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Quantum Numbers, Electronic Configuration, Orbital Diagram

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34 views42 pages

Quantum Numbers, Electronic Configuration, Orbital Diagram

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sp7957410
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© © All Rights Reserved
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QUANTUM NUMBERS,

ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION
and ORBITAL DIAGRAM
GENERAL CHEMISTRY I |Prepared by: Jay Jay C. Milo
MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCIES

A. use quantum numbers to describe an


electron in an atom (STEM_GC11ESIIa-b-54); and
B. determine the magnetic property of the atom
based on its electronic configuration
(STEM_GC11ESIIa-b-57).
C. draw an orbital diagram to represent the
electronic configuration of atoms (STEM_GC11ESIIa-b-58)
THE FOUR QUANTUM NUMBERS
THAT DESCRIBES ELECTRONS
Quantum numbers
• it determines the location
and arrangement of
electrons in an atom.
• It also describes the
different atomic orbitals.
ORBITALS
 Is the origin of the probability where
an electron can be found.
s-orbital p-orbital d-orbital f-orbital
s-orbital p-orbital d-orbital f-orbital

These shapes does not literally refer to the


electrons of an atom.
These refer to the regions where electrons can
be placed or found.
s-orbital p-orbital d-orbital f-orbital

As the number of electrons in an atom, the


orbital numbers will also increases to
accommodate the number of electrons present
in the situation.
Atomic orbitals are associated with
characteristic energies, size, shapes, and
orientation in space. These values
assigned as the quantum numbers.
1. First Quantum Number (Principal Quantum Number) ( n )
2. Second Quantum Number (Azimuthal or Angular Quantum Number) (l)
3. Third Quantum Number (Magnetic Orbital Quantum Number) ( m )
l
4. Fourth Quantum Number (Magnetic Spin Quantum Number) ( ms )
Principal Quantum Number (n)

refer to the energy


level of an electron
denoted with the
symbol (n)
has a value of any
positive integer
Principal Quantum Number (n)
The energy of the
electron is determined
by its average distance
from the nucleus or the
principal energy level
where it is. It can have
integral values 1, 2, 3
and so forth.
Principal Quantum Number (n)
 It also describes the cloud
size. The larger the value of n,
the larger the cloud size.
 Energy levels closer to the
nucleus have lower energy.
 As n increases, the orbital
becomes larger and the
electron spends more time
farther from the nucleus.
 An increase in n also means
that the electron has a higher
energy and is therefore less
Principal Quantum Number (n)
 The larger n is, the
greater the average
distance of an
electron in the orbital
from the nucleus and
therefore the larger
(and less stable) the
orbital.
Principal Quantum Number (n)

The maximum number of electrons


possible in a given shell is 2n2
LEVEL MAXIMUM NUMBER
OF ELECTRONS 2n2
n= 1 2
n= 2 8
n= 3 18

In reality there are only n= 4 32

32 electrons in levels 5, n= 5 50
6 and 7 because of n= 6 72
number of different n= 7 98
elements discovered or
Azimuthal or Angular Quantum Number ( l)
It describes the shape of the orbital.
the value of this quantum number can
be determine using the formula n-1.
Example:
n=3
l = 3-1 l = 0,1 up to 2
l=2
Azimuthal or Angular Quantum Number ( l)
Subshell
l
s 0

p 1

d 2

f 3
PRACTICE:
Give the n and l values for the following orbitals
1) 1s
2) 3s
3) 2p
4) 4d
5) 5f
Magnetic Orbital Quantum Number ( ml )

describes the spatial orientation or specific


orbital of an electron.
It tells which particular shape of the orbital the
electron occupies within an energy sublevel.
Its value depends on the angular momentum
value where, it can be from the range of a
negative integer, zero (0) to a positive integer.
Magnetic Orbital Quantum Number ( ml )

Subshell
l Value of ml
s 0 0

p 1 -1 , 0 , +1
2 -2 , -1 , 0 , +1 , +2
d
3 -3 , -2 , -1 , 0 , +1 , +2
f +3
Magnetic Orbital Quantum Number ( ml )
Subshell l
Value of ml
s 0 0
p 1 -1, 0, +1
d 2 -2, -1, 0, +1, +2
f 3 -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3

ml will be our guide in placing the


electrons in our electron orbital
diagram
Magnetic Spin Quantum Number ( ms )

It specifies the way the electron spin or


rotates, either clockwise (line ray up ↑) or
counter clockwise (line ray down ↓), on its
axis as it moves within the orbital.

 Its values can be or and no other values


are acceptable. ↑
+𝟏 ↓−𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
FOURTH QUANTUM NUMBER: ms
Describes the spin of the electron on
its own axis. The values are for an
electron spinning counterclockwise
(↑) and for an electron spinning
clockwise (↓).
0
↑
+𝟏 ↓ 𝟏
−
𝟐 𝟐
Let us try to determine the set of quantum numbers of a
given atom.

STEP 1: Identify the atomic number of given


element (atom) using the periodic table

atomic number of Nitrogen is 7


Let us try to determine the set of quantum numbers of a
given atom.

STEP 2: Write the electric configuration of


the given element.
What is Electronic Configuration?
The arrangement
of electrons in an
atom
Describes how
electron are
distributed in its
atomic orbital.
STEP 2: Write the electric configuration of
the given element.
STEP 2: Write the electric configuration of
the given element.

1s2 2s2 2p3


Another example, write the electric configuration of
Phosphorus

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3


STEP 3: Identify the highest energy level
from the electron configuration.

1s2 2s2 2p3


Note: The highest energy level is found at
the end of the electron configuration.
STEP 4: Write the electron orbital diagram
of the given element

1s2 2s2 2p3


In this part we need to apply the concept of
AUFBAU PRINCIPLE (Building Up Principle)
and HUND’S RULE
AUFBAU PRINCIPLE
 The sublevel in atom is occupied by electrons in order of increasing
energy level and a higher energy sublevel is not occupied until the next
lower energy is fully occupied.
HUND’S PRINCIPLE
PAULI’S EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE

Electrons in the
same orbitals
must have
opposite spins.
STEP 4: Write the electron orbital diagram
of the given element

1s 2
2s 2
2p 3

0 0 -1 0 +1
STEP 5: Write the set of quantum numbers
using the highest energy level.

n= 2
l= 1
ml = +1
ms =
paramagnetic
Identify if it is paramagnetic or diamagnetic

1s2

diamagnetic

1s2 2s1

paramagnetic
PRACTICE:
Give the quantum number of 3d8 and show its
orbital diagram. Also, determine if it is
diamagnetic or paramagnetic.
PRACTICE:
Give the quantum number of 4d9 and show its
orbital diagram. Also, determine if it is
diamagnetic or paramagnetic.

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