\

Neuropsycholo`ia\ Vol[ 25\ No[ 09\ pp[ 0966Ð0971\ 0887

Þ 0887 Elsevier Science Ltd[ All rights reserved
Pergamon PII] S9917Ð2821"87#99950ÐX Printed in Great Britain
9917Ð2821:87 ,08[99¦9[99

Sperry|s concept of mind as an emergent property

of brain function and its implications for the future
of humankind
THEODORE J[ VONEIDA

Neurobiology\ Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine\ PO Box 84\ Rootstown\ Ohio 33161 U[S[A[

"Received 12 January 0884^ accepted 05 June 0884#

Abstract*Sperry|s proposal that subjective experience plays a major role in brain function and in the emergence of mind\ con!
sciousness and human values represent a challenge to behaviorism as the dominant force in psychology[ Mind is viewed as an
emergent property of the brain\ generated from and dependent upon neural activity\ but nonetheless separate from it[ Mac!
rodeterministic factors result in the evolution of human values\ which represent a critical key to world change[ Two major conferences
resulted from Sperry|s challenge to the scienti_c community[ The Trieste Conference led to a {Declaration of Human Responsibilities|\
presently under consideration by the United Nations as a corollary to the {Declaration of Human Rights|[ The Japan Conference
inspired work toward a Network University of the Green World\ in which computer networking will support international com!
munication in areas of environmental concern[ Þ 0887 Elsevier Science Ltd[ All rights reserved

Key Words] consciousness^ emergent properties^ macrodeterminism^ microdeterminism^ mind^ values[

Personal Re~ections] excellent anatomist and biologist\ seemed pleased to have

Sperry|s in~uence on my own thinking someone with whom to discuss neuroanatomy\ and we
{hit it o}| right away[ I proceeded to develop a con!
I _rst met Roger Sperry in 0847\ when I spent a summer ditioning paradigm for training cats to ~ex their limb in
in his laboratory as a visiting graduate student from response to a ~ashing light CS\ and had frequent dis!
Cornell University[ I returned in 0859 as a Caltech Post! cussions with Roger about everything from Pavlov to
doctoral Fellow\ and remained for the following 2 years\ interhemispheric connections\ while at the same time
during which time I began what has turned out to be a receiving a great deal of good advice regarding Paci_c
24 year series of studies devoted to de_ning some of the coast _shing[ My plan was to use the split!brain approach
central nervous structures essential to the mediation of a as a surgical tool for {dissecting|\ as it were\ conditioned
conditioned limb ~exion in the cat[ I came to Caltech learning[ The basic plan was to expose one brain!half to
with a reasonably good background in neuroanatomy\ a conditioning signal\ and to require a response con!
having spent the previous 4 years with Dr[ Walle Nauta trolled by the opposite brain!half[ The study proceeded
"at Walter Reed# and Dr[ Marcus Singer "at Cornell# nicely\ but it seemed that no matter how many inter!
attempting to determine the e}erent projections of the hemispheric connections were sectioned "and his!
caudate nucleus in cat and monkey[ Having completed tologically con_rmed#\ including the collective section of
this project to my satisfaction\ I was prepared to restrict corpus callosum\ mass intermedia\ hippocampal\ anterior
my life!work to examining the structure of the nervous and posterior commissures\ and the superior and inferior
system\ with little regard for the behavior which emerges collicular commissures\ there was no e}ect on the per!
from neural interactions within that structure[ This is not formance of a conditioned limb response when the con!
to say that I abandoned my interest in anatomy!it is\ ditioned stimulus "CS# was restricted to the right
rather\ to emphasize that as a result of my interactions hemisphere and the conditioned response "CR# was
with Sperry\ I came to have a much deeper feeling for dependent on the left hemisphere "controls were run to
and appreciation of the behavior which emerges from the ascertain that these restrictions obtained#[ I discussed
structure[ My background in psychology and behavior this apparent dilemma with Roger\ and expressed my
was\ to say the very least\ exceedingly sparse[ Roger\ an frustration in attempting to interpret the data[ He sug!

