Chapter 5
Intermolecular Forces and
Properties of Matter
Dr Korchef Atef
/2019-2020
1
Molecular Forces
Properties of liquids and solids are very influenced by the nature of intermolecular
attractive forces and the distance between the particles, which play an important
role in determining their physical properties.
Intramolecular forces : Forces are within a molecule (polar and non polar
covalent bond, ionic bond and metallic bond)
Intermolecular forces : Forces that occur between molecules
Dipole-dipole
Hydrogen bonding
London dispersion forces – (Van der Waals forces)
Intramolecular
force
Intramolecular
force
Intramolecular bonds are stronger than intermolecular forces.
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Dr Korchef Atef /2019-2020
Polar and nonpolar molecules
Reminder: Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency (ability) of an atom to
attract a bonding pair of electrons towards itself.
Nonpolar molecules: A molecule may be nonpolar when there is an
equal sharing of electrons between the two atoms of a diatomic molecule
Examples: O2, H2, Cl2
Cl : Cl
There is an equal sharing of electrons.
Cl2 is a nonpolar molecule
Polar molecules occur when two atoms do not share electrons equally.
A dipole forms, with part of the molecule carrying a slight positive charge
and the other part carrying a slight negative charge. This happens when
there is a difference between the electronegativity of each atom.
Examples: HBr, H2O, HCl
H :Cl
Cl is more electronegative than H.
HCl is a polar molecule 3
Dr Korchef Atef /2019-2020
Dipole–Dipole Forces
Act between polar molecules
(atoms which have different values of electronegativity).
Oppositely charged ends attract and like ends repel.
Molecules organize themselves to maximize the attractive forces
and minimize repulsive forces
Moderate strength
Examples: HCl, HBr
Dipole dipole force increases when
the electronegativity inside the molecule increases
the distance between polar molecules decreases
the temperature decreases 4
Dr Korchef Atef /2019-2020
Hydrogen Bonding
• Hydrogen on one molecule attached to a highly electronegative
atom (N, O, or F) and either (N, O, or F) on another molecule .
• Strong dipole-dipole forces.
• Polar molecules
Examples: H2O, HF, NH3
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Dr Korchef Atef /2019-2020
Practice: Which of the following compounds would show hydrogen
bond: CH3F ; NH3 ; H-F ; CH3-O-CH3 ?
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London Dispersion Forces
Instantaneous dipole, that occurs accidentally in a given atom
due to electrons movement, induces a similar dipole in a
neighboring atom.
Occurs in all molecules, (polar and nonpolar molecules).
Weak forces
Examples: H2, Cl2, CH4, C6H14
London dispersion force increases when
the size of atoms or molecules increases.
the molecular mass increases.
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Q1: Which of the following shows the highest London forces
a) C3H8 b) C4H10 c) C5H12 d) C6H14
Answer :As the number of carbon atoms in the chain of hydrocarbon increases the London
forces become stronger:
C3H8 < C4H10< C5H12 < C6H14
Increasing London forces
Q2: According to the following order from the lowest to the highest atomic size:
F < Cl < Br < I
Why F2 and Cl2 are gases, Br2 is a liquid and I2 is a solid at room temperature?
Answer :
As the size increased, London forces between molecules increased :
F2 < Cl2 < Br2 < I2
(stronger London forces)
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Dynamic equilibrium and properties of liquids
The condition in which two opposing processes are occurring
simultaneously at equal rates in a closed system is called
dynamic equilibrium.
In a closed system, when the rate at which the liquid is entering
the gas phase equals the rate at which the vapor is returning to the
liquid phase, the system is at equilibrium. After this time the liquid
level will remain constant.
The pressure exerted by the vapor on the surface of the liquid
at equilibrium is called the vapor pressure.
The vapor pressure of a liquid increases when
the intermolecluar forces decreases
the molecular mass decreases
the temperature increases.
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Boiling Point
• The temperature at which the vapor pressure equals the external
pressure (atmospheric pressure) is called the boiling point. This is
the point where bubbles of vapor form within the liquid.
• The boiling point of a liquid at 1 atm pressure is the normal boiling
point.
The boiling point (the temperature at which a liquid boils)
increases with increasing external pressure.
The molecules that have strong intermolecular forces have
higher boiling point.
