Chapter 5: Synchronous Motors

5-1. A 480-V, 60 Hz, 400-hp 0.8-PF-leading eight-pole -connected synchronous motor has a synchronous
reactance of 0.6 and negligible armature resistance. Ignore its friction, windage, and core losses for the
purposes of this problem. Assume that E A is directly proportional to the field current I F (in other
words, assume that the motor operates in the linear part of the magnetization curve), and that E A = 480
V when I F = 4 A.
(a) What is the speed of this motor?
(b) If this motor is initially supplying 400 hp at 0.8 PF lagging, what are the magnitudes and angles
of E A and I A ?

(c) How much torque is this motor producing? What is the torque angle ? How near is this value
to the maximum possible induced torque of the motor for this field current setting?

(d) If E A is increased by 30 percent, what is the new magnitude of the armature current? What is
the motor’s new power factor?
(e) Calculate and plot the motor’s V-curve for this load condition.
SOLUTION
(a) The speed of this motor is given by
120 f se 120 60 Hz
nm 900 r/min
P 8
(b) If losses are being ignored, the output power is equal to the input power, so the input power will be
PIN 400 hp 746 W/hp 298.4 kW

This situation is shown in the phasor diagram below:

V

IA
jX I
S A

EA

The line current flow under these circumstances is

P 298.4 kW
IL 449 A
3 VT PF 3 480 V 0.8

Because the motor is -connected, the corresponding phase current is I A 449 / 3 259 A . The angle
of the current is cos 1
0.80 36.87 , so I A 259 36.87 A . The internal generated voltage E A
is
EA V jX S I A

EA 480 0 V j 0.6 259 36.87 A 406 17.8 V

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(c) This motor has 6 poles and an electrical frequency of 60 Hz, so its rotation speed is nm = 1200
r/min. The induced torque is
POUT 298.4 kW
ind 3166 N m
1 min 2 rad
m
900 r/min
60 s 1r
The maximum possible induced torque for the motor at this field setting is the maximum possible power
divided by m

3V E A 3 480 V 406 V
ind,max 10,340 N m
XS 1 min 2 rad
m
900 r/min 0.6
60 s 1r
The current operating torque is about 1/3 of the maximum possible torque.
(d) If the magnitude of the internal generated voltage E A is increased by 30%, the new torque angle
can be found from the fact that E A sin P constant .
E A 2 1.30 E A1 1.30 406 V 487.2 V

1 E A1 1 406 V
2 sin sin 1 sin sin 17.8 14.8
E A2 487.2 V

The new armature current is

V E A2 480 0 V 487.2 14.8 V
I A2 208 4.1 A
jX S j 0.6

The magnitude of the armature current is 208 A, and the power factor is cos (-24.1 ) = 0.913 lagging.
(e) A MATLAB program to calculate and plot the motor’s V-curve is shown below:

% M-file: prob5_1e.m
% M-file create a plot of armature current versus Ea
% for the synchronous motor of Problem 5-1.

% Initialize values
Ea = (0.90:0.01:1.70)*406; % Magnitude of Ea volts
Ear = 406; % Reference Ea
deltar = -17.8 * pi/180; % Reference torque angle
Xs = 0.6; % Synchronous reactance (ohms)
Vp = 480; % Phase voltage at 0 degrees
Ear = Ear * (cos(deltar) + j * sin(deltar));

% Calculate delta2
delta2 = asin ( abs(Ear) ./ abs(Ea) .* sin(deltar) );

% Calculate the phasor Ea

Ea = Ea .* (cos(delta2) + j .* sin(delta2));

% Calculate Ia
Ia = ( Vp - Ea ) / ( j * Xs);

% Plot the v-curve

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 figure(1);
plot(abs(Ea),abs(Ia),'b','Linewidth',2.0);
xlabel('\bf\itE_{A}\rm\bf (V)');
ylabel('\bf\itI_{A}\rm\bf (A)');
title ('\bfSynchronous Motor V-Curve');
grid on;
The resulting plot is shown below

5-2. Assume that the motor of Problem 5-1 is operating at rated conditions.
(a) What are the magnitudes and angles of E A and I A , and I F ?

(b) Suppose the load is removed from the motor. What are the magnitudes and angles of E A and I A
now?
SOLUTION
(a) The line current flow at rated conditions is
P 298.4 kW
IL 449 A
3 VT PF 3 480 V 0.8

Because the motor is -connected, the corresponding phase current is I A 449 / 3 259 A . The angle
of the current is cos 1
0.80 36.87 , so I A 259 36.87 A . The internal generated voltage E A is

EA V jX S I A

EA 480 0 V j 0.6 259 36.87 A 587 12.2 V

The field current is directly proportional to E A , with = 480 V when I F = 4 A. Since the real E A is
587 V, the required field current is
E A2 IF2
E A1 I F1

125
 E A2 587 V
IF 2 I F1 4A 4.89 A
E A1 480 V

(b) When the load is removed from the motor the magnitude of E A remains unchanged but the torque
angle goes to 0 . The resulting armature current is
V EA 480 0 V 587 0
IA 178.3 90 A
jX S j 0.6

5-3. A 230-V, 50 Hz, two-pole synchronous motor draws 40 A from the line at unity power factor and full
load. Assuming that the motor is lossless, answer the following questions:
(a) What is the output torque of this motor? Express the answer both in newton-meters and in pound-
feet.
(b) What must be done to change the power factor to 0.85 leading? Explain your answer, using
phasor diagrams.
(c) What will the magnitude of the line current be if the power factor is adjusted to 0.85 leading?
SOLUTION
(a) If this motor is assumed lossless, then the input power is equal to the output power. The input
power to this motor is
PIN 3VT I L cos 3 230 V 40 A 1.0 15.93 kW

The rotational speed of the motor is

120 f se 120 50 Hz
nm 1500 r/min
P 4
The output torque would be
POUT 15.93 kW
LOAD 101.4 N m
1 min 2 rad
m
1500 r/min
60 s 1r
In English units,
7.04 POUT 7.04 15.93 kW
LOAD 74.8 lb ft
nm 1500 r/min
(b) To change the motor’s power factor to 0.8 leading, its field current must be increased. Since the
power supplied to the load is independent of the field current level, an increase in field current increases
E A while keeping the distance E A sin constant. This increase in E A changes the angle of the
current I A , eventually causing it to reach a power factor of 0.8 leading.