0966
0967 T[ J[ Voneida:Sperry|s concept of mind as an emergent property of brain function

gested that a possible explanation might be found in a consciousness evolved over a very long period of time\
short theoretical paper that he had published in 0844 dating back to the early 0849|s when he began writing
entitled {On the Neural Basis of the Conditioned the theoretical paper referred to above\ the ideas for
Response| ð11Ł[ This little paper and subsequent dis! which\ he once told me\ developed during a psychology
cussions with Roger had a profound and lasting e}ect on lecture he attended as a freshman undergraduate at
my views of CNS function[ In retrospect\ they represented Oberlin College[ I cannot help but believe that much
my _rst clue that Roger was beginning to think in more of what he wrote in the years following his work on
holistic terms about the brain and behavior as early as the hemispheric and interhemispheric functions was develop!
mid!49|s[ The paper to which I have referred represents ing long before that work even began*it simply didn|t
a very clearly presented argument for the inclusion of emerge until later[
{preparatory set\| that vast arena of sensory information
related to what occurs prior to the onset of the CS itself\
in any consideration of learned behavior[ This interpre! Brains\ minds and human values
tation views the CS as nothing more than a {trigger|\
conveniently chosen by the designer of the experiment[ I shall attempt\ in the following few pages\ to place
Much of that which is learned is related to\ but not some of Sperry|s long!term views on the mind as an
directly a part of the {training session|[ These preparatory emergent property of brain function into a broader per!
cues include the feel\ appearance and odor of the trainer\ spective\ which includes some of his thinking about
the experience of being placed into a particular apparatus relationships between the mind and human values\ and
in a particular room\ and numerous other cues related his very deep concerns for the future of humankind[
to\ but not including\ the onset of the conditioning stimu! One doesn|t have to look very far these days to discover
lus[ All of these factors\ Sperry argued\ relate importantly yet another opinion about the mind or consciousness[ It
to the performance\ and are generated well before the has indeed become not only acceptable\ but quite fashion!
actual {training session| begins[ The response is thus fully able to discuss this aspect of brain function\ and nearly
generated well ahead of its expression\ but it remains everyone seems to be doing it ð0Ð7\ 00Ð07\ 10\ 18\ 29Ł[
unexpressed until the adequate triggering signal "the CS# This was certainly not the case when Sperry began think!
occurs[ In this interpretation\ inhibition of the response ing and writing about the subjective properties of brain
becomes at least as important\ if not more important\ processes during the mid!49|s[ In 0847\ for example\ as
than its _nal activation[ My _rst paper on conditioned part of the discussion at the Josiah Macy Conference on
learning involved this interpretation of the data\ and it the Central Nervous System and Behavior\ he stated that
was here that I suggested the cerebellum as a critical part {I have never been entirely satis_ed with the materialistic
of the CNS circuitry in conditioned learning ð21Ł[ or behavioristic thesis that a complete explanation of
Previously held reductionistic interpretations of con! brain function is possible in purely objective terms with
ditioned behavior\ based on the formation of CS!CR no reference whatever to subjective experience\ i[e[\ that
bonds\ began to change as a result of my discussions with in scienti_c analysis we can con_dently and advan!
Roger[ These discussions also demonstrated a style which tageously\ disregard the subjective properties of the brain
was very typical of Sperry^ he never imposed his point of process[ I do not mean we should abandon the objective
view upon one in a heavy!handed or forceful manner[ approach or repeat the errors of the earlier introspective
Rather\ he suggested certain approaches and di}erent era[ It is just that I _nd it [Link] to believe that the
ways of interpreting data\ then left the rest up to you\ sensations and other subjective experiences per se serve
thereby opening vast new _elds of thought which you no function\ have no operational value and no place in
never realized were there[ our working models of the brain| ð12Ł[ And again in his
The details of my continuing work on conditioned 0854 paper\ {Mind\ Brain and Humanist Values| ð13Ł\ he
behavior have been published elsewhere\ and will not be writes\ {Any model or description "of the brain# that
pursued further here[ The point I wish to make\ however\ leaves out conscious forces [ [ [ is bound to be sadly incom!
is that my interactions with Roger Sperry\ which began plete and unsatisfactory [ [ [ This scheme is one that puts
in the late |49|s and continued for more than 25 years mind back over matter\ in a sense\ not under or outside
were always intellectually stimulating\ challenging\ and or beside it[ It is a scheme that idealizes ideas and ideals
mind!expanding[ They were at the same time always over physical and chemical interactions\ nerve impulse
warm and friendly^ never condescending*it made no tra.c\ and DNA[ It is a brain model in which conscious
di}erence whether I was a graduate student or a full mental psychic forces are recognized to be the crowning
professor*there was invariably the willingness to discuss achievement of some _ve hundred million years or more
areas of mutual interest in an honest and open manner[ of evolution[|
There are\ as Roger noted on a photo he sent several Thus\ while many neurobiologists were busily engaged
years back\ {Good memories|[ There are indeed\ for his in studies related to the question of {right brain\ left brain|
in~uence on my way of thinking was immense\ and as I function\ based on Sperry|s own earlier work with the
attempt to put all of this together into some kind of a {split!brain| preparation\ he himself had already moved
meaningful context\ I realize that his views on mind and on to questions of mind and consciousness\ which
 T[ J[ Voneida:Sperry|s concept of mind as an emergent property of brain function 0968