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Viscosity
Viscosity is the resistance to flow of a liquid
Viscosity increases when:
the intermolecular forces increases
the temperature decreases
Cohesion is the intermolecular attraction between like molecules
Adhesion is an attraction between unlike molecules
Adhesive forces > cohesive forces cohesive forces > adhesive forces
of water of mercury
water has a concave meniscus Mercury forms a convex meniscus
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Surface tension
Surface tension is the amount of energy required to increase the
surface of a liquid by a unit area.
Smaller surface area reasons
that water drops spherical
Surface tension increases when
intermolecular forces increases
the temperature decreases
the surface of the liquid increases 12
Dr Korchef Atef /2019-2020
PRACTICE
Q1: Which of the compounds hexane (C6H14) and propane (C3H8) has the
highest boiling point ? Which of the two compounds has the lowest
vapor pressure ? Explain your answer
Answer: C6H14 has a longer chain than C3H8 , there are more points of
attachment in C6H14 than in C3H8 so hexane is held by higher
attractive molecular forces via London forces than propane
hexane has a lower vapor pressure and a higher boiling point (the
boiling point increases as attractive forces increase)
Q2: According to the following increasing atomic size order:
H < F < O < C < Cl < S < Br
choose the member with the lowest boiling point (BP) for each of the
following molecules pairs. Explain your answer.
a) SO2 and CO2 (London force) CO2 has lower BP due to lower size
b) H2 and O2 (London force) H2 has lower BP due to lower size
c) F2 and Cl2 (London force) F2 has lower BP due to lower size
d) HCl and HBr (dipole – dipole force) HCl has lower BP due to
lower size
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Phase Changes
• Phase changes are transformations from one phase to another. The
energy required to go from one state to another state is called enthalpy
change (∆H).
• Solid to liquid is melting (fusion), solid to gas is sublimation, liquid to
gas is vaporization.
• melting, vaporization and sublimation are endothermic processes
(need energy, ∆H>0).
• freezing, condensation and deposition are exothermic processes
(release energy, ∆H<0)
• The temperature remains constant during phase changes (energy is
used to overcome attractive forces between molecules)
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Phase Diagram
A phase diagram is a graphic way to summarize the conditions under which
equilibriums exist between the different states of matter.
The critical point C, which is the critical temperature and critical pressure
for that substance. Beyond that point, the liquid and gas phases become
indistinguishable and the state is a supercritical fluid.
• Critical temperature is the highest temperature at which a liquid can exist.
The critical pressure is the pressure required to create a liquid at this
critical temperature.
C
Triple point T: Liquid, solid and
gas phases are in equilibrium at
this temperature and pressure
The line T to C: equilibrium
between the liquid and the gas T
phases.
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Practice on chapter 5 Dr Korchef Atef /2019-2020
Q1. Dipole-dipole interactions are present in
a) non polar molecules. b) homonuclear molecules. c) polar molecules. d) none of these.
Q2. London dispersion forces
a) occur between only polar molecules b) occur between polar and nonpolar molecules
c) are not related to electrons movement d) all of these
Q3. Hydrogen bond is
a) an ionic bond. b) a polar covalent bond.
c) an intramolecular force. d) an intermolecular force.
Q4. The intermolecular bonds in HBr molecules are
a) dipole-dipole forces b) polar covalent bonds c) only London forces d) hydrogen bonds.
Q5. Which one of the following compounds would show hydrogen bond
a) HCl b) NH3 c) C2H6 d) C5H12
Q6. Which of the following compounds would show dipole-dipole forces
a) HBr b) CH4 c) O2 d) C5H12
Q7. Which of the following would show only London dispersion forces
a) HCl b) HF c) NH3 d) C6H14
Q8. The vapor pressure is
a) the pressure exerted by the vapor on the liquid surface at equilibrium
b) the pressure exerted by the air molecules on the liquid surface.
c) the atmospheric pressure (1 atm)
d) none of these
Q9. Which of the following is an endothermic process?
a) Sublimation. b) Freezing. c) Condensation d) Deposition.
Q10. In a phase diagram, the triple point represents the equilibrium between 16
a) Liquid and solid b) liquid and gas. c) liquid, solid and gas d) solid and gas
