“Reuse of Non-Degradable Waste PET Bottles For Ground Improvement & Sustainable Building Material”

A PROJECT PHASE-1 REPORT

ON
REUSE OF NON DEGRADABLE WASTE PET
BOTTLES FOR GROUND IMPROVEMENT &
SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIAL.

In the partial fulfilment of the requirement for

Master’s Degree in Civil Engineering

Submitted by
Gosavi Tanmay Nitin
Seat No.11417

Under the Guidance of

Prof. Nagraj D. Patil

Department of Civil Engineering

T. S. S. M’s
Bhivarabai Sawant College of Engineering & Research,
Narhe, Pune- 411 041

Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune

(Academic Year 2021-2022)

Department of Civil Engineering, TSSM’S BHIVRABAI SAWANT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH
NARHE, PUNE –41
“Reuse of Non-Degradable Waste PET Bottles For Ground Improvement & Sustainable Building Material”

T.S.S.M’S
Bhivarabai Sawant College of Engineering & Research
Narhe, Pune-411 041
(Academic Year 2020-2021)
Department of Civil Engineering

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the following students have satisfactorily carried out the
M.E. project work entitled “REUSE OF NON-DEGRADABLE WASTE PET
BOTTLES FOR GROUND IMPROVEMENT & SUSTAINABLE BUILDING
MATERIAL”. This work is being submitted for the award of degree of Master of
Civil Engineering (Construction Management). It is submitted in the partial fulfilment
of the prescribed syllabus of Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune for the academic
year 2021 – 2022.

Name of the Student Examination Seat No.

Mr. Gosavi Tanmay Nitin Seat No. 11417

(Prof. N.D.Patil) (Prof. Dr. R. S. Karale)

Project Guide Head of Civil Department

(Prof. Dr. G. A. Hinge) (Prof. Dr. R.S. Karale )

Principal External

Department of Civil Engineering, TSSM’S BHIVRABAI SAWANT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH
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“Reuse of Non-Degradable Waste PET Bottles For Ground Improvement & Sustainable Building Material”

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Research project is of great importance is on life because this is an overall application

of the knowledge of one’s mind. So, we are not satisfied with our step of completing
the research on our project that is “REUSE OF NON DEGRADABLE WASTE
PET BOTTLES FOR GROUND IMPROVEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE
BUILDING MATERIAL”
We were guided by experts in the field of construction, who have shared their valuable
time, knowledge and experience with us. We are grateful to our project guide Prof.
NAGRAJ PATIL for being there with us in every step for completing this project.
We are thankful to our respected principal Dr. G. A. Hinge and our head of
department Dr. A. K. Karale for permitting us to work on this project and for
encouraging us throughout this operation.
We are also thankful to the teaching and non-teaching staff of our department for
supporting us by direct or indirect means.
Last but not the least, we are grateful to our parents, who have encouraged us and
guided us throughout this project.

Department of Civil Engineering, TSSM’S BHIVRABAI SAWANT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH
NARHE, PUNE –41
“Reuse of Non-Degradable Waste PET Bottles For Ground Improvement & Sustainable Building Material”

Sr.no TITLE PAGE NO

1. Introduction

2. Literature Review

3. Methodology

4. Testing On PET Bottles

5. Results

6. References

INDEX

Department of Civil Engineering, TSSM’S BHIVRABAI SAWANT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH
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“Reuse of Non-Degradable Waste PET Bottles For Ground Improvement & Sustainable Building Material”

ABSTRACT

This project proposes the use of waste plastic PET bottles as construction entity to
standardised bricks. As plastics are non-biodegradable its disposal has always been a
problem. Waste plastic bottles are major cause of solid waste disposal.
Polyethylene terephthalate is commonly used for carbonated beverage and water bottles. This
is an environmental issue as waste plastic bottles are difficult to biodegrade and involves
processes either to recycle or reuse. Today the construction industry is in need of finding cost
effective materials for increasing the strength of structures.
This project deals with the possibility of using waste PET bottles as a partial replacement. It
can be concluded that benefit of the use of PET bottles include both improved ductility in
comparison with raw blocks and inhibition of crack propagation after its initial formation.
The solution offered in the project is one of the answers to long standing menace of waste
disposal.
Lightness, durability, and chemical resistance of plastics have increased its use in the life of a
common man but its negligent littering and unscientific disposals has disturbed the ecological
balance of our environment in few years.
In recent days we witness considerable reduction in the use of plastic bags owed to the
regulations imposed by government on its use. However compactness and easiness in
handling has led to increased consumption of plastics in packing industry. This experimental
study aims to give a solution to increase the bearing capacity of soil by using plastic raw
bottles as cellular confinements. As well as using these bottles for making wall compound.