126
 P
I A2
I A1 V

E A1
jX I
S A

E A2
} P

Q I sin
A

(c) The magnitude of the line current will be

P 15.93 kW
IL 50.0 A
3 VT PF 3 230 V 0.8

5-4. A 2300-V 1000-hp 0.8-PF leading 60-Hz two-pole Y-connected synchronous motor has a synchronous
reactance of 2.5 and an armature resistance of 0.3 . At 60 Hz, its friction and windage losses are 30
kW, and its core losses are 20 kW. The field circuit has a dc voltage of 200 V, and the maximum I F is
10 A. The open-circuit characteristic of this motor is shown in Figure P5-1. Answer the following
questions about the motor, assuming that it is being supplied by an infinite bus.

(a) How much field current would be required to make this machine operate at unity power factor
when supplying full load?
(b) What is the motor’s efficiency at full load and unity power factor?

127
 (c) If the field current were increased by 5 percent, what would the new value of the armature current
be? What would the new power factor be? How much reactive power is being consumed or supplied
by the motor?
(d) What is the maximum torque this machine is theoretically capable of supplying at unity power
factor? At 0.8 PF leading?

Note: An electronic version of this open circuit characteristic can be found in file
p51_occ.dat, which can be used with MATLAB programs. Column 1
contains field current in amps, and column 2 contains open-circuit terminal
voltage in volts.
SOLUTION
(a) At full load, the input power to the motor is
PIN POUT Pmech Pcore PCU
We can’t know the copper losses until the armature current is known, so we will find the input power and
armature current ignoring that term, and then correct the input power after we know it.
PIN 1000 hp 746 W/hp 30 kW 20 kW 796 kW

Therefore, the line and phase current at unity power factor is

P 796 kW
IA IL 200 A
3 VT PF 3 2300 V 1.0

The copper losses due to a current of 200 A are

2
PCU 3 I A 2 RA 3 200 A 0.3 36.0 kW

Therefore, a better estimate of the input power at full load is

PIN 1000 hp 746 W/hp 30 kW 20 kW + 36 kW 832 kW

and a better estimate of the line and phase current at unity power factor is
P 832 kW
IA IL 209 A
3 VT PF 3 2300 V 1.0

The phasor diagram of this motor operating a unity power factor is shown below:
I V
A

jX I
S A

EA R I
A A

The phase voltage of this motor is 2300 / 3 = 1328 V. The required internal generated voltage is
EA V RAI A jX S I A
E A 1328 0 V 0.3 209 0 A j 2.5 209 0 A
E A 1370 22.44 V

128
This internal generated voltage corresponds to a terminal voltage of 3 1370 2371 V . This voltage
would require a field current of 4.54 A.
(b) The motor’s efficiency at full load and unity power factor is
POUT 746 kW
100% 100% 89.7%
PIN 832 kW

(c) To solve this problem, we will temporarily ignore the effects of the armature resistance R A . If R A
is ignored, then E A sin is directly proportional to the power supplied by the motor. Since the power
supplied by the motor does not change when I F is changed, this quantity will be a constant.
If the field current is increased by 5%, then the new field current will be 4.77 A, and the new value
of the open-circuit terminal voltage will be 2450 V. The new value of E A will be 2435 V / 3 = 1406
V. Therefore, the new torque angle will be

1 E A1 1 1370 V
2 sin sin 1 sin sin 22.44 23.9
E A2 1406 V

Therefore, the new armature current will be

V EA 1328 0 V 1406 23.9 V
IA 227 2.6 A
RA jX S 0.3 j 2.5
The new current is about the same as before, but the phase angle has become positive. The new power
factor is cos 2.6 = 0.999 leading, and the reactive power supplied by the motor is
Q 3 VT I L sin 3 2300 V 227 A sin 2.6 41.0 kVAR

(d) The maximum torque possible at unity power factor (ignoring the effects of R A ) is:

3V E A 3 1328 V 1370 V
ind,max 5790 N m
XS 1 min 2 rad
m
3600 r/min 2.5
60 s 1r
If we are ignoring the resistance of the motor, then the input power would be 7968 kW (note that copper
losses are ignored!). At a power factor of 0.8 leading, the current flow will be
P 796 kW
IA IL 250 A
3 VT PF 3 2300 V 0.8

so I A 250 36.87 A . The internal generated voltage at 0.8 PF leading (ignoring copper losses) is
EA V RAI A jX S I A
E A 1328 0 V j 2.5 250 36.87 A
E A 1775 16.4 V
Therefore, the maximum torque at a power factor of 0.8 leading is
3V E A 3 1328 V 1775 V
ind,max 7503 N m
XS 1 min 2 rad
m
3600 r/min 2.5
60 s 1r

129
5-5. Plot the V-curves ( I A versus I F ) for the synchronous motor of Problem 5-4 at no-load, half-load, and
full-load conditions. (Note that an electronic version of the open-circuit characteristics in Figure P5-1 is
available at the book’s Web site. It may simplify the calculations required by this problem.)
Note: This problem can be greatly simplified if the armature resistance and copper
losses are ignored. This solution does not ignore them. Instead, it tries to
estimate the copper losses by first getting an estimate of the armature current.
SOLUTION The input power at no-load, half-load and full-load conditions is given below. Note that we are
assuming that R A is negligible in each case.

