CE 4347
Reinforced Concrete Design
Handout 1- Introduction
Instructor: Raad Azzawi, Ph.D/P.E-STR
Reference: Hassoun, M. Nadim, and Akthem Al-Manaseer.
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Structural concrete: theory and design. John Wiley & Sons, 2015.
STRUCTURAL CONCRETE
DESIGN STEPS:
1. DETERMINING THE DIFFERENT FORCES ACTING ON THE STRUCTURE USING
PROPER METHODS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
2. PROPORTIONING ALL STRUCTURAL MEMBERS ECONOMICALLY, CONSIDERING
THE SAFETY, STABILITY, SERVICE-ABILITY, AND FUNCTIONALITY OF THE
STRUCTURE.
STRUCTURAL CONCRETE CONSISTS OF TWO COMPONENT MATERIALS, CONCRETE
AND STEEL. CONCRETE RESISTS COMPRESSION AND STEEL REINFORCEMENT
RESISTS TENSION FORCES.
THE TERM STRUCTURAL CONCRETE INDICATES ALL TYPES OF CONCRETE USED IN
STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS (PLAIN, REINFORCED, PRESTRESSED, OR PARTIALLY
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE).
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ADVANTAGES OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE
1. IT HAS A RELATIVELY HIGH COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH.
2. IT HAS BETTER RESISTANCE TO FIRE THAN STEEL.
3. IT HAS A LONG SERVICE LIFE WITH LOW MAINTENANCE COST.
4. IN SOME TYPES OF STRUCTURES, SUCH AS DAMS, PIERS, AND FOOTINGS, IT
IS THE MOST ECONOMICAL STRUCTURAL MATERIAL.
5. IT CAN BE CAST TO TAKE THE SHAPE REQUIRED, MAKING IT WIDELY USED IN
PRECAST STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS. IT YIELDS RIGID MEMBERS WITH
MINIMUM APPARENT DEFLECTION.
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DISADVANTAGES OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE
1. IT HAS A LOW TENSILE STRENGTH OF ABOUT ONE- TENTH OF ITS COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH.
2. IT NEEDS MIXING, CASTING, AND CURING, ALL OF WHICH AFFECT THE FINAL STRENGTH OF
CONCRETE.
3. THE COST OF THE FORMS USED TO CAST CONCRETE IS RELATIVELY HIGH. THE COST OF FORM
MATERIAL AND ARTISANRY MAY EQUAL THE COST OF CONCRETE PLACED IN THE FORMS.
4. IT HAS A LOW COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AS COMPARED TO STEEL ( THE RATIO IS ABOUT 1 :
10, DEPENDING ON MATERIALS), WHICH LEADS TO LARGE SECTIONS IN COLUMNS OF
MULTISTORY BUILDINGS.
5. CRACKS DEVELOP IN CONCRETE DUE TO SHRINKAGE AND THE APPLICATION OF LIVE LOADS.
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CODES OF PRACTICE
ENGINEERING SPECIFICATIONS ARE SET UP BY VARIOUS ORGANIZATIONS TO
REPRESENT THE MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS NECESSARY FOR THE SAFETY OF THE
PUBLIC, ALTHOUGH THEY ARE NOT NECESSARILY FOR THE PURPOSE OF
RESTRICTING ENGINEERS.
MOST CODES SPECIFY DESIGN LOADS, ALLOWABLE STRESSES, MATERIAL QUALITY,
CONSTRUCTION TYPES, AND OTHER REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION.
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CODES OF PRACTICE
1. THE BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE, ACI
318, OR THE ACI CODE.
2. INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE ( IBC)
3. THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS STANDARD ASCE 7
4. THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORTATION
OFFICIALS ( AASHTO) SPECIFICATIONS
5. THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS ( ASTM)
6. THE AMERICAN RAILWAY ENGINEERING ASSOCIATION ( AREA)
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DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
AND CONCEPTS
THE PROCESS OF SELECTING THE PROPER MATERIALS AND PROPORTIONING THE
DIFFERENT ELEMENTS OF THE STRUCTURE. THIS CAN BE ACHIEVED USING DESIGN
APPROACH-BASED STRAIN LIMITS IN CONCRETE AND STEEL REINFORCEMENT.
1. THE UNIFIED DESIGN METHOD ( UDM)
2. STRUT- AND- TIE METHOD ( STM)
3. WORKING STRESS DESIGN (WSD) OR THE ELASTIC DESIGN METHOD
4. LIMIT STATE DESIGN
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THE UNIFIED DESIGN METHOD
(UDM)
THE STRENGTH OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS ASSUMING A FAILURE CONDITION,
WHETHER DUE TO THE CRUSHING OF THE CONCRETE OR TO THE YIELD OF THE
REINFORCING STEEL BARS.
ADDITIONAL STRENGTH IN THE BARS AFTER YIELDING IS NOT CONSIDERED.
THE ACTUAL LOADS, OR WORKING LOADS, ARE MULTIPLIED BY LOAD FACTORS TO
OBTAIN THE FACTORED DESIGN LOADS.
THE ACI CODE EMPHASIZES THIS METHOD OF DESIGN.
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STRUT- AND- TIE METHOD ( STM)
THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENT IS
DIVIDED INTO SEGMENTS AND THEN
ANALYZED USING THE TRUSS
ANALOGY APPROACH, WHERE THE
CONCRETE RESISTS COMPRESSION
FORCES AS A STRUT, WHILE THE
STEEL REINFORCEMENT RESISTS
TENSILE FORCES AS A TIE.