Department of Civil Engineering, TSSM’S BHIVRABAI SAWANT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH NARHE,
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“Reuse of Non-Degradable Waste PET Bottles For Ground Improvement & Sustainable Building Material”

LIST OF TABLES

Table Number Table Name Page No.

1. Compression Test Results

LIST OF FIGURES

INTRODUCTION

Plastics are produced from the oil that is considered as non-renewable resource. Because
plastic has the insolubility about 300 years in the nature, it is considered as a sustainable

Department of Civil Engineering, TSSM’S BHIVRABAI SAWANT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH NARHE,
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“Reuse of Non-Degradable Waste PET Bottles For Ground Improvement & Sustainable Building Material”

waste and environmental pollutant. So reusing or recycling of it can be effectual in mitigation

of environmental impacts relating to it.
When the society gets affected, then it will be uneconomical for the nation to create
sustainable development
Rapid increase in infrastructure development and scarcity of materials necessitate the need to
develop and use alternate/ waste materials for construction or improve the engineering
properties of existing materials. Soil is the most fundamental material since it provides
foundation for all types of construction. Soil stabilization means improvement of stability or
bearing power of the soil by the use of controlled compaction, proportioning and/or the
addition of suitable admixture or stabilizers.
Geo-cells are 3D honeycomb interconnected structures which are used to provide cellular
confinements to the soil. These cells completely encases weak material such as soil, stones,
etc. and provide all round confinement due to its three dimensional structure thus preventing
the lateral spreading of the material due to which a much stiffer mat like structure is formed
and distributes the overcoming load to a much wider area.
Nowadays, human apply all of its potentiality to consume more. The result of this high
consumption is nothing unless reducing the initial resources and increasing the landfill. In
recent times, human from the one hand is always seeking broader sources with lower price
and from the other hand is following the way to get rid of the wastes. The waste today can be
produced wherever humans footprints be existed, and remind him that they have not chosen
the appropriate method for exploitation of the nature.

Plastic bottle can assist to obtain a social equity by avoiding the gap between the rich and the
poor people in the society. With population growth in today’s world, the need to the building
has increased and to respond to this demand, the countries tend to use the industrial building
materials and decline the use of indigenous and traditional materials. These factors in spite of
increasing the energy consumption in the industry section; they can also raise the cost of
homes and are considered as the barrier for users to obtain the basic needs of the life.
At the present time, the possibility of utilizing the renewable resources such as solar, wind,
geothermal has been provided for us more than before, and development of this science is
making progress. But those energies can be chosen as one of the renewable and alternative
energies instead of fossil fuels which are cheap as possible and have fewer environmental
impacts.
Various kinds of homes have been built from plastic bottles such as: ecological house
constructed using 8000 bottles in Honduras; an Eco-Tec home in Bolivia constructed using
the PET and wine bottle; a house of waste plastic bottles built in Serbia by Tomislav
Radovanic; Taiwan’s plastic bottle building; ecological bottle house built using 1200 PET
plastic bottles for the walls near the lquazu Falls, Misiones, Argentina; and etc.
With a serious housing shortage but no shortage of plastic bottles littering the streets, the
Development Association for Renewable Energies an NGO based in Nigeria – decided to
build an incredible two-bedroom bungalow entirely out of plastic bottles which is bullet and
fireproof, earthquake resistant, and maintains a comfortable interior temperature of 64

Department of Civil Engineering, TSSM’S BHIVRABAI SAWANT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH NARHE,
PUNE –41
“Reuse of Non-Degradable Waste PET Bottles For Ground Improvement & Sustainable Building Material”

degrees Fahrenheit year round. Hundreds of plastic bottles were filled with sand and then
linked together at the neck by an intricate network of string.
The bottles were then strategically laid and packed down with a combination of mud and
cement, creating a building material that is stronger than blocks. Thus in relation to the
various experiments conducted till now by various researchers, in this project we have tried
to explore the relative strength and cost of the bottle brick as compared to the conventional
brick as well as making a compound wall from this PET bottles.

