275 x 8.302 / 8 = 346.818 KN.m
Factored load (Vu ) = 0.5 x 40.275 x 8.3 =167.171 KN
Case I:
Depth of actual neutral axis
Assume Xu < Df
Mu(limit) = 0.36 Xumam /d x (1-0.42Xumax/d) bd2 fck

346.818 x 106 = 0.36x(Xu/540)x2405x5402x20x(1-0.42xXu/540)

Xu = 38.22 mm
Xu < Df
Hence this assumption is right

Xumax/d = 0.48
Xumax =259.2
Xu < Xumax
It is under reinforced section

Calculation of Ast:

(Mu/bd2) = 0.4945
Pt = 0.1413%
Ast = (o.1413 x 2405 x 540 /100)
NO of bars = (1835.7 / 314.159) = 5.843
Say = 6 bars
[rovide 6 bars of dia 20mm at bottom (Ast = 1885 mm2)

Hanger bars:

Assume 20% of Ast as hanger bar

Ast = 0.2 x 1885
= 377 mm2
Provide 2 nos of 16mm dia bars as hanger bars at compression face

Side reinforcement = 10%

= 0.1 x 1885
= 188.5 mm2
Provide 2 nos of 12mm dia as side reinforcement

Design of shear reinforcement:

Nominal shear stress =Vu/bd
= 1.031 N/mm2
Percentage of Ast =100 Ast /bd
= 1.163%
τv =0.652
τv > τc
Vertical stirrups is to provided,
Vus = 0.87 fy Asv d/Sv
= Vu – τc bd2
= 167.14 x 103 -0.652 x 300 x 540
= 61.517 KN
Provided 2 legged 8mm diameter
Sv = 0.87 x 415 x 50.24 x 540 / 61517.25
=160mm
The spacing choose least of followings
a) Sv = 160mm
b) 0.75d =0.75 x 540
c) Spacing not exceed 300mm

So provided 8mm dia bar @ 160mm c/c 2 legged vertical stirrups

X = 0.652 x 3.17/1.031
X =2
Middle zone = 2 x 2 = 4m
 Provided at the edge zone 8mm dia @ 160mm c/c as 2 legged vertical
stirrups at distance 2.15m from edge of the beam on either side of the beam . In the
middle zone provided
8mm @ 300mm c/c as 2 legged vertical stirrups provided at a distance of 4m .

Check for stiffness:

dmin = effective span / BV x MF

= 8.3 x 1000 / 20 x 1.0
= 415 < 540mm
Hence safe in stiffness .

2 bars of 16mm dia hangers

6nos of 20mm dia

8 mm bars dia @160mm c/c 2 Legged stirrups

TEE BEAM
 2nos of 16mm dia hangers compression side

8 mm dia @160mm c/c

8 mm dia @300mm c/c

6nos of 20mm dia main bars at bottom

CROSS SECTION OF TEE BEAM

 COLUMN

General:
Columns are structural members primarily subjected to axial force and
bending moment. When column is subjected to load and moment in one plane, it is
known as column subjected to uniaxial bending. When column is subjected to load
and moment in both planes, it is known as column subjected to biaxial bending.
The corner column of the building are normally subjected to biaxial bending and
the column along the edges of building are subjected to uniaxial bending.

Classification of columns:

a) According to slenderness ratio

I. Short column
II. Long column
b) According to load distribution,
I. Axial column
II. Uniaxial bending
III. Biaxial bending
c) According to the shape of column,
I. Rectangular column
II. Square column
III. Circular column
 DESIGN OF COLUMN
Data:
Size of column = 300 x 300 mm
Unsupported length of column = 3600 mm
Grade of concrete = M20
Grade of steel = Fe415

Load on the column:

Self wt of slab (4x3.1x0.12x25) = 37.2 KN
Self wt of beam (4x0.3x0.48 + 3.1x0.3x0.48) x 25 = 25.5KN
Imposed load (4x3.1x3) =37.2 KN
Floor finish load (4x3.1x1.5) =18.6 KN
Self wt of masonry (3.6x2.8x0.3 + 3.6x4x0.3) x 20 =147 KN
Total load on ground floor column =628.68KN
Total factored load (Wu) =1.5 x 628.68
=943.02 KN
Effective length of column:
Effective length of column (L) = 0.8x3600
=2880mm
Effective length / Lateral dimension = (2880/300)
=9.6 < 12
Hence it is short column
Minimum eccentricity:
emin = (L/500) + (D/30) (class 25.4, [Link] 42,IS 456)
= (3600/500) + (300/30)
= 17.2 mm
 = 20 mm
0.05 x D = 0.05 X 300 =15 mm
emin > 0.05 D
Moment due to eccentricity:
= Pu x e
=1.5 x 628.68 x 0.02
Muxx = Muyy =18.86 KNm

Reinforcement distributed equally on 4 sides.