PIN,nl 30 kW 20 kW 50 kW

PIN,half 500 hp 746 W/hp 30 kW 20 kW 423 kW

PIN,full 1000 hp 746 W/hp 30 kW 20 kW 796 kW

If the power factor is adjusted to unity, then armature currents will be

P 50 kW
I A,nl 12.6 A
3 VT PF 3 2300 V 1.0

P 423 kW
I A,half 106 A
3 VT PF 3 2300 V 1.0

P 796 kW
I A,full 200 A
3 VT PF 3 2300 V 1.0

The copper losses due to the armature currents are

2
PCU,nl 3I A 2 RA 3 12.6 A 0.3 0.14 kW
2
PCU,half 3I A 2 RA 3 106 A 0.3 10.1 kW
2
PCU,full 3 I A 2 RA 3 200 A 0.3 36.0 kW

Therefore, a better estimate of the input power at the various loads is

PIN,nl 30 kW 20 kW + 0.14 kW 50.1 kW

PIN,half 500 hp 746 W/hp 30 kW 20 kW + 10.1 kW 433 kW

PIN,full 1000 hp 746 W/hp 30 kW 20 kW + 36 kW 832 kW

and a better estimate of the line and phase current at unity power factor is
P 50.1 kW
I A,nl 12.6 A
3 VT PF 3 2300 V 1.0

P 433 kW
I A,half 109 A
3 VT PF 3 2300 V 1.0

P 832 kW
I A,full IL 209 A
3 VT PF 3 2300 V 1.0

The corresponding internal generated voltages at unity power factor are:

130
 EA V RAI A jX S I A
E A,nl 1328 0 V 0.3 12.6 0 A j 2.5 12.6 0 A 1325 1.3 V
E A,half 1328 0 V 0.3 109 0 A j 2.5 109 0 A 1324 11.9 V
E A,full 1328 0 V 0.3 209 0 A j 2.5 209 0 A 1369 22.4 V

These values of E A and at unity power factor can serve as reference points in calculating the
synchronous motor V-curves. The MATLAB program to solve this problem is shown below:

% M-file: prob5_5.m
% M-file create a plot of armature current versus field
% current for the synchronous motor of Problem 6-4 at
% no-load, half-load, and full-load.

% First, initialize the field current values (21 values

% in the range 3.8-5.8 A)
if1 = 2.5:0.1:8;

% Get the OCC

load p51_occ.dat;
if_values = p51_occ(:,1);
vt_values = p51_occ(:,2);

% Now initialize all other values

Xs = 2.5; % Synchronous reactance
Vp = 1328; % Phase voltage

% The following values of Ea and delta are for unity

% power factor. They will serve as reference values
% when calculating the V-curves.
d_nl = -1.3 * pi/180; % delta at no-load
d_half = -11.9 * pi/180; % delta at half-load
d_full = -22.4 * pi/180; % delta at full-load
Ea_nl = 1325; % Ea at no-load
Ea_half = 1324; % Ea at half-load
Ea_full = 1369; % Ea at full-load

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Calculate the actual Ea corresponding to each level
% of field current
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Ea = interp1(if_values,vt_values,if1) / sqrt(3);

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Calculate the armature currents associated with
% each value of Ea for the no-load case.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% First, calculate delta.
delta = asin ( Ea_nl ./ Ea .* sin(d_nl) );

% Calculate the phasor Ea

Ea2 = Ea .* (cos(delta) + j .* sin(delta));

% Now calculate Ia
Ia_nl = ( Vp - Ea2 ) / (j * Xs);
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Calculate the armature currents associated with
% each value of Ea for the half-load case.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% First, calculate delta.
delta = asin ( Ea_half ./ Ea .* sin(d_half) );

% Calculate the phasor Ea

Ea2 = Ea .* (cos(delta) + j .* sin(delta));

% Now calculate Ia
Ia_half = ( Vp - Ea2 ) / (j * Xs);

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Calculate the armature currents associated with
% each value of Ea for the full-load case.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% First, calculate delta.
delta = asin ( Ea_full ./ Ea .* sin(d_full) );

% Calculate the phasor Ea

Ea2 = Ea .* (cos(delta) + j .* sin(delta));

% Now calculate Ia
Ia_full = ( Vp - Ea2 ) / (j * Xs);

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Plot the v-curves
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
hold off;
plot(if1,abs(Ia_nl),'k-','Linewidth',2.0);
hold on;
plot(if1,abs(Ia_half),'b--','Linewidth',2.0);
plot(if1,abs(Ia_full),'r:','Linewidth',2.0);
xlabel('\bfField Current (A)');
ylabel('\bfArmature Current (A)');
title ('\bfSynchronous Motor V-Curve');
legend('No load','Half load','Full load');
grid on;
The resulting plot is shown below. The flattening visible to the right of the V-curves is due to magnetic
saturation in the machine.

132
5-6. If a 60-Hz synchronous motor is to be operated at 50 Hz, will its synchronous reactance be the same as at
60 Hz, or will it change? (Hint: Think about the derivation of X S .)

SOLUTION The synchronous reactance represents the effects of the armature reaction voltage Estat and the
armature self-inductance. The armature reaction voltage is caused by the armature magnetic field B S ,
and the amount of voltage is directly proportional to the speed with which the magnetic field sweeps over
the stator surface. The higher the frequency, the faster B S sweeps over the stator, and the higher the
armature reaction voltage Estat is. Therefore, the armature reaction voltage is directly proportional to
frequency. Similarly, the reactance of the armature self-inductance is directly proportional to frequency,
so the total synchronous reactance X S is directly proportional to frequency. If the frequency is changed
from 60 Hz to 50 Hz, the synchronous reactance will be decreased by a factor of 5/6.
5-7. A 208-V Y-connected synchronous motor is drawing 50 A at unity power factor from a 208-V power
system. The field current flowing under these conditions is 2.7 A. Its synchronous reactance is 1.6 .
Assume a linear open-circuit characteristic.
(a) Find V and E A for these conditions.

(b) Find the torque angle .

