EXAMPLE 1: Balanced Y-Y Connection

Calculate the line currents in the three-wire Y-Y system as

shown below
 Line to line voltages or line voltages:

Vab  3Vp 300

Vbc  3Vp   900
Vca  3Vp   2100

Magnitude of line voltages:

VL  3Vp
Vp  Van  Vbn  Vcn VL  Vab  Vbc  Vca
 SOLUTION
• Due to the three-phase circuit is balanced; we may replace it
with its single-phase equivalent circuit

• Phase “a” equivalent circuit:

 VAN
I Aa  ;
ZT
ZT  (5  j 2)  (10  j8)  16.15521.8
1100
I Aa   6.81  21.8
16.15521.8
• Since the source voltage are in positive (ABC) phase
sequence, the line currents are also in positive sequence:

I Bb  I Aa   120
 6.81  141.8A

I Cc  I Aa   240
 6.81  261.8  6.8198.2A
EXAMPLE 2: Balanced Y-Delta Connection

A balanced Y-connected source with an

V  10010 0
V
is connected to a Δ-connected balanced load (8+j4)Ω per
phase. Calculate the phase and line currents.
**NOTES:

Line voltages: Phase currents:

Vab  3Vp 300  VAB I AB 

V AB
Z
Vbc  3Vp   900  VBC
V BC
Vca  3Vp   2100  VCA I BC 
Z
VCA
Line currents: I CA 
I a  I AB  I CA  3I AB   30 Z

I b  I BC  I AB  3I AB   150
I c  I CA  I BC  3I AB 90
 SOLUTION
• Line Voltage:
• Phase Current
• Line Current
 EXAMPLE 3: Balanced Delta-Delta
Connection
A balanced Δ connected load having an impedance
20-j15 Ω is connected to a Δ connected, positive sequence
generator having Vab  3300 V
0

Calculate the phase currents of the load and the line

currents.
Line voltages: Line currents: Phase currents:

Vab  VAB I a  I AB  I CA  3I AB   30 I AB 

V AB
Vbc  VBC I b  I BC  I AB  3I AB   150
Z
V BC
Vca  VCA I c  I CA  I BC  3I AB 90 I BC 
Z
VCA
Magnitude line currents: Total impedance: I CA 
Z
IL  Ip 3 ZY 
Z
3
 SOLUTION
• Line Voltage= phase voltage
• Phase current
• Line Current
EXAMPLE 4: Balanced Delta-Y Connection

A balanced Y connected load with a phase resistance

of 40 Ω and a reactance of 25 Ω is supplies by a
balanced, positive sequence Δ connected source with
a line voltage of 210 V. Calculate the phase currents.
Use Vab as reference.
A single phase equivalent circuit

Vp
  30 0
Van 3
Ia  
ZY ZY
 SOLUTION
• Phase voltage = Line voltage (generator side)

• Phase Voltage (load side)

• Phase Current
 EXERCISE 1

A Y-connected balanced three-phase generator with an impedance

of 0.4+j0.3 Ω per phase is connected to a Y-connected balanced load
with an impedance of 24 + j19 Ω per phase. The line joining the
generator and the load has an impedance of 0.6 + j0.7 Ω per phase.
Assuming a positive sequence for the source voltages and that
Van  12030 0 V

Find: (a) the line voltages

(b) the line currents
 EXERCISE 2

One line voltage of a balanced Y-connected

source is If the source is connected
to a Δ -connected load of

Find: (a) the phase currents

(b) the line currents
 EXERCISE 3

A positive-sequence, balanced -connected source

supplies a balanced Δ-connected load. If the
impedance per phase of the load is 18+j12 Ω
and , find IAB and VAB
 EXERCISE 4

In a balanced -Y circuit, Vab  240150 V

and ZY = (12 + j15) Ω.
Calculate the line currents.
 EXAMPLE 5: Unbalanced Y Connected
load
The unbalanced Y-load has balanced voltages of 100 V.
Calculate the line currents. Take

SOLUTION:
 EXAMPLE 6: Unbalanced delta
Connected load
The unbalanced -load is supplied by balanced line-to-line voltages
of 240 V in the positive sequence. Find the line currents. Take VAB as
reference.
 Active Power in Single Phase