A trial section of reinforcement 2% is assumed.

Pt =2%
Pt / fck = (2 /20) =0.10
Uniaxial moment capacity of the section about xx and yy axis
d’ =50 mm (assume)
(d’ / d) =0.16
(Pu/fck bd) = (943/02x103 / 20x300x300) = 0.523
From chart 45 of SP 16
(Mu / fck bd2) = 0.08
Mu = 0/08x20x300x300
=43.3 KNm > 18.06 KN m
Hence safe
Calculation of Puz (factored load):
From SP 16, chart 63
Puz / Ag =15 N/mm2
Puz =1350 KN
Reinforcement (Ast)
% of Ast = 2%
Ast =1800 mm2
Using # 20 mm bars
No. of bars (1800 / πx202/4) = 6 bars
Provide 8 bars of # 20 mm of bars
Lateral ties:
Dia of lateral tie = (1/4) x Dia of main bar (or) 8mm
= 5mm (or) 8mm
Provide 8mm dia bars
Pitch:
16 x dia of main bar = 16 x 20
= 320 mm
Least lateral dimension = 300mm
Provide #8mm bars @ 300mm c/c as lateral ties

20mm dia of 8main bars

8mm bars at 300mm c/c lateral ties

SECTION VIEW
 DESIGN OF LINTEL

Data:

Size of the lintel = 300mm x 150mm

Effective depth d = 150 – (8/2) -20 = 126mm

Effective span:

Clear span + d = 1500 + 126 = 1626mm

c/c of supports = 1500 + 200 = 1700mm
Whichever is less

Loading:

Height of equatorial triangle = 0.866 x 1.626

= 1.408 m
Height of wal labove the lintel = 3.6 -2.0 -0.150
= 1.450m
0.8661 = 0.866 x 1.626
= 1.408 mm
H > 0.8661
Since the height of wall above the lintel is greater than 0.8661 triangular
loading has to be assumed on the lintel.
 Loading:

Wt. of triangular portion masonry above lintel = ((1/2) x

1.626 x 1.408 x 0.3 x 19)
mposed load on sunshade = 1.626 x 0.6 x 0.750
= 0.732 KN
Self wt. of lintel = 0.3 x 0.15 x 1.626 x 25

Self wt. of sunshade = (1.626 x 0.6 x 0.06 x 25)

= 1.463 KN

Design BM:

BM = (wl/6) + (wl2/8)
= ((6.525 x 1.626)/6) + ((4.024 X 16262)
= 2.586 KN
Design of moment Mu = 1.5 x 2.586 = 3.88 KN. M
To find Ast:
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d [1- (fy Ast / fck b d)]
3.88 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 126 x[1-(415 x Ast/20 x
1000 x 12 )]
Ast = 86.56 mm2
Provide 2 numbers 10mm dia at bottom as main reinforcement and 2 numbers
6mm dia bars at tap as hangers.

Minimum Ast :
 = 0.12 % x b x D
Ast = (0.12/100) x 1000 x 150
= 180 mm2
Provide 7 bars of 6mm dia bars.

Check for depth :

Mu = Qubd2
3.88 x 106 = 2.76 x 1000 x d2
D = 37.49 mm
dreq < dpro
Hence safe.