THE PROVISIONS OF THIS METHOD
ARE INTRODUCED IN CHAPTER 23
OF ACI318-14 CODE.
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WORKING STRESS DESIGN (WSD)
• THE DESIGN CONCEPT IS BASED ON THE ELASTIC THEORY ASSUMING A
STRAIGHT- LINE STRESS DISTRIBUTION ALONG THE DEPTH OF THE CONCRETE
SECTION UNDER SERVICE LOADS.
• THE DESIGN CONCEPT IS BASED ON THE ELASTIC THEORY ASSUMING A
STRAIGHT- LINE STRESS DISTRIBUTION ALONG THE DEPTH OF THE CONCRETE
SECTION UNDER SERVICE LOADS.
• THE ALLOWABLE STRESSES ARE FRACTIONS OF THE CRUSHING STRENGTH OF
CONCRETE AND YIELD STRENGTH OF STEEL.
• THIS METHOD HAS BEEN DELETED FROM THE ACI CODE.
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LIMIT STATE DESIGN
• LIMIT STATE DESIGN IS A FURTHER STEP IN THE STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD.
• THREE LIMITING STATES:
1. LOAD- CARRYING CAPACITY ( SAFETY, STABILITY, AND DURABILITY)
2. DEFORMATION ( DEFLECTIONS, VIBRATIONS, AND IMPACT)
3. FORMATION OF CRACKS
• THE AIM OF THIS ANALYSIS IS TO ENSURE THAT NO LIMITING STATE WILL
APPEAR IN THE STRUCTURAL MEMBER DURING ITS SERVICE LIFE.
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LOADS
• DEAD LOADS INCLUDE THE WEIGHT OF THE STRUCTURE ( ITS SELF- WEIGHT)
AND ANY PERMANENT MATERIAL PLACED ON THE STRUCTURE, SUCH AS TILES,
ROOFING MATERIALS, AND WALLS.
• LIVE LOADS ARE ALL OTHER LOADS THAT ARE NOT DEAD LOADS. THEY MAY BE STEADY OR
UNSTEADY OR MOVABLE OR MOVING; THEY MAY BE APPLIED SLOWLY, SUDDENLY, VERTICALLY,
OR LATERALLY, AND THEIR MAGNITUDES MAY FLUCTUATE WITH TIME.
• THE ACI CODE DOES NOT SPECIFY LOADS ON STRUCTURES;
• OCCUPANCY LOADS ON DIFFERENT TYPES OF BUILDINGS ARE PRESCRIBED BY IBC- 2015
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LOADS
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LOADS
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SAFETY PROVISIONS
• STRUCTURAL MEMBERS MUST ALWAYS BE PROPORTIONED TO RESIST LOADS
GREATER THAN THE SERVICE OR ACTUAL LOAD IN ORDER TO PROVIDE PROPER
SAFETY AGAINST FAILURE.
• FACTORED LOADS : DIFFERENT FACTORS ARE USED FOR DIFFERENT LOADINGS.
• THE ACI CODE PRESENTS SPECIFIC VALUES OF LOAD FACTORS TO BE USED IN THE DESIGN OF
CONCRETE STRUCTURES. (ACI SECTION 5.3/ BOOK 3.5)
• FOR ADVERSE VARIATIONS IN MATERIALS AND DIMENSIONS, A STRENGTH REDUCTION
FACTOR, , SHOULD BE USED IN THE STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD. (ACI CHAPTER 21/ BOOK
3.6)
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STRUCTURAL CONCRETE ELEMENTS
• SLABS ARE HORIZONTAL PLATE ELEMENTS IN BUILDING FLOORS AND ROOFS.
• BEAMS ARE LONG, HORIZONTAL, OR INCLINED MEMBERS WITH LIMITED WIDTH AND DEPTH.
THEIR MAIN FUNCTION IS TO SUPPORT LOADS FROM SLABS
• COLUMNS ARE CRITICAL MEMBERS THAT SUPPORT LOADS FROM BEAMS OR SLABS.
• FRAMES ARE STRUCTURAL MEMBERS THAT CONSIST OF A COMBINATION OF BEAMS AND
COLUMNS
• FOOTINGS ARE PADS OR STRIPS THAT SUPPORT COLUMNS AND SPREAD THEIR LOADS
DIRECTLY TO THE SOIL OR SLABS, BEAMS, AND COLUMNS.
• WALLS ARE VERTICAL PLATE ELEMENTS RESISTING GRAVITY AS WELL AS LATERAL LOADS AS IN
THE CASE OF BASEMENT WALLS
• STAIRS ARE PROVIDED IN ALL BUILDINGS EITHER LOW OR HIGH RISE
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STRUCTURAL CONCRETE DESIGN
• IDEALIZING THE BUILDING INTO A STRUCTURAL MODEL OF LOAD- BEARING
FRAMES AND ELEMENTS
• ESTIMATING THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF LOADS ACTING ON THE BUILDING
• PERFORMING THE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS USING COMPUTER OR MANUAL
CALCULATIONS TO DETERMINE THE MAXIMUM MOMENTS, SHEAR, TORSIONAL
FORCES, AXIAL LOADS, AND OTHER FORCES
• PROPORTIONING THE DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS AND CALCULATING
THE REINFORCEMENT NEEDED
• PRODUCING STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS WITH ENOUGH
DETAILS TO ENABLE THE CONTRACTOR TO CONSTRUCT THE BUILDING
PROPERLY
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