required a {reuni_cation|\ so to speak\ of hemispheric underlying key to world change| ð14Ł[ Value systems\ then\
function[ This was very typical of Sperry|s style* to open may be viewed as the emergent properties of many minds\
an area with several brilliant strokes\ then to leave the working together over fairly long periods of time to a}ect
details to others\ while he was already moving on to a changes on society\ and hopefully\ to feed back onto it
consideration of new problems[ The 0854 paper referred to bring about a better world\ and one which will result
to above was his _rst major paper in this area[ In it he in a greater quality of life and species survival\ rather
proposed that subjective experience plays a principle role than a reduction in quality and possible extinction "see
in brain function\ and that behaviorism\ which views also E[ Sampson|s letter in the {American Psychologist|
consciousness as non!existant\ and reductionism\ which ð19Ł\ for a proposed extension of Sperry|s views to include
reduces it to physico!chemical events\ must both be sociohistorical functions^ e[g[\ the emergent properties of
replaced by a more wholistic view of consciousness\ based history\ culture\ and social position#[ Sperry contended
on the concepts of emergence and downward causation[ that this view\ integrating macro!with microdeterminism
The concept of emergence\ according to Sperry\ and the causal reality of mental states is a more valid
{[ [ [ occurs whenever the interaction between 1 or more foundation for all science\ not just psychology\ with {end!
entities\ be they subparticles\ atoms or molecules\ creates less humanistic implications for philosophy\ religion and
a new entity with new laws and properties formerly non! human values| ð16Ł[
existent in the universe|[ He points out the parallel with Here again\ by introducing the issue of human values\
atomic physics\ in which {[ [ [ interactions among sub! Sperry moved beyond the speci_cs of mind and con!
atomic particles result in emergent properties which in sciousness to urge that these very unique and powerful
no way resemble the particles from which they arose|[ It forces be directed toward improving and preserving the
is important to emphasize that Sperry did not see this as quality of life on our planet\ rather than the reverse[
dualism\ which treats the mind as a separate entity out! He made an especially strong appeal to the scienti_c
side the brain\ and capable of existing independently of community to turn its e}orts toward these goals[ In his
it[ Nor did he accept the term {psychophysical inter! 0861 paper\ {Science and the Problem of Values| ð14Ł\ for
action\| as suggested by Popper and Eccles in 0866 ð07Ł example\ he argues\ {[[[that the social value factor be more
"see also Hergenhan|s letter in {American Psychologist| generally recognized as a powerful causal agent in its own
ð09Ł#[ He pointed out\ in his 0883 paper entitled {Holding right and something to be dealt with directly as such[ No
Course Amid Shifting Paradigms| ð17Ł that the erroneous more critical task can be projected for the 0869|s than
classi_cation of this conception is probably based on an that of seeking for civilized society a new\ elevated set of
earlier terminology in which {mentalism| was equated value guidelines more suited to man|s expanded numbers
with dualism[ He describes his reasons for retaining the and new powers over nature\ a frame of reference for
term mentalism in preference to Bunge|s ð0Ł {emergent value priorities that will act to secure and conserve our
materialism| or Natsoulas| ð03Ł {physical monism\| world instead of destroying it[| Again in 0875\ in {The
emphasizing that this new form of mentalism must be Human Predicament] A Way Out<| ð15Ł\ he issues a direct
viewed as a {quite di}erent intermediate position which challenge to science by pointing out that in the past\
is monistic\ not dualistic| ð17Ł[ science has done little\ if anything\ to remedy the root
Thus consciousness\ in Sperry|s view\ while generated causes of worsening world conditions\ and urges a philo!
from neural activity\ and therefore fully dependent upon sophic change in direction toward a {new\ reformed
it\ is nonetheless separate from it[ Consciousness is seen {macro!determinist| science which {includes conscious!
to emerge from the activity of cerebral networks as an ness and subjective values [ [ [ provides common universal
independent entity[ It is\ as Trevarthen points out ð20Ł\ ethical foundations on which all nations could work to
{[ [ [ a special instance of a general principle\ {macro! build a World Government or at least a World Security
determinism|\ in which the higher\ more evolved forces System to help control nuclear developments and other
throughout nature exert control over their lower com! global threats that require international collaboration[|
ponents[| This newly emerged property which we have "For a more complete discussion of Sperry|s views on
chosen to call {the mind| or {consciousness|\ continually the mind and human values\ see Erdmann and Stover|s\
feeds back onto the system from which it has emerged\ {Beyond a World Divided| ð5Ł\ and Voneida\ ð22Ł#[
resulting in a highly dynamic and continuing process of His urgent message began\ _nally\ to be heard by the
emergence\ feedback "downward causation#\ newly scienti_c community[ In response\ and under the able
emergent states\ and further feedback[ The enormous leadership of his long!term friend and colleague\ Dr[ Rita
power and unique nature of these newly emergent Levi!Montalcini\ an international conference was con!
phenomena disappear when they are reduced to their vened at the University of Trieste\ in November\ 0881\ to
previous state of individual components[ discuss these ideas in greater detail[ The plan was to
Sperry elevates this concept of emergence from the work toward the creation of a strong statement of duties\
individual to the global level\ stating that {[ [ [ the new emanating from the scienti_c community\ but speaking
paradigm [Link] that the world we live in is driven not to every {mind| willing to listen\ which might represent a
solely by mindless physical forces but\ more crucially\ corollary to the United Nations {Declaration of Human
by subjective human values[ Human values become the Rights[| I was privileged to represent Sperry at the _rst
0979 T[ J[ Voneida:Sperry|s concept of mind as an emergent property of brain function