PROBLEM STATEMENT:

Walls of plastic bottles being weak, it is subjected to buckling when the height of bottle is
increase.

OBJECTIVE:

Following objectives are identified for this project.

Perform laboratory CBR tests on quarry dust and investigate the following:

1. Study the performance of waste PET bottle embedded sections over plain sections.

2. Study the effect of aspect ratio of bottles in performance improvement.

3. Study the effect of different configuration of bottles in improving the bearing resistance of
the section.

4. Compute the reduction in pavement thickness achieved by embedding plastic bottles

within quarry dust and compare the improvement factors.

5. To evaluate the possibility of recycling waste PET bottles.

6. To investigate the mechanical behaviour of the unit.

7. To test and compare the PET bottle with bottle panel, Ceramic Block, Concrete Block.

Department of Civil Engineering, TSSM’S BHIVRABAI SAWANT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH NARHE,
PUNE –41
“Reuse of Non-Degradable Waste PET Bottles For Ground Improvement & Sustainable Building Material”

LIETURATURE REVIEW

Department of Civil Engineering, TSSM’S BHIVRABAI SAWANT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH NARHE,
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“Reuse of Non-Degradable Waste PET Bottles For Ground Improvement & Sustainable Building Material”

Mojtaba e tal. Concluded that reusing the plastic bottles as the building materials can have
substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in
walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the
percentage of cement used. It is counted as one of the foundation’s green project and has
caught the attention of the architecture and construction industry. Generally the bottle houses
are bioclimatic in design, which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and when it
is warm it is cold inside. Constructing a house by plastic bottles used for the walls, joist
ceiling and concrete column offers us 45% diminution in the final cost. Separation of various
components of cost shows that the use of local manpower in making bottle panels can lead to
cost reduction up to 75% compared to building the walls using the brick and concrete block.

Shilpi e tal. concluded that by utilizing PET bottles in construction recycled materials,
thermal comfort can be achieved in very low cost housing, benefit in residents for those who
cannot afford to buy and operate heating and cooling systems. Plastic is non-biodegradable,
toxic, highly resistant to heat and electricity (best insulator) and not recyclable in true sense,
plastic PET bottles use in bottle brick technique. This gives relief for the poor people of India
to provide cheap and best houses for living [3-5].

Puttaraj et al. examined that efficient usage of waste plastic in plastic-soil bricks has resulted
in effective usage of plastic waste and thereby can solve the problem of safe disposal of
plastics, also avoids its widespread littering and the utilization of quarry waste has reduced to
some extent the problem of its disposal. Plastics are produced from the oil that is considered
as non-renewable resource. Because plastic has the insolubility about 300 years in the nature,
it is considered as a sustainable waste and environmental pollutant. So reusing or recycling of
it can be effectual in mitigation of environmental impacts relating to it. It has been proven
that the use of plastic bottles as innovative materials for building can be a proper solution for
replacement of conventional materials.

A.S.Rawat , R.Kansal This paper proposes the use of waste plastic PET bottles as
construction entity to standardised bricks. As plastics are non biodegradable its disposal has
always been a problem. Waste plastic bottles are major cause of solid waste disposal.
Polyethylene terephthalate is commonly used for carbonated beverage and water bottles. This
is an environmental issue as waste plastic bottles are difficult to biodegrade and involves
processes either to recycle or reuse.

Department of Civil Engineering, TSSM’S BHIVRABAI SAWANT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH NARHE,
PUNE –41
“Reuse of Non-Degradable Waste PET Bottles For Ground Improvement & Sustainable Building Material”

A.M.Nair , A.Singh , D.Singh examined that Honeycomb interconnected structures which are
used to provide cellular confinements to the soil. These cells completely encases weak
material such as soil, stones, etc and provide all round confinement due to its three
dimensional structure thus preventing the lateral spreading of the material due to which a
much stiffer mat like structure is formed and distributes the overcoming load to a much wider
area and hence it increases the bearing capacity of soil.

S. Peddaiah, A. Burman, S. Sreedeep examined that With rapid advancements in technology

globally, the use of plastics such as polyethylene bags, bottles etc. is also increasing. The
disposal of thrown away wastes pose a serious challenge since most of the plastic wastes are
non-biodegradable and unfit for incineration as they emit harmful gases. Soil stabilization
improves the engineering properties of weak soils by controlled compaction or adding
stabilizers like cement, lime etc. but these additives also have become expensive in recent
years. This paper presents a detailed study on the behavior and use of waste plastic in soil
improvement.