2 Legged Strirrups 6mm dia @200mm c/c

2nos 10mm dia Hanger bars 2nos of 6mm dia

6mm bars @ 200mm c/c

6mm bars @ 150mm c/c

LINTEL
 DESIGN OF SUNSHADE

Effective depth:

dreq = span/ (B.V X M.F)

= 600 / (7 X 2.1)
= 40.88mm say 42mm
D = 42 + (10/2) 15 = 60mm

D = 60mm
d = 42mm
Considering 1m length of sunshade
Self wt. of sunshade = 1 x 0.6 x 0.06 = 0.90KN/m
Imposed load on sunshade = 1 x 0.6 x 0.75 = 0.45 KN/m
Total load = 1.35 KN/m
Factored load Wu = 1.35 x 1.5 = 2.025KN/m

Bending Moment :

Bending momen = (Wu x L/2)

= (2.025 x 0.6/2) = 0.6075 KN/m

Effective depth required:

Mu = Qubd2
0.6075 x 106 = 2.76 x 1000 x d2
= 14.83mm
 dreq < dpro
Hence safe

To find Ast:

Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d [1-(fy Ast)/fck b d)]

0.6075 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 42 x [1(415 x Ast/20 x

1000 x 420]

Ast = 40.89 mm2

Min Ast = 0.12 x 1000 x 60/100
= 72mm2
Provide 4 numbers of 6mm dia bars

2 Legged Strirrups 6mm dia @200mm c/c

2nos 10mm dia Hanger bars 2nos of 6mm dia

6mm bars @ 200mm c/c

6mm bars @ 150mm c/c

SUNSHADE
 FOOTING

General
Foundation provide for column is known as column bases or column
footing. The column base distribute the load over a large area so that the intensity
of pressure on soil does not exceed safe bearing capacity of sol and settlement of
structure is kept within the permissible limit.

Type of footing
The various types of footing are
Isolated footing of uniform thickness or varying thickness
Combined footing
Continuous footing for masonry or concrete wall
Strap footing
Raft or mat footing

Thickness at the edge of footing

In case of reinforced and plain concrete sloped footing, the thickness at the
edge shall not be less than 150mm for footing on solid , not less than 300mm
above top piles for footing on piles.

Bending Moment
The bending moment at any section shall be determined by passing
through the section vertical plane, which extends completely across the footing
and computing the moment on the force acting over the footing on one side of the
side plane.
The maximum bending moment to be used in the design of an isolated
concrete footing, which supports a column , pedestal computed in the or wall shall
be the moment computed in the manner prescribed at the section location as
follows.
 At the column pedestal or wall footing supporting a concrete column
pedestal or wall
A) Half – way between the center line and the edge of the wall for footing under
masonry walls ,
b) Half way between the face of the column or pedestal and the edge of
the gusseted base for footing under gusseted base.

Shear and bond

The shear strength of footing is governed by the more severe of the
following two conditions;
A) The footing acting essentially as a wide beam with a potential diagonal crack
extending in a plan across the entire . The critical section for this conditions shall
be assumed as a vertical section are this conditions shall be assumed as a vertical
section located at from the face of at column pedestal on the wall at a distance
equal to the effective depth of footing on piles.
Two – action of the footing with potential diagonal cracking along the
surface of truncated cone or pyramid around the concentrated load in this case the
footing shall be designed for shear in accordance with appropriate provision in
clauses 30.6 of IS 456: 2000.
 DESIGN OF COLUMN FOOTING

Data :
Size of column = 300 x 300 mm
Safe bearing capacity of soil = 175KN/m2 (assume)
Grade of concrete = M20
Grade of steel = Fe 415
Axial load from column = 628.28 + (3.6 x 0.3 x 0.3 x 25)
= 636.78 KN
Factored load = 1.5 x 636.78 = 955.17 KN
Add 10% for self wt. of footing = 95.517 + 955.17
= 1050.68 KN
Ultimate bearing capacity = 1.5 X 175
= 262.5 KN/m2
Area of footing required = 1050.68/262.5
= 4m2
Size of the footing = 2m x 2m

Net upward pressure:

q0 = ( Total wt. without self wt)/(Area of footing)
q0 = 955.17/ (2 x2)
= 229 KN/m2
238.8 KN/m2 < 262.5 KN/m2
Hence safe
Factored Bending Moment:
Cantilever projection from side face of column =0.5(2-0.3)
= 0.85m
Mu = 238;8 x 2 x 0.85/2
= 172.53 KNm

Depth of footing
Mu = Qubd2
108 x 10 6 = 2.759 x 2200 x d2
d = 456.47 mm
Allowing 50 mm effective cover
D = 456.47 + 50 = 506.47mm

D = 510 mm
d = 460 mm
Provide D at the edge of the footing not less than 150 mm as per IS 456 clause
33.1.2 so adopt D =200mm at the edge of the footing.