(c) What is the static stability power limit under these conditions?
(d) How much field current would be required to make the motor operate at 0.80 PF leading?
(e) What is the new torque angle in part (d)?
SOLUTION
(a) The phase voltage of this motor is V = 120 V, and the armature current is I A 50 0 A .
Therefore, the internal generated voltage is
EA V RAI A jX S I A
E A 120 0 V j 1.6 50 0 A
E A 144 33.7 V
133
 (b) The torque angle of this machine is –33.7 .
(c) The static stability power limit is given by
3V E A 3 120 V 144 V
Pmax 32.4 kW
XS 1.6

(d) A phasor diagram of the motor operating at a power factor of 0.78 leading is shown below.
P
I A2
I A1 V

E A1
jX I
S A

E A2
} P

Since the power supplied by the motor is constant, the quantity I A cos , which is directly proportional
to power, must be constant. Therefore,
I A2 0.8 50 A 1.00
I A2 62.5 36.87 A
The internal generated voltage required to produce this current would be
E A2 V R AI A 2 jX S I A2
E A2 120 0 V j 1.6 62.50 36.87 A
E A2 197 23.9 V

The internal generated voltage E A is directly proportional to the field flux, and we have assumed in this
problem that the flux is directly proportional to the field current. Therefore, the required field current is
E A2 197 V
IF 2 I F1 2.7 A 3.70 A
E A1 144 V

(e) The new torque angle of this machine is –23.9 .

5-8. A 4.12 kV, 60 Hz, 3000-hp 0.8-PF-leading, -connected, three-phase synchronous motor has a
synchronous reactance of 1.1 per unit and an armature re sistance of 0.1 per unit. If this motor is running
at rated voltage with a line current of 300 A at 0.85 PF leading, what is the internal generated voltage per
phase inside this motor? What is the torque angle ?
SOLUTION
The output power of the motor is 3000 hp 746 W/hp 2238 kW . If we take this as rated power,
the ratings of this machine are
S base P / PF 2238 kW / 0.8 2798 kVA

VL ,base 4120 V

V ,base 4120 V

134
 S base 2798 kVA
I L ,base 392 A
3VL ,base 3 4120 V

I L ,base 392 A
I ,base 226 A
3 3
Therefore, the line current of 300 A in per-unit is
IL 300 A
I L ,pu 0.765 pu
I L ,base 392 A
and the final per-unit current is
I pu 0.765 31.8 pu
The internal generated voltage in per-unit is
EA V RAI A jX S I A
EA 1 0 0.1 0.765 31.8 j 1.1 0.765 31.8
E A 1572 28.7 pu
In volts, the internal generated voltage is
E A 1.572 28.7 pu 4120 V 6477 28.7 V

And the torque angle is -28.7 .

5-9. Figure P5-2 shows a synchronous motor phasor diagram for a motor operating at a leading power factor
with no RA . For this motor, the torque angle is given by

X S I A cos
tan
V X S I A sin

X S I A cos
tan -1
V X S I A sin
Derive an equation for the torque angle of the synchronous motor if the armature resistance is included.
SOLUTION The phasor diagram with the armature resistance considered is shown below.

135
 I
A
X I sin
S A
V

jX I
S A }
R I
X I cos
S A

A A
EA
R I cos
A A

Therefore,
X S I A cos RA I A sin
tan
V X S I A sin R A I A cos

1 X S I A cos RA I A sin
tan
V X S I A sin R A I A cos

5-10. A synchronous machine has a synchronous reactance of 1.0 per phase and an armature resistance of 0.1
per phase. If E A = 460 -10 V and V = 480 0 V, is this machine a motor or a generator? How
much power P is this machine consuming from or supplying to the electrical system? How much reactive
power Q is this machine consuming from or supplying to the electrical system?
SOLUTION This machine is a motor, consuming power from the power system, because E A is lagging V .
It is also consuming reactive power, because E A cos V . The current flowing in this machine is

V EA 480 0 V 460 10 V
IA 83.9 13 A
RA jX S 0.1 j1.0
Therefore the real power consumed by this motor is
P 3V I A cos 3 480 V 89.3 A cos 13 125.3 kW

and the reactive power consumed by this motor is

Q 3V I A sin 3 480 V 89.3 A sin 13 28.9 kVAR

5-11. A 500 kVA, 600 V, 0.8-PF-leading, Y-connected synchronous motor has a synchronous reactance of 1.0
per unit and an armature resistance of 0.1 per unit. At the current time, E A = 1.00 12 pu and V =
1 0 pu.
(a) Is this machine currently acting as a motor or a generator?
(b) How much power P is this machine consuming from or supplying to the electrical system?
(c) How much reactive power Q is this machine consuming from or supplying to the electrical
system?
(d) Is this machine operating within its rated limits?
SOLUTION
(a) This machine is a generator, supplying power to the power system, because E A is leading V .

136
It is also consuming reactive power, because E A cos V .

(b) The per-unit current flowing in this machine (assuming that it is a generator) is
EA V RA I A jX S I A

EA V 1 12 pu 1 0 pu
IA 0.208 11.7 A
RA jX S 0.1 j1.0

The current angle in this generator is 11.7 , so the impedance angle is -11.7 . Therefore the real power
supplied to the power system by this machine is
P 3V I A cos 3 1.0 0.208 cos 11.7 0.611 pu

Converting from per-unit to real power in watts, we get

P S base Ppu 500 kVA 0.611 pu 305.5 kW
(c) The reactive power consumed by this motor is
Q 3V I A sin 3 1.0 0.208 sin 11.7 0.127 pu

Converting from per-unit to reactive power in var, we get

Q S base Qpu 500 kVA 0.127 pu 63.5 kvar
(d) The total apparent power of this machine is
2 2
S P2 Q2 305.5 kW 63.5 kvar 312 kVA

The machine is operating within limits.

5-12. Figure P5-3 shows a small industrial plant supplied by an external 480 V three-phase power supply. The
plant includes three main loads as shown in the figure. Answer the following questions about the plant.
The synchronous motor is rated at 100 hp, 460 V, and 0.8-PF-leading. The synchronous reactance is 1.1
pu and armature resistance is 0.01 pu. The OCC for this motor is shown in Figure P5-4.
(a) If the switch on the synchronous motor is open, how much real, reactive, and apparent power is
being supplied to the plant? What is the current I L in the transmission line?