meeting of this group\ which included 09 Nobel Laureates It is the Duty of Every Human being to]
and numerous others\ representing widespread disci!
plines ranging from neurobiology\ chemistry\ physics\ 0[ respect human dignity as well as ethnic\ cultural and
and economics to theology[ After much discussion a draft religious diversity[
version of what was then called {The Magna Carta of 1[ work against racial injustice and all discrimination of
Human Duties| was generated\ with further agreement to women\ and the abuse and exploitation of children[
continue discussions the following year[ In November\ 2[ work for the improvement in quality of life of aged
0882\ a near!_nal draft was completed\ and after cir! and disabled persons[
culation to all participating members for rati_cation\ the 3[ respect human life and condemn the sale of human
_nal version\ entitled {A Declaration of Human Duties| beings or parts of the living human body[
was forwarded to the United Nations[ Dr[ Noel Brown\ 4[ support e}orts to improve the life of people su}ering
Director of Environmental Programs\ United Nations\ from hunger\ misery\ disease or unemployment[
was an active participant in our second meeting\ delivered 5[ promote e}ective voluntary family planning in order
the document to the UN for consideration and possible to regulate world population growth[
acceptance[ The Introduction\ Preamble\ and 01 points 6[ support actions for an equitable distribution of world
are included below[ resources[
7[ avoid energy waste and work for reduction of the
use of fossil fuels[ Promote the use of inexhaustible
Declaration of Human Duties energy sources\ representing a minimum of environ!
mental and health risks[
A code of ethics and shared responsibilities 8[ protect nature from pollution and abuse\ promote
conservation of natural resources and the restoration
Introduction of degraded environments[
09[ respect and preserve the genetic diversity of living
Crucial problems concerning humankind at the dawn of organisms and promote constant scrutiny of the
the 10st century urge the adoption of a di}erent way of application of genetic technologies[
thinking and a di}erent value system[ The change must be 00[ promote improvement of urban and rural regions
as revolutionary as that which emerged after the Middle and support endeavors to eliminate inhumane acts
Ages[ The new way of thinking must be centered on resulting in environmental destruction and massive
humans as an integral part of our planet\ whose actions migrations of people and overpopulation in urban
a}ect all living things[ It is our plan to present and discuss areas[
these ideas through conferences\ workshops and lectures 01[ work for maintenance of world peace\ condemn war\
and in particular to support women|s networks and other terrorism and all other hostile activities by calling
organizations\ active in the spirit of this Declaration[ for decreased military spending in all countries and
Furthermore\ we will seek the participation of the youn! restriction of the proliferation and dissemination of
ger generations\ which represent our greatest hope for arms\ in particular\ weapons of mass destruction[
maintaining the quality of life on earth[
A second series of conferences inspired by Sperry|s ideas
on mind and human values was organized by Professor
Preamble Kaoro Yamaguchi\ as a result of his having read Sperry|s
papers on these topics[ The long!term goal of the Japan
Whereas the Declarations of Human Rights represents conferences\ held on the island of Awaji\ is to work
one of the great advances of the twentieth century\ it toward the establishment of an international Network
fails to address Human Duties and Responsibilities as University of the Green World\ in which students from
necessary counterparts of these Rights[ all over the world can communicate with faculty and
Recognition of and respect for human rights demand with each other on topics related to human values\ both
the acceptance of speci_c duties\ in order to assure an through direct contact at summer workshops and
adequate quality of life for all people and the persistence through global computer networking[ In addition to
of a favorable environment for future generations[ We housing the computer center\ the Network University
therefore consider a binding responsibility for ourselves\ will consist of a physical campus on Awaji Island\ o}
not only as human beings\ but especially as scientists the coast of Osaka\ where graduate students and other
and educators\ to carefully and explicitly carry out these scholars can come for workshops\ seminars\ and writing[
duties to the best of our ability\ even if their enactment The Japan conferences are quite di}erent from those held
may run counter to established policies generated by tra! in Trieste\ in that they each have a single major theme[
ditional sources of power and in~uence[ The theme of our _rst conference\ held in August\ 0882\
We herewith invite all people concerned with these was {Renewing Community as Sustainable Global
issues to join us in our e}orts\ as expressed in the fol! Village|\ with presentations by a wide variety of scholars
lowing twelve points[ from various parts of the globe[ Invited participants also
 T[ J[ Voneida:Sperry|s concept of mind as an emergent property of brain function 0970