T O Ogundairo , D O Olukanni , I I Akinwumi examined that Plastic wastes are non-

biodegradable and can stay in the ecosystem for many decades. It can go through aging
processes resulting from physical, chemical, and biological actions with the potential to harm
habitats and weaken the life-supporting environment. The overwhelming environmental
problem created by the indiscriminate disposal of plastic waste containers has led to a search
for comprehensive research work seeking a viable alternative to manage, process and dispose
of used plastic containers. Hence, researchers have found alternative use to its recovery. The
waste can be recycled, reused or reprocessed as substitutes for construction materials because
construction applications take up significant amounts of aggregates and cement.

Vikram Pakrashi et al. examined Eco-brick is a viable resource for construction purposes
with a number of possible applications. The bricks are relatively easily manufactured with
controlled weight and packing. Eco bricks have relatively good compressive strength, with
values matching that of basic concrete cubes. The weight of Eco-brick was observed to hold a
nearly relationship with load at failure and with specific strength. Eco-bricks have a relatively
good specific strength. They are lightweight but strong for the weight they bear.

Andreas Froese et al. concluded that when the bottles are filled with soil or sand they work as
bricks and form a framework for walls or pillars. Different types of walls varying in size and
orientation of the bottles are built. The compression strength and fracture behavior of each

Department of Civil Engineering, TSSM’S BHIVRABAI SAWANT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH NARHE,
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“Reuse of Non-Degradable Waste PET Bottles For Ground Improvement & Sustainable Building Material”

wall are measured and compared. PET bottle walls can bear up to 4.3 N/mm² when the
bottles are filled with sand which is the weakest filling material. The bottles bear one third of
the load while the plaster bears two thirds. Plaster made of clay or a cement mixture fills the
space between all bottles while a roof made of wood or corrugated metal completes the
house. As only regional products are used the houses are cheap and can be afforded even by
poor families. Additionally the method has so far proven to be earthquake resistant and
allows short construction periods.

Job B wire & Arithea Nakiwala et al. suggested that, baked bricks, tiles, concrete and rocks,
among other construction materials, have been essentials in construction. But did you know
that a house constructed using plastic bottles can save you more and be just as strong as or
even stronger than brick homes? Water bottle housing is an innovation aimed at providing
low cost housing, while contributing to environment management.

METHODOLOGY

Department of Civil Engineering, TSSM’S BHIVRABAI SAWANT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH NARHE,
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“Reuse of Non-Degradable Waste PET Bottles For Ground Improvement & Sustainable Building Material”

PROJECT WORK

COLLECTION OF WASTE PET BOTTLES

LITERATURE REVIEW

EXPERIMENT STUDY

TEST ON PET BOTTLES

COMPRESSIVE CALIFORNIA BEARING

STRENGTH RATIO TEST

EXPERIMENTAL WORK/TESTING ON PET BOTTLES

Department of Civil Engineering, TSSM’S BHIVRABAI SAWANT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH NARHE,
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“Reuse of Non-Degradable Waste PET Bottles For Ground Improvement & Sustainable Building Material”

 Compressive strength test

for each bottle was determined on universal testing machine and the average value was
considered for analysis.
Weight of empty PET bottles and completely filled PET bottles were noted and amount of
soil used was calculated for the same. Similarly, compressive Strength of brick was
calculated by taking the average value and the results were compared and analysed.
The formula used is:
Compressive strength =P/A (N/mm2)
Where
P = Load at failure in N.
A = Area subjected to compression in mm2

 California bearing ratio test

To study the performance of waste PET bottle embedded sections, following comparisons are
made

1. Comparison of CBR values to identify the section which gives maximum CBR value

2. Comparison of load vs settlement / pressure vs settlement to study performance

improvement with respect to configuration and height of bottles.

3. Compare improvement factors to estimate the range of penetration at which maximum

benefit is observed.

From the experimental studies it is observed that 4 bottle configuration with a height of 6.3
cm performed better and resulted in maximum CBR value. The improvement factor is
maximum at low levels of penetration.

Department of Civil Engineering, TSSM’S BHIVRABAI SAWANT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH NARHE,
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“Reuse of Non-Degradable Waste PET Bottles For Ground Improvement & Sustainable Building Material”

Fig.1.1 Weighing balance to weigh Sealed PET bottle before testing

Fig 1.2 Test applied on a waste PET bottles filled with soil and sealed tightly

Fig 1.3 Compressive strength universal testing machine

Department of Civil Engineering, TSSM’S BHIVRABAI SAWANT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH NARHE,
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“Reuse of Non-Degradable Waste PET Bottles For Ground Improvement & Sustainable Building Material”

RESULTS

Load Area Compressive Average

(Kg) (mm2) Strength
(MPa)
13000 14202.5 8.98
13000 14205 8.977
13001 14201.9 8.98
13000 14201.6 8.97 8.99
13002 14202.5 9.11
13011 14202.1 8.98
13005 14201.9 8.98
13023 14202.8 8.98

 Sample Calculation of first reading: Load in kg = 13000 kg

Load in N. = 13000×9.81 = 127530 N Area
= 14202.5 mm2 Compressive strength
=127530/14202.5
= 8.98Mpa

 Cost calculation:
Calculation of bottle market price:
Average wt. of 600ml PET bottle = 30gms. Cost of waste
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“Reuse of Non-Degradable Waste PET Bottles For Ground Improvement & Sustainable Building Material”

plastic bottles in market is Rs.8/kg.

=> (1000÷30) = 33 nos. of bottles in
1kg. => (8÷33) = 0.242 paisa (approx =0.2)

 Cost of soil to be filled:

Quantity & Cost of 1 trolley soil = 2.8 m3 (say =3m3) in Rs.
900
Cost & wt. of 1 m3 soil Rs. 300 & 1600kg Cost of 1kg soil =
300÷1600 0.187(say=0.190)

 Total cost of bottle brick:

Wt. of empty bottle= 30gms Wt. of bottle with soil= 1430gms
So, wt. of soil in 1 bottle = 1400gms Cost of soil used in a unit
bottle
= 1.4×0.190= 0.266 paise Therefore total cost of bottle brick
cost of empty bottle+ cost of soil =0.25 + 0.266= Rs.0.516
(say = 60 paisa)

Cost of a unit brick = Rs 5

Therefore it shows a direct profit of (5-0.60) =Rs. 4.40
Thus based upon these observations we can infer that wall
made of PET bottle can be use as partition wall or secondary
walls and in frame structure as external wall. These are very
useful in construction of yarn, warehouses etc

Department of Civil Engineering, TSSM’S BHIVRABAI SAWANT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH NARHE,
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“Reuse of Non-Degradable Waste PET Bottles For Ground Improvement & Sustainable Building Material”

CONCLUSION

The following conclusions can be drawn from the experimental studies carried out:

• Benefit of plastic geocell is high when load is directly applied at the junctions as seen in 3
bottle and 4 bottle configuration.

• Though the area of confinement provided is more in 5 bottle configuration, pressure

sustained is dependent upon the strength of joints at which load is applied.

• Use of waste PET bottles increasesthe elasticity of the model sections because improvement
factor is highest at 2-4 mm.

• Walls of plastic bottle being weak, it is subjected to buckling when the height of bottle is
increased.

• Use of plastic geocell can result in overall pavement thickness reduction by 50 %.

From the above experimental observations we can infer that no curing time is required if
waste PET bottles are used as building material as compared to bricks which require 28 days
curing time. Also while baking of bricks there is a major issue of carbon emission which is
negligible in using PET bottles. PET bottles generally have a durability of over 300 years
which is more as compared to standard bricks. Cost of construction in case of brick bottle is
more economical than standard bricks.

Weight of a unit bottle brick was found to be less than that of a standard brick. Compressive
strength of the bottle brick is also nearly equal than that of a standard brick. Thus we can
conclude that using the concept of brick bottles is cost effective, energy efficient and
commercially feasible. Using PET bottles is also Bio-climatic and thus we can say it is a
Green construction.

Department of Civil Engineering, TSSM’S BHIVRABAI SAWANT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH NARHE,
PUNE –41
“Reuse of Non-Degradable Waste PET Bottles For Ground Improvement & Sustainable Building Material”

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“Reuse of Non-Degradable Waste PET Bottles For Ground Improvement & Sustainable Building Material”

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