The switch is now closed and the synchronous motor is supplying rated power at rated power
factor.
(b) What is the field current in the motor?
(c) What is the torque angle of the motor?
(c) What is the power factor of the motor?
(d) How much real, reactive, and apparent power is being supplied to the plant now? What is the
current I L in the transmission line?

Now suppose that the field current is increased to 3.0 A.

(e) What is the real and reactive power supplied to the motor?
(f) What is the torque angle of the motor?
(g) What is the power factor of the motor?

137
 (h) How much real, reactive, and apparent power is being supplied to the plant now? What is the
current I L in the transmission line?

(i) How does the line current in part (d) compare to the line current in part (h)? Why?

SOLUTION
(a) The real and reactive power supplied by Load 1 is
P1 100 kW

Q1 P1 tan cos 1 PF 100 kW tan cos 1

0.9 48.4 kvar

The real and reactive power supplied by Load 2 is

P2 S 2 cos 80 kVA 0.8 64 kW

138
 Q2 S 2 sin cos 1 PF 80 kW sin cos 1
0.8 48 kvar

The real, reactive, and apparent power supplied to the plant is

PTOT P1 P2 100 kW 64 kW 164 kW

QTOT Q1 Q2 48.4 kvar 48 kvar 96.4 kvar

2 2
STOT PTOT 2 QTOT 2 164 kW 96.4 kVA 190 kVA

The line current is given by

STOT 190 kVA
IL 228.5 A
3VL 3 480 V

Note: In the following sections, we will treat the synchronous motor as though it
were Y connected. The problem doesn’t specify the connection, and the
answers are the same whether we assume a or a Y connection, so we will
just choose one for convenience.

(b) The rated power of the motor is Pmotor 100 hp 746 W/hp 74.6 kW . Assuming that the
motor is Y-connected, the base quantities for the synchronous motor are
S base P / PF 74.6 kW / 0.8 93.2 kVA

VL ,base 460 V

V ,base VL,base / 3 460 V / 3 266 V

S base 93.2 kVA

I L ,base 117 A
3VL ,base 3 460 V

I ,base I L ,base 117 A

2 2
3V ,base 3 266 V
Z ,base 2.278
S base 93, 200 VA
Therefore the impedances can be expressed in ohms per phase as
RA Z ,base RA,pu 2.278 0.01 0.023

XS Z ,base X S ,pu 2.278 1.1 2.51

The rated real and reactive power of the motor is

Pmotor 100 hp 746 W/hp 74.6 kW

Qmotor Pmotor tan cos 1 PF 74.6 kW tan cos 1

0.8 56 kvar

Note that the motor is supplying reactive power, not consuming it.

The phase voltage would be V VL / 3 480 V / 3 277 V , and magnitude of the armature
current would be

139
 Pmotor 74.6 kW
IA 112 A
3V cos 3 277 V 0.8

Since the power factor is 0.8 leading, the current A 112 36.87 A , and the internal generated voltage
is
EA V RA I A jX S I A

EA 277 0 V 0.023 112 36.87 A j 2.51 112 36.87 A

EA 498 27.0 pu
The field current must corresponding to 498 V is 1.86 A.
(c) The torque angle of the motor is 27
(d) The real, reactive, and apparent power supplied to the plant is
PTOT P1 P2 Pmotor 100 kW 64 kW+74.6 kW 238.6 kW

QTOT Q1 Q2 Qmotor 48.4 kvar 48 kvar 56 kvar 40.4 kvar

2 2
STOT PTOT 2 QTOT 2 238.6 kW 40.4 kVA 242 kVA

The line current is given by

STOT 242 kVA
IL 291 A
3VL 3 480 V
(e) If the field current is increased to 2 A, the magnitude of the internal generated voltage will rise from
498 V to 517 V (see the OCC curve). The power supplied to the load will remain constant (because the
load torque and rotational speed are unchanged), so the distance E A sin P will remain constant.
Therefore the torque angle becomes

1 E A1 1 498 V
2 sin sin 1 sin sin 27 25.9
E A2 517 V

The new armature current is

V E A2 277 0 V 517 25.9 V
I A2 117 39.8 A
jX S j 2.51

The current angle is 39.8 , so the impedance angle 39.8 . The real power supplied by the motor is
Pmotor 3V I cos 3 277 V 117 A cos 39.8 74.6 kW

Qmotor 3V I cos 3 277 V 117 A sin 39.8 62.2 kvar

(f) The torque angle of the motor is 39.8

(g) The power factor of the motor is cos 39.8 0.768 leading .
(h) The real, reactive, and apparent power supplied to the plant is
PTOT P1 P2 Pmotor 100 kW 64 kW+74.6 kW 238.6 kW

140
 QTOT Q1 Q2 Qmotor 48.4 kvar 48 kvar 62.2 kvar 26.2 kvar
2 2
STOT PTOT 2 QTOT 2 238.6 kW 26.2 kVA 240 kVA

The line current is given by

STOT 240 kVA
IL 288.7 A
3VL 3 480 V
(i) The line current in part (d) is greater than the line current in part (h), because the synchronous motor
is supplying more of the reactive power being consumed by the other two loads, required less reactive
power from the infinite bus.
5-13. A 480-V 100-kW 0.8-PF leading 50-Hz four-pole Y-connected synchronous motor has a synchronous
reactance of 1.8 and a negligible armature resistance. The rotational losses are also to be ignored. This
motor is to be operated over a continuous range of speeds from 300 to 1500 r/min, where the speed
changes are to be accomplished by controlling the system frequency with a solid-state drive.
(a) Over what range must the input frequency be varied to provide this speed control range?
(b) How large is E A at the motor’s rated conditions?