included graduate students from Japan\ Mainland China\ theory of consciousness[ Seminars in the Neuro!
Taiwan\ France\ and the United States[ The major theme sciences\ 0889\ 1\ 152Ð164[
of {Community| was based in part on Sperry|s thesis that 3[ Edelmann\ G[\ Neural Darwinism[ Basic Books\ New
consciousness itself is a kind of community\ emerging York\ 0876[
from a great interactive network of individual parts\ upon 4[ Edelmann\ G[\ The Remembered Present] A Bio!
logical Theory of Consciousness[ Basic Books\ New
which it is dependent for its being\ but from which it
York\ 0878[
is also separate\ independent and unique[ Our second 5[ Erdmann\ E[ and Stover\ D[\ Beyond a World
conference\ entitled {Non!Linear and Chaos!Theoretic Divided[ Shambhala Publications\ Boston\ London\
Thinking] A New Scienti_c!Visionary Paradigm|\ was 0880[
held on Awaji in August\ 0883[ It centered around dis! 6[ Flanagan\ O[\ The Science of the Mind "1nd ed[#[
cussions of chaos theory as it is related to networking MIT Press\ Bradford Books\ Cambridge\ 0880[
systems in economics\ neurobiology\ behavior\ the social 7[ Flanagan\ O[\ Consciousness Reconsidered[ MIT
sciences\ ecology\ chemistry\ biology and medicine[ It Press\ Bradford Books\ Cambridge\ 0881[
concluded with a 1 day workshop dedicated to for! 8[ Hale\ M[\ The Mind] Its origin\ evolution\ structure
mulating more speci_c plans and objectives for the Net! and functioning[ Hale!van Ruth\ Pittsburgh\ 0878[
work University of the Green World[ A third conference 09[ Hergenhan\ B[ Psychology|s cognitive revolution[
American Psycholo`ist\ 0883\ 38"8#\ 705Ð706[
was scheduled for August\ 0884[ The above brief account
00[ Horgan\ J[ Can science explain consciousness< Scien!
represents but a small portion of the impact and the ti_c American\ 0883\ 160"0#\ 77Ð83[
promise of Roger Sperry|s ideas relative to mind and 01[ Jaynes\ J[\ The origin of consciousness in the break!
consciousness as emergent properties of brain function\ down of the bicameral mind[ Houghton Mi/in\
and their virtually unlimited potential for generating Boston\ 0865[
value systems which guide and determine human 02[ McGinn\ C[\ The Problem of Consciousness[
behavior[ It was his great hope\ and I daresay\ his sincere Blackwell\ Oxford\ 0880[
belief that if we humans can simply be persuaded to put 03[ Natsoulas\ T[ Roger Sperry|s monist interactionism[
our collective minds together and to use the enormous The Journal of Mind and Behavior\ 0876\ 7\ 0Ð10[
emergent power that they are capable of generating\ we 04[ Oakley\ D[ "ed[# Brain and Mind[ Methuen\ London\
would not merely improve the quality of life on the planet\ 0874[
we would safeguard our very survival[ 05[ Ornstein\ R[\ The Psychology of Consciousness[ Pen!
guin\ New York\ 0875[
06[ Pen_eld\ W[\ The Mystery of the Mind[ Princeton
University Press\ Princeton\ 0864[
