Topic 1 - Learner-Centered Psychological Principles
Principles of Development
Intended Learning Outcomes:
1. Identify the characteristics of learners and the principles of the development.
2. Suggests learning experiences that could facilitate learning and teaching.
A. The potentialities of growth are inherent at the time of conception and are determined by the genes-the
carriers of heredity, but without a favorable environment, normal growth and development cannot occur.
HEREDITY-places limits beyond which the individuals cannot go and it is a matter of chance.
Facts about Heredity:
Heredity - involve organic resemblance based on descent
- the process by which the new organism is endowed with certain potentials for his later development
Heredity is determined at the moment of conception.
Like begets like.
Variations occur, for within he species there are differences.
Inheritance is not merely from the father and the mother but also from the two lines of ancestry of both
families.
Heredity involves the general capacity to do certain things rather than specific abilities.
Acquired characteristics are not inherited.
B. Increase in size, differentiation of structure, and alteration of forms constitute series of orderly and
irreversible stages that every child goes through from beginning of its life to end.
THE HOME, SCHOOL, AND COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENT, NUTRITION, VALUES, BELIEFS
AND CUSTOMS the child is subjected to all contribute to the total person he becomes.
C. No two individuals, as the learners, are exactly alike.
D. All children grow in much the same pattern: rapidly at first, then more slowly, but very quickly indeed
when puberty arrives.
E. Human development follows a definite and predictable pattern.
Principles of Developmental Changes
Phylogenetic Principle - states that development follows an orderly sequence which is predictable and is
true to all members of a certain race (species)
Predictable trends of development
i. cephalocaudal trend - development proceeds from head to foot direction
ii. proximodistal trend - the parts of the body nearest the center are the parts which develop
earlier
Ontogenetic Principle - the rate of development is unique to every individual. It is brought about by one's
heredity as well as environmental influences.
F. Nearly all human behavior is learned rather than inherited.
G. Early foundations of human development are critical and persistent.
H. Every phase of development has a characteristic "pattern of behavior" marked by period of equilibrium and
disequilibria.
Phases of Development
1. Pre Natal
2. Babyhood
3. Early Child hood
4. Late Childhood
5. Adolescence
6. Adulthood
7. Senescence
I. Every phase of development has hazards.
J. Cultural changes affect human development.
K. Judgments of self and others are affected by the traditional beliefs about people of all ages.
L. Stimulation plays an important role in human development
Activities
1. Using the principles of development as a baseline data, suggest learning experiences that could facilitate
learning and teaching.
2. Report on the developmental tasks.
DEVELOPMENATL TASKS
Developmentalism - was conceived by Johan Heinrich Peztalozzi where he indicated that education is a
continuous process.
Developmental Tasks - (Robert Havighurst) are skills, and patterns of behavior every cultural groups expects its
members to master or acquire a various ages during the life span.
Babyhood:
learn to walk
learn to take solid foods
partial control of the elimination of wastes
reasonable physiological stability
mastery of the foundation of speech
relate emotionally to parents and siblings
Early Childhood:
learn sex differences and sexual modesty
attain physiological stability
form simple concepts of social and physical reality
relate emotionally from parents, siblings, and other people
learn to distinguish right and wrong
develop a conscience
Late Childhood:
learn physical skills necessary for ordinary games
organize one's knowledge of physical and social reality
learn to work well in the peer group
become an independent person
build wholesome attitudes toward oneself as a growing organism
learn to get along with age mates
Adolescence
accept one's physique and one's masculine and feminine roles
establish new relations with age mates of both sexes
gain emotional independence from parents and other adults
select and prepare for an occupation
develop intellectual skills and concepts necessary for civic competence
desire and achieve socially responsible behavior
prepare for marriage and family life
build conscious values
Early adulthood:
select a mate
learn to live with a marriage partner
start a family
rear children
manage a home
get started with an occupation
take on civic responsibility
find a congenial social group