(c) What is the maximum power the motor can produce at rated speed with the E A calculated in part
(b)?
(d) What is the largest value that E A could be at 300 r/min?

(e) Assuming that the applied voltage V is derated by the same amount as E A , what is the
maximum power the motor could supply at 300 r/min?
(f) How does the power capability of a synchronous motor relate to its speed?
SOLUTION
(a) A speed of 300 r/min corresponds to a frequency of
nm P 300 r/min 4
f se 10 Hz
120 120
A speed of 1500 r/min corresponds to a frequency of
nm P 1500 r/min 4
f se 50 Hz
120 120
The frequency must be controlled in the range 10 to 50 Hz.
(b) The armature current at rated conditions is
P 100 kW
IA IL 150.3 A
3 VT PF 3 480 V 0.8

so I A 150.3 36.87 A . This machine is Y-connected, so the phase voltage is V = 480 / 3 = 277 V.
The internal generated voltage is
EA V RAI A jX S I A
EA 277 0 V j 1.8 150.3 36.87 A
EA 489 26.2 V

141
 So E A = 489 V at rated conditions.

(c) The maximum power that the motor can produce at rated speed with the value of E A from part (b)
is
3V E A 3 277 V 489 V
Pmax 226 kW
XS 1.8

(d) Since E A must be decreased linearly with frequency, the maximum value at 300 r/min would be

10 Hz
E A,300 489 V 97.8 V
50 Hz

(e) If the applied voltage V is derated by the same amount as E A , then V = (10/50)(277) = 55.4 V.
Also, note that X S = (10/50)(1.8 ) = 0.36 . The maximum power that the motor could supply would
be
3V E A 3 97.8 V 55.4 V
Pmax 45.1 kW
XS 0.36
(f) As we can see by comparing the results of (c) and (e), the power-handling capability of the
synchronous motor varies linearly with the speed of the motor.
5-14. A 2300-V, 400-hp, 60-Hz, eight-pole, Y-connected synchronous motor has a rated power factor of 0.85
leading. At full load, the efficiency is 90 percent. The armature resistance is 0.8 , and the synchronous
reactance is 11 . Find the following quantities for this machine when it is operating at full load:
(a) Output torque
(b) Input power
(c) nm

(d) E A

(e) I A

(f) Pconv

(g) Pmech Pcore Pstray

SOLUTION
(a) Since this machine has 8 poles, it rotates at a speed of
120 f se 120 60 Hz
nm 900 r/min
P 8
At full load, the power supplied by this machine is
Pout 400 hp 746 W/hp 298 kW

If the output power is 298 kW, the output torque is

Pout 298,000 W
load 3162 N m
2 rad 1 min
m
900 r/min
1r 60 s
142
 (b) The input power is
POUT 298 kW
PIN 331 kW
0.90
(c) The mechanical speed is
nm 900 r/min
(d) The armature current is
PIN 331 kW
IA IL 97.8 A
3 VT PF 3 2300 V 0.85

IA 97.8 31.8 A

The phase voltage is V 2300 V / 3 0 1328 0 V . Therefore, E A is

EA V RAI A jX S I A
EA 1328 0 V 0.8 97.8 31.8 A j 11 97.8 31.8 A
EA 2063 27.6 V
(e) The magnitude of the armature current is 97.8 A.
(f) The power converted from electrical to mechanical form is given by the equation Pconv PIN PCU
2
PCU 3 I A 2 RA 3 97.8 A 0.8 23 kW

Pconv PIN PCU 331 kW 23 kW 308 kW

(g) The mechanical, core, and stray losses are given by the equation
Pmech Pcore Pstray Pconv POUT 308 kW 298 kW 10 kW

5-15. The Y-connected synchronous motor whose nameplate is shown in Figure 5-21 has a per-unit
synchronous reactance of 0.70 and a per-unit resistance of 0.02.
(a) What is the rated input power of this motor?
(b) What is the magnitude of E A at rated conditions?
(c) If the input power of this motor is 12 MW, what is the maximum reactive power the motor can
simultaneously supply? Is it the armature current or the field current that limits the reactive power
output?
(d) How much power does the field circuit consume at the rated conditions?
(e) What is the efficiency of this motor at full load?
(f) What is the output torque of the motor at the rated conditions? Express the answer both in
newton-meters and in pound-feet.

143
SOLUTION The base quantities for this motor are:
VT ,base 6600 V
6600 V
V ,base 3811 V
3
I A,base I L,base 1404 A
S base Prated 3 VT I L PF 3 6600 V 1404 A 1.0 16.05 MW

(a) The rated input power of this motor is

PIN 3 VT I L PF 3 6600 V 1404 A 1.0 16.05 MW

(b) At rated conditions, V 1.0 0 pu and I 1.0 0 pu , so E A is given in per-unit quantities as

EA V RAI A jX S I A
EA 1 0 0.02 1.0 0 j 0.70 1 0
E A 1.20 35.5 pu
The base phase voltage of this motor is V ,base 3811 V , so E A is
EA 1.20 35.5 3811 V 4573 35.5 V

(c) From the capability diagram, we know that there are two possible constraints on the maximum
reactive power—the maximum stator current and the maximum rotor current. We will have to check each
one separately, and limit the reactive power to the lesser of the two limits.
The stator apparent power limit defines a maximum safe stator current. This limit is the same as the rated
input power for this motor, since the motor is rated at unity power factor. Therefore, the stator apparent
power limit is 16.05 MVA. If the input power is 12 MW, then the maximum reactive power load that still
protects the stator current is
2 2
Q S2 P2 16.05 MVA 12 MW 10.7 MVAR

Now we must determine the rotor current limit. The per-unit power supplied to the motor is 12 MW /
16.05 MW = 0.748. The maximum E A is 4573 V or 1.20 pu, so with E A set to maximum and the motor
consuming 12 MW, the torque angle (ignoring armature resistance) is

144
 1 XSP 1 0.70 0.748
sin sin 8.4
3V E A 3 1.0 1.20

(The negative sign on comes from the fact that E A lags V in a motor.)