Final Re~ections 07[ Popper\ K[ and Eccles\ J[\ The self and its brain[
Springer\ New York\ 0866[
These are but a few examples of the far!reaching\ global 08[ Ryle\ G[\ The concept of mind[ U[K[ Penguin\
e}ects of the thinking of one man[ Indeed\ the tremen! London\ 0855[
dous energy generated by the mind of this quiet man with 19[ Sampson\ E[ Sperry|s Leap[ American Psycholo`ist\
a wry smile is perhaps the best testimony of all to his 0883\ 38"8#\ 706Ð707[
concept of mind as an emergent property of the brain[ 10[ Searle\ J[\ The rediscovery of the mind[ MIT Press\
Bradford Books\ Cambridge\ 0881[
The physico!chemical events\ the transmitters\ the cir!
11[ Sperry\ R[ On the neural basis of the conditioned
cuitry of Sperry|s brain were probably quite similar to response[ British Journal of Animal Behaviour\ 0844\
those of most other human brains[ Yet\ the mind which III"1#\ 30Ð33[
emerged from those interactions was truly unique\ for it 12[ Sperry\ R[\ In Josiah Macy Conference\ The Central
not only inspired and stimulated the minds of those of us Nervous System and Behavior\ M[A[B[ Brazier
who were privileged to know him and work with him\ it "Editor#\ Madison Print\ New Jersey\ 0847[
will continue to stimulate and generate ideas from minds 13[ Sperry\ R[\ Mind\ brain and humanist values[ In New
yet to emerge[ Views of the Nature of Man[ ed[ J[ R[ Platt\ University
of Chicago Press\ Chicago\ 0854[
14[ Sperry\ R[ Science and the problem of values[ Per!
Acknowled`ements*I would like to thank Dr[ Ericka Erdman
spectives in Biolo`y and Medicine\ 0861\ 05\ 004Ð029[
for her helpful comments and suggestions[ 15[ Sperry\ R[ The Human Predicament] A Way Out<
Contemporary Philosophy\ 0875\ XI"5#\ 1Ð3[
16[ Sperry\ R[ The Impact and Promise of the Cognitive
Revolution[ American Psycholo`ist\ 0882\ 37\ 767Ð
References 774[
17[ Sperry\ R[\ Holding Course Amid Shifting Para!
0[ Bunge\ M[ Emergence and the mind[ Neuroscience\ digms[ In a Reexamination of the Meta Physical
0866\ 1\ 490Ð498[ Foundations of Modern Science] Causality Issues in
1[ Crick\ F[ The Astonishing Hypothesis[ Macmillan\ Contempory Science[ In Institute of Noetic Sciences\
New Jersey\ 0883[ eds[ W[ Harman and Clark\ J[\ Sausalito\ CA\ 0883\
2[ Crick\ F[ and Koch\ C[\ Towards a neurobiological pp[ 88Ð013[
0971 T[ J[ Voneida:Sperry|s concept of mind as an emergent property of brain function

18[ Strawson\ G[\ Mental Reality[ MIT Press\ Bradford Sperry\ Trevarthen "Editor#\ Cambridge Unviersity
Books\ Cambridge\ 0883[ Press\ U[K[\ 0889[
29[ Thomas\ S[\ The Formal Mechanics of Mind[ 21[ Voneida\ T[ Performance of a visual conditioned
Harvester Press\ Ltd[\ Sussex\ U[K[\ 0867[ response in split!brain cats[ Exper[ Neurol[\ 0852\ 7\
20[ Trevarthen\ C[ Roger W[ Sperry|s Lifework and our 382Ð493[
Tribute[ Editor|s Preface of Brain Circuits and Func! 22[ 22 has no reference[
tions of the Mind[ In Essays in Honor of Ro`er W[