Ast required:
(Mu/bd2) = 172.53 x 106/(300 x 4602)
= 2.71 N/mm2
Using SP 16
Pt = 0.923%
Ast = 0.923 x 300 x 460/100
= 1286.16 mm2
 Therefore provide 12 mm bars of @ 12 bar of 158 mm c/c spacing in both
directions.
Check for development length
Ld = (0.87 fy /4zbd)
= (0.87 x 415 12/4 x 1.2 x 1.6)
= 564 mm2
Allowing an end cover of 40 mm for the bars
Length of bars beyond the face of column = (2-0.3)/2
= 850 – 50
= 800mm
Here 800 > Ld (564 mm)
Hooks are not necessary

Check for shear

Check for shear at `d’ from the face of column
Shear at critical plane = 238.8 x 0.39
= 186.264 KN
D at critical plane = 200 + (310/850) x 390
= 342.23 mm
Length of section = 300 + 460 + 460
= 1220 mm
Effective area = 2000 x 150 + ((2000 + 1220/2) x
(342.2 – 200)
= 528620 mm2
Nominal shear stress (k c)
K FOR D = 670 MM is1 from clause [Link] of IS
456
(100 Ast / bd) = ( 100 x 1357.16/300 x 460) = 0.983%
c = 0.615 N/mm2
Kc = 1 x 0.615 = 0.615 N/mm2
v<k c
Hence safe in shear.
 A A

FOOTING PLAN

20mm dia of 8main bars

8mm bars at 300mm c/c lateral ties

12mm dia 158mm c/c

SECTION AA
 STAIRCASE

General
Stair cases are generally provided connecting successive floors of a
building and in small buildings they are the only means of access between the
floor. The star case comprise of steps generally with one or more intermediate
landings provided between the floor levels. The structural components of a flight
of stair consist of
1) Tread which forms the horizontal portion of the steps. The tread is usually
250 to 300mm wide depending upon the type of building.
2) Risers are the vertical distance between the adjacent tread or the vertical
projection of the step, generally in the range of 150 to 190 mm depending
upon the type of building. The width of the stairs varies in the range 1 to
1.5m with a minimum value of 850mm. generally public building should be
provided with large width permitting free passage to the users.
3) Going forms the horizontal planes projection of an inclined flight of steps
between the first and last riser. A flight of steps consist of landing and one
going with 10 to 12 steps.
Type of staircases
Over the years several type of staircase have been developed with varying
geometrical shapes and structural behaviour. The most common type are classified
as follows.
1) Dog – legged staircase is most common type used in all type of building. It
comprises of two adjacent flights running parallel with a landing slab at
mid height.
2) Open well staircase is generally adopted in public building where large
spaces are available. This type of staircase consist of small flights and
provides better accessibility comfort and good ventilation due to open well
at centre.
3) Tread – riser type staircase are very popular due to its superior aesthetic
appearance without any waist slab and comprising only the horizontal and
vertical slab from of folded plate.
 4) Isolated cantilever type staircase comprising only horizontal tread slab
projecting from a wall or inclined beam serving as a fixed end with open
risers.
5) Double cantilever precast treads staircase in which cantilever tread slab
project on either side with a central inclined beam.
6) Other sophisticated type of stairs which are aesthetically superior are the
spiral, helicoids and free standing staircase.
Loads on staircases
The various type loads to be resisted by the staircases are grouped under
dead and live loads,
1) Dead loads which inclined the self weight of the staircases (waist slab),
tread and risers and self of finishes.
2) Live loads to be considered are specified in IS : 875 – 1987 (part 2) for
residential building a uniformly distributed live load of 2 to 3 KN/m2
depending upon the users and for public building, a uniformly distributed
live load of 15 KN is specified in the code.