At rated voltage and 12 MW of power supplied, the armature current will be

V EA 1 0 1.20 8.4
IA 0.366 46.9 pu
RA jX S j 0.70
In actual amps, this current is
IA 1404 A 0.396 46.9 556 46.9 A

The reactive power supplied at the conditions of maximum E A and 12 MW power is

Q 3V I A sin 3 3811 V 556 A sin 46.9 4.6 MVAR

Therefore, the field current limit occurs before the stator current limit for these conditions, and the
maximum reactive power that the motor can supply is 4.6 MVAR under these conditions.
(d) At rated conditions, the field circuit consumes
Pfield VF I F 125 V 5.2 A 650 W

(e) The efficiency of this motor at full load is

POUT 21000 hp 746 W/hp
100% 100% 97.6%
PIN 16.05 MW
(f) The output torque in SI and English units is
POUT 21000 hp 746 W/hp
load 124,700 N m
1 min 2 rad
m
1200 r/min
60 s 1r

5252 P 5252 21000 hp

load 91,910 lb ft
nm 1200 r/min

5-16. A 480-V, 500-kVA, 0.8-PF-lagging, Y-connected synchronous generator has a synchronous reactance of
0.4 and a negligible armature resistance. This generator is supplying power to a 480-V, 80-kW, 0.8-
PF-leading, Y-connected synchronous motor with a synchronous reactance of 2.0 and a negligible
armature resistance. The synchronous generator is adjusted to have a terminal voltage of 480 V when the
motor is drawing the rated power at unity power factor.
(a) Calculate the magnitudes and angles of E A for both machines.
(b) If the flux of the motor is increased by 10 percent, what happens to the terminal voltage of the
power system? What is its new value?
(c) What is the power factor of the motor after the increase in motor flux?
SOLUTION
(a) The motor is Y-connected, and is operating at rated voltage (480 V), rated power (80 kW), and unity
power factor. The current flowing in the motor is

145
 P 80 kW
I A,m I L ,m 96.2 A
3 VT PF 3 480 V 1.0

so I A,m 96.2 0 A . This machine is Y-connected, so the phase voltage is V = 480 / 3 = 277 V.
The internal generated voltage of the motor is
E A,m V ,m jX S I A,m
E A,m 277 0 V j 2.0 96.2 0 A
E A,m 337 34.8 V

The current supplied to the motor comes from the generator, so the internal generated voltage of the
generator is
E A,g V ,g jX S I A,g
E A,g 277 0 V j 0.4 96.2 0 A
E A,g 280 7.9 V

I I
0.4 ? 2.0 ?

+ +

+ + E
E - V V -

- -
E A,g

I jX I IA V
A S,g A

V jX I
S,m A

E A,m

Generator Motor
(b) The power supplied by the generator to the motor will be constant as the field current of the motor is
varied, because the power is a function of the load on the motor, and that load has not changed. The 10%
increase in flux will raise the internal generated voltage of the motor to (1.1)(337 V) = 371 V.
To make finding the new conditions easier, we will make the angle of the phasor E A, g the reference phase
angle during the following calculations. The resulting phasor diagram is shown below. Note that
jX S , g I A and jX S ,m I A are at the same angle, so they just add together.

146
 I E A,g
A

g
jX I
m S,g A
V

jX I
S,m A

E A,m
Then by Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law,
E A, g E A, m j( X S,g X S ,m )I A
E A, g E A,m
or IA
j( X S ,g X S ,m )

Note that this combined phasor diagram looks just like the diagram of a synchronous motor, so we can
apply the power equation for synchronous motors to this system.
3 E A, g E A, m
P sin
X S ,g X S ,m

where g m . From this equation,

1
X S ,g X S ,m P 1 2.4 80 kW
sin sin 38.0
3 E A, g E A, m 3 280V 371 V

Therefore,
E A, g E A, m 280 0 V 371 38.0 V
IA 95.3 3.1 A
j( X S ,g X S ,m ) j 2.4

The phase voltage of the system would be

V E A, g jX S , g I A 280 0 V j 0.4 95.3 3.1 A 285 7.7 V

The phase voltage of the system can also be calculated as

V E A, g jX S , m I A 371 38 V j 2 95.3 3.1 A 284.6 7.7 V

These two calculations agree, as we would expect.

If we now make V the reference (as we usually do), all of the phases will shift by 7.7 , and these
voltages and currents become:
E A, g 280 7.7 V
V 285 0 V
E A, m 371 30.3 V
IA 95.3 10.8 A

The new terminal voltage is VT 3 285 V 494 V , so the system voltage has increased.

(c) The impedance angle is 10.8 (the opposite of the current angle). The power factor of the
motor is now PF cos 10.8 0.982 leading .

147
 Note: The reactive power in the motor is now
Qmotor 3V I A sin 3 280 V 95.3 A sin 10.8 15 kVAR

The motor is now supplying 15 kVAR to the system. Note that an increase in machine flux has
increased the reactive power supplied by the motor and also raised the terminal voltage of the
system. This is consistent with what we learned about reactive power sharing in Chapter 4.
5-17. A 440-V, 60 Hz, three-phase Y-connected synchronous motor has a synchronous reactance of 1.5 per
phase. The field current has been adjusted so that the torque angle is 25 when the power supplied by
the generator is 80 kW.
(a) What is the magnitude of the internal generated voltage E A in this machine?
(b) What are the magnitude and angle of the armature current in the machine? What is the motor’s
power factor?
(c) If the field current remains constant, what is the absolute maximum power this motor could
supply?
SOLUTION
(a) The power supplied to the motor is 80 kW. This power is given by the equation
3V E A
P sin
XS
The phase voltage of the generator is 440 / 3 254 V , so the magnitude of E A is
XS P 1.5 80 kW
EA 373 V
3V sin 3 254 V sin 25