• Active Power (P) delivered to or absorb by

resistive component to each phase, Pᶲ:
P  V I cos 
V
I (W)
where

V
I
is the phase angle between V and I
2
V
P  I R (W) or
2
P  R
(W)
R
 Reactive Power in Single Phase

• Reactive Power (Q) delivered to or absorb by

reactive component to each phase, Qᶲ:
Q  V I sin 
V
I (VAR)
where

V
I
is the phase angle between V and I

X x2
Q  I X  (VAR)
2
or Q  (VAR)
X
 Apparent Power in Single Phase

• Apparent Power (S) - is the product of voltage and

current that deliver to each phase.

S  V I (VA)
or

S  I Z (VA)
2
Power in Y-Connection
P  I  V  cos 
P3  PT  3  I  V  cos 
 VL 
PT  3  I L     cos 
 3
 3I LVL cos
QT  3I LVL sin 
ST  3I LVL The angle θ is angle between the
voltage and current in any phase of
the load ( it is the same in all
phases), and the power factor of the
load is the cosine of the impedance
angle θ
Power in Δ-Connection
P  I  V  cos 
P3  PT  3  I  V  cos 
 IL 
PT  3     VL  cos 
 3
 3I LVL cos
QT  3I LVL sin 
ST  3I LVL The angle θ is angle between the
voltage and current in any phase of
the load ( it is the same in all
phases), and the power factor of the
load is the cosine of the impedance
angle θ
 Power Factor, pf

Defined as the ratio of the real power flowing to

the load over the apparent power in the circuit.
Displacement angle between V and I

Reactive Power, Q (kVAR)

PT
Power Factor, pf   cos  I
V

ST


Active Power, P (kW)
• Defined as 'the cosine of the angle between the voltage and
current'.
• In AC circuit, the voltage and current are ideally in phase.
• But practically, there exists a phase difference between them.
• The cosine of this phase difference is termed as power factor.
• It can be defined and mathematically represented as follows:
• Power factors are usually stated as "leading" or
"lagging" to show the sign of the phase angle.
Capacitive loads are leading (current leads
voltage), and inductive loads are lagging (current
lags voltage).
Phase Current
Phase
Voltage

Phase
Phase Current Voltage

•Lagging power factor •leading power factor

( inductive loads) • (capacitive loads)
 EXAMPLE 7

A 208-V three-phase power system is shown in above figure. It consists of an

ideal 208-V Y-connected three-phase generator connected through a three-
phase transmission line to a Y-connected load. The transmission line has an
impedance of 0.06+ j 0.12Ω per phase, and the load has an impedance of 12
+ j9Ω per phase. Find
(a) the active, reactive and apparent powers consumed by the load
(b) the power factor of the load
 SOLUTION
(a) The active power consumed by the load is
Pload  3V L I L cos 
 3(120V )(7.94 A) cos 37.1
 2280W
The reactive power consumed by the load is
Qload  3V L I L sin 
 3(120V )(7.94 A)sin 37.1
 1724 var
The apparent power consumed by the load is
Sload  3V L I L
 3(120V )(7.94 A)
 2858VA

(b) The load power factor is PFload  cos 

 cos 37.1
 0.8lagging
 TWO-WATTMETER METHOD
To measure the power delivered by a three-phase, 4-wire system,
three single-phase wattmeter could be connected to measure
power in each of the phases and the readings added to obtain the
total power.

However is not necessary because two single-phase wattmeter

connected as shown in Figure 1 will gave the same result.

The total power is the algebraic sum of the two wattmeter readings
and this method of power measurement is known as the two-
wattmeter method.
 Figure 1: The Two-Wattmeter Method of Measuring Three-Phase Power

Figure 2 shows a wattmeter connected to measure the power

delivered to a load and the equivalent circuit connections of the DAI
to obtain the same result with the Metering system.

Figure 2: Measuring Power with a Wattmeter

 Alternative hookup for the Two
Two Wattmeter Method
Wattmeter Method
 EXAMPLE 8

An unbalanced Δ load is connected to a three-phase, Y-

connected generator having a line voltage of EAB, EBC and ECA.
Calculate the readings of the wattmeters W1 and W2. Find PTotal
SOLUTION