Effective span of staircases

When the stair flight is supported at the ends by landing beams the
effective span is the projected horizontal distance between the centre lines of
landing beams.
The effective span of stairs shall be taken as the following horizontal
distance as per IS code clause 33.1
1) Where supported at top and bottom risers by means spanning
parallel with the risers, the distance centre to centre of beams.
2) Where spanning on to the edge of a landing slab, which spans
parallel with the risers a distance equal to the going of stairs plus
at the each end either half the width of the landing or one meter.
 DESIGN OF STAIR CASE

Data:
Each floor height = 3.6m
Stair case room = 5.9m x 5.3m
Provide 900mm gap between the two flights.
Width of landing = 1000mm
Width of flight = (5900 – 900)/2
= 2500mm
Rise = 150mm
No of riser = 3600/150
= 24 nos
No of riser in each flight = 24/2
= 12 nos
No of tread in each flight = 11 nos
Going = 11 x 300
= 3300 mm

Effective depth:
’ required for deflection = (Span / B.V X M.F)
= (5300/20 X 1.0)
= 265mm
Assume clear cover of 20mm and 12mm dia bars,
D = 265 + 20 + 6 = 291mm
Effective span:
A) Clear span + d = 5300 + 265
= 5565 mm
B) c/c distance = 5300 + 300/2 + 300/2
=5600 mm
Effective span L = 5565 mm

Loading:

Imposed load = 5 KN/m2

Self wt of waist slab = 1 x 1 x 0.26 x 25 x ((0.152 +
0.32) / 0.3)
= 7.26 KN/m2
Self wt of brick masonry steps = ((1/0.3) x (1/2) x 0.3 x 0.15
x 1 x 20)
= 1.50 KN/m2
Floor finish load = 1 KN/m2
Total dead load = 9.76 KN/m2
Total load (L.L + D .L) = 14.76 KN/m2
Design of BM :
Bending moment = wl2 /8
= (14.46 x 5.5652)/8
= 57.138 KNm
Factored bending moment = 1.5 x 57.138 = 85.707 KNm
Even thought loading on the landing is lesser due to the absence of steps uniform
udl on the full span may be taken since difference is negligible.
Check for depth:
Mu = Qubd2
d = 176.21mm
dreq = dpro
Hence safe

Ast required:
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d [1-(fy Ast/fck b d)]
85.707 X 106 = 0.84 X 415 X Ast x 265) [1-(415 Ast/20 x
1000 x 265)]
Ast = 969.3 mm2
Provide @12mm bars at 110mm c/c (Ast 1028mm2)
No of rods = (2500 – 25 – 25)/(110 + 1)
= 24 nos

Area of distribution steel

Ast = 0.12 x 1000 x 291/100
= 349.2mm2
Provide 8mm bars at 140mm c/c (Ast 359mm2)

Check for stiffness:

dreq = (Span / B.V X M.F)
Ast (pro) = 1028mm2
% of Ast = (1028/(1000 x 265) X 100
= 0.38%
From graph
MF = 1.3
 Dreq = 5565/(20x1.3)
= 214mm
Dreq < dpro
Therefore hence safe in stiffness

Check for shear

Vu = wl/2
= (14.76x1.5x5.565)
= 61.6 KN
Nominal shear stress v = Vu/bd
= 69 x 103 /(1000 x 265)
= 0.26 N/mm2
% of Ast = 0.38%
Permissible shear stress = 0.422 N/mm2
Maximum permissible stress = 2.8 N/mm2
Nominal shear stress < Permissible shear stress < Permissible shear stress (max)
Therefore safe in shear.
 Tread
Rise

8mm dia bars @ 140mm c/c distribution bar

12mm bars @ 110mm c/c main bars

Waist slab 291mm thick

DOG LEGGED STAIRCASE SECTIONAL VIEW

DRAWING DETAILS
 REFERENCES

PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE OF PRACTICE (IS-456: 2000)

SP: 16 DESIGN AIDS FOR REIMFORCED CONCRETE

Krishna Raju .N DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

(IS 456-2000)
 CONCLUSION

The cost of the land tends to increase in the urbanized and

industrialized areas. This leads to the development of the construction of
multistory building. Multi storied buildings lead to treat co-ordinates between
various departments for their smooth functioning.
The project work deals with two storied school building. M20 grade
concrete and Fe415 grade steel is used for reinforcement.
Planning and designing of school building has been provided us immense
help in understanding the practical difficulties met during the design stage and it
helped us for getting familiar in the design of the structures.