(b) The armature current in this machine is given by

V EA 254 0 V 373 25
IA 119 28 A
jX S j1.5
The power factor of the motor is PF = cos 28º = 0.883 leading.
(c) The maximum power that the motor could supply at this field current is
3V E A 3 254 V 373 V
Pmax 189.4 kW
XS 1.5

5-18. A 460-V 200-kVA 0.85-PF-leading 400-Hz four-pole Y-connected synchronous motor has negligible
armature resistance and a synchronous reactance of 0.90 per unit. Ignore all losses.
(a) What is the speed of rotation of this motor?
(b) What is the output torque of this motor at the rated conditions?
(c) What is the internal generated voltage of this motor at the rated conditions?
(d) With the field current remaining at the value present in the motor in part (c), what is the
maximum possible output power from the machine?
SOLUTION
(a) The speed of rotation of this motor is
120 f se 120 400 Hz
nsync 12000 r/min
P 4

148
 (b) Since all losses are ignored, PIN ,rated POUT ,rated S rated PF 200 kVA 0.85 170 kW . The
output torque of this motor is
POUT 170 kW
load 135 N m
1 min 2 rad
m
12000 r/min
60 s 1r

(c) The phase voltage of this motor is 460 V / 3 = 266 V. The rated armature current of this motor is
P 170 kW
IA IL 251 A
3 VT PF 3 460 V 0.85

Therefore, I A 251 31.8 A . The base impedance of this motor is

2 2
3V ,base 3 266 V
Z base 1.06
S base 200,000 VA

so the actual synchronous reactance is X S 0.90 pu 1.06 0.954 . The internal generated
voltage of this machine at rated conditions is given by
EA V jX S I A
EA 266 0 V j 0.954 251 31.8 A 441 27.4 V

(d) The maximum power that the motor could supply at these conditions is
3V E A 3 266 V 441 V
PMAX 369 kW
XS 0.954

5-19. A 100-hp 440-V 0.8-PF-leading -connected synchronous motor has an armature resistance of 0.3 and
a synchronous reactance of 4.0 . Its efficiency at full load is 96 percent.
(a) What is the input power to the motor at rated conditions?
(b) What is the line current of the motor at rated conditions? What is the phase current of the motor
at rated conditions?
(c) What is the reactive power consumed by or supplied by the motor at rated conditions?
(d) What is the internal generated voltage E A of this motor at rated conditions?
(e) What are the stator copper losses in the motor at rated conditions?
(f) What is Pconv at rated conditions?

(g) If E A is decreased by 10 percent, how much reactive power will be consumed by or supplied by
the motor?
SOLUTION
(a) The input power to the motor at rated conditions is
POUT 100 hp 746 W/hp
PIN 77.7 kW
0.96
(b) The line current to the motor at rated conditions is
P 77.7 kW
IL 120 A
3 VT PF 3 440 V 0.85

149
 The phase current to the motor at rated conditions is
IL 120 A
I 69.3 A
3 3
(c) The reactive power supplied by this motor to the power system at rated conditions is
Qrated 3V I A sin 3 440 V 69.3 A sin 36.87 54.9 kVAR

(d) The internal generated voltage at rated conditions is

EA V RAI A jX S I A
EA 440 0 V 0.3 69.3 36.87 A j 4.0 69.3 36.87 A
EA 634 21.7 V
(e) The stator copper losses at rated conditions are
2
PCU 3 I A 2 RA 3 69.3 A 0.3 4.3 kW

(f) Pconv at rated conditions is

Pconv PIN PCU 77.7 kW 4.3 kW 73.4 kW

(g) If E A is decreased by 10%, the new value if E A = (0.9)(634 V) = 571 V. To simplify this part of
the problem, we will ignore RA . Then the quantity E A sin will be constant as E A changes. Therefore,

1 E A1 1 634 V
2 sin sin 1 sin sin 21.7 24.2
E A2 571 V

Therefore,
V EA 440 0 V 571 24.2
IA 61.9 19 A
jX S j 4.0
and the reactive power supplied by the motor to the power system will be
Q 3V I A sin 3 440 V 61.9 A sin 19 26.6 kVAR

5-20. Answer the following questions about the machine of Problem 5-19.
(a) If E A = 430 15 V and V = 440 0 V, is this machine consuming real power from or
supplying real power to the power system? Is it consuming reactive power from or supplying reactive
power to the power system?
(b) Calculate the real power P and reactive power Q supplied or consumed by the machine under the
conditions in part (a). Is the machine operating within its ratings under these circumstances?
(c) If E A = 470 -20 V and V = 440 0 V, is this machine consuming real power from or
supplying real power to the power system? Is it consuming reactive power from or supplying reactive
power to the power system?
(d) Calculate the real power P and reactive power Q supplied or consumed by the machine under the
conditions in part (c). Is the machine operating within its ratings under these circumstances?
SOLUTION

150
(a) This machine is a generator supplying real power to the power system, because E A is ahead of V .
It is consuming reactive power because E A cos V .

(b) This machine is acting as a generator, and the current flow in these conditions is
EA V 430 15 440 0 V
IA 28.4 16.8 A
RA jX S 0.3 j 4.0
The real power supplied by this machine is
P 3V I A cos 3 440 V 28.4 A cos 16.8 35.9 kW

The reactive power supplied by this machine is

Q 3V I A sin 3 440 V 28.4 A sin 16.8 10.8 kVAR

In other words, this machine is consuming reactive power.

(c) This machine is a motor consuming real power from the power system, because E A is behind V .
It is supplying reactive power because E A cos V .

(d) This machine is acting as a motor, and the current flow in these conditions is
V EA 440 0 V 470 20
IA 40.1 4.9 A
RA jX S 0.3 j 4.0
The real power consumed by this machine is
P 3V I A cos 3 440 V 40.1 A cos 4.9 52.7 kW

The reactive power supplied by this machine is

Q 3V I A sin 3 440 V 40.1 A sin 4.9 4.5 kVAR

In other words, this machine is supplying reactive power. It is operating within its rating